Journal of Small Animal Practice最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of coproparasitological diagnoses in cats: evaluation of techniques and their combinations.","authors":"A P C Gomes, M C L de Fortes, I F O de Assis, C O Grande, I V Ximenes, G R M Dos Santos, M F M de Lombardi, L Fernandes-Silva, Z M de Assis-Silva, M V S Oliveira, H H A Rezende, I A Braga, D G S de Ramos","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To compare the Willis, Sheather, Faust, Ritchie and spontaneous sedimentation techniques, as well as their combinations, for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic and semi-domesticated felines.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Coproparasitological analyses were conducted on domestic cats of both sexes and all age groups, including kittens, adults and senior cats, between August 2024 and August 2025. Upon receipt, they were refrigerated at 4°C and processed within a maximum of 24 hours using five different coproparasitological techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred and fifteen samples were positive for at least one parasite form, with diagnoses of Toxocara spp., Ancylostomatidae, Dipylidium caninum, Spirometra spp., Platynosomum fastosum, Giardia spp., Cystoisospora spp. and Entamoeba spp. The Faust technique presented a superior range of diagnosis for low-density structures, whereas the Ritchie technique was effective for high-density structures. However, neither technique achieved a rate of at least 70%. Sensitivity analysis of the combination of these techniques revealed that: the Ritchie with spontaneous sedimentation technique was suitable for diagnosing toxocariasis and platynosomiasis; the Willis with Ritchie technique was appropriate for diagnosing hookworms; the Willis with Faust technique was suitable for diagnosing giardiasis; and the Sheather with Faust technique was appropriate for diagnosing cystoisosporiasis. It was not possible to analyse the association with other parasites owing to their low prevalence.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>Coproparasitological techniques remain the primary tools for diagnosing gastrointestinal parasites in routine feline practice, and the veterinarian's clinical suspicion is fundamental for performing the most appropriate technique. Considering the zoonotic potential of several parasites and frequent neglect of feline parasitosis, accurate diagnostic strategies and preventive veterinary practices are fundamental for reducing transmission in animals and humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors associated with lipaemic plasma in a cohort of canine blood donors.","authors":"C Treich, S È Mailhot, T Juette, M C Blais","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the prevalence of lipaemic plasma in healthy canine blood donors, identify predisposing factors, including dietary links and provide recommendations to reduce its occurrence.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 296 healthy canine blood donors enrolled in a university blood bank were prospectively included. Health was confirmed through physical examination and complete bloodwork including total T4. After successful blood collection and processing, plasma intended for fresh frozen plasma production was assessed prior to freezing by two blinded operators using a turbidity/lipaemic index chart (0 = clear to 4 = opaque with severe lipaemia). Plasma units graded 3 to 4 (lipaemic) were compared with those graded 0 to 2 (non-lipaemic), and generalised linear models were used to identify risk factors for lipaemic plasma.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of lipaemic plasma in the donor cohort was 11.8%. Key associated factors included timing of the last meal (3.64 ± 0.95 vs. 5.94 ± 0.63 hours, P = .008), especially meals within 4 hours of collection (80.56 vs. 47.69%, P < .001 OR: 1.15), dietary fat content (46.8 ± 7.93 vs. 40.8 g/1000 kcal ± 1.09), feeding a raw diet (19.44% vs. 3.88%, P = .001 OR: 1.37) and triglyceridaemia (2.26 ± 0.36 vs. 0.91 ± 0.05 mmol/L, P < .001).</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>To minimise blood product loss due to lipaemic plasma, pre-collection guidelines may include a 4-hour fast and avoidance of fatty diets. This recommendation is particularly relevant for dogs fed a raw diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148818803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of infections in dogs receiving ciclosporin in a single-centre UK referral population.","authors":"S Dormon, J Walker, G Gallow, L Goonan, T Sparks, A Paul","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The study aimed (a) to describe the occurrence and nature of new infections in dogs receiving oral ciclosporin and (b) to identify any risk factors associated with the development of a new infection whilst receiving ciclosporin.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this retrospective cohort study, medical records of dogs presented to a private UK referral hospital between March 2015 and September 2022 that received ciclosporin were evaluated. The development of a new infection was classified as confirmed or suspected, based on available data, and the infection was further characterised by causative agent (bacterial, fungal and parasitic) and location (integument, urogenital, hepatobiliary, cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal and miscellaneous). Risk factors for the development of an infection were assessed using binary logistic regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our cohort consisted of 265 dogs with 281 prescribed courses of ciclosporin. Of the included dogs, 33.2% (88/265) developed one or more new infections over the study period. When separated into aetiological groups, 26.0% of dogs (69/265) developed bacterial infections, 4.5% of dogs (12/265) developed fungal infections, 1.1% of dogs (3/265) developed parasitic infections, and 5.6% of dogs (15/265) developed unknown infections. Heavier dogs (increasing body weight OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07), use of an additional third immunosuppressive agent (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.51) and those receiving higher daily doses of ciclosporin (>8 mg/kg/day OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.41 to 6.46) were more likely to develop infections. The risk of infection was particularly increased with concurrent use of mycophenolate mofetil (OR 3.43; 95% CI 1.47 to 7.99). The most common locations for infection to occur in were the integument and urogenital systems.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>Increasing body weight, higher doses of ciclosporin and concurrent use of an additional third immunosuppressive agent, particularly mycophenolate, were risk factors for developing novel infections. The risks of ciclosporin treatment must be considered by the clinician and discussed with owners prior to use.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148818747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pituitary tumour shrinkage and diabetic remission in two cats with Cushing syndrome treated with cabergoline.","authors":"S Teyssandier, S Galac","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We describe two cats with diabetes mellitus and Cushing's syndrome. Diabetes mellitus was initially managed with insulin glargine (Lantus; Sanofi-Aventis, Paris, France), nutritional therapy and continuous glucose monitoring. Hypercortisolism was suspected based on severe hypertension (Case 1), and insulin resistance in combination with typical clinical features of Cushing's syndrome (Case 2). Endocrine testing revealed non-suppressible cortisol concentrations on low-dose-dexamethasone suppression test, elevated endogenous adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentration and pituitary enlargement on computed tomography. Cabergoline (Holiday®, Holliday-Scott S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina) was initiated at a dose of 10 μg/kg po every 48 hours targeting both the pituitary tumour and hypercortisolism. In Case 2, the cabergoline dosage was gradually increased to a final dose of 10 μg/kg po every 12 hours. Both cats achieved diabetic remission within 1 and 6 months of treatment, respectively. Serial monitoring demonstrated a decrease in endogenous ACTH concentrations and a reduction in pituitary volume of 29% of baseline (Case 1) and of 52% of baseline (Case 2) after 8 months of treatment. These findings suggest that cabergoline may be a potential medical treatment option in cats with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148706935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faecal IgA but not salivary IgA is associated with canine atopic dermatitis.","authors":"A Campbell, T Nuttall, V Robinson, F Soutter","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70184","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jsap.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To characterise immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in the faeces and saliva of dogs with canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) and healthy breed matched controls.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Dogs with canine atopic dermatitis were recruited based on history, clinical examination and diagnostic testing where appropriate. Control dogs were over 4 years of age with no history of skin disease. Saliva samples were obtained using chewable synthetic swabs with saliva extracted by centrifugation. Faecal samples were collected from the ground before homogenisation in phosphate buffered saline and centrifugation to extract faecal supernatant. Total immunoglobulin A in saliva and faecal supernatants was measured using a commercial dog immunoglobulin A ELISA kit. Immunoglobulin A concentration was interpolated from a six-point standard curve. Mann-Whitney tests were performed to compare immunoglobulin A concentrations between cases and controls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean ranked faecal immunoglobulin A was significantly lower in dogs with canine atopic dermatitis than controls (difference between medians 0.803 g/L, 95% CI 0.064 to 1.721). There was no significant difference in mean ranked salivary immunoglobulin A between the groups (difference between medians 0.108 g/L). Faecal immunoglobulin A and salivary immunoglobulin A were not correlated. There were no dogs in either group with both low faecal and low salivary immunoglobulin A suggestive of selective immunoglobulin A deficiency.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>This study builds on existing evidence that low immunoglobulin A is associated with canine atopic dermatitis. Further work is required to determine the significance of low faecal immunoglobulin A in the development of tolerance or hypersensitivity to food and environmental allergens which may inform strategies for interventions in high-risk breeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148701608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complications and outcomes of 25 dogs undergoing surgery for intramural ureteral ectopia via a minimally invasive modified cystoscopic-guided scissor transection","authors":"A. Krekis,&nbsp;H. Badham,&nbsp;R. Doyle,&nbsp;S. Das","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70116","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jsap.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ureteral ectopia is a common cause of urinary incontinence in juvenile dogs that is commonly treated with cystoscopic-guided laser ablation due to reduced post-operative pain and hospitalisation time compared with open surgical techniques. However, due to the surgical training and substantial costs relating to laser equipment, this may not always be feasible. This aim of this study was to describe a novel, modified surgical technique for cystoscopic-guided scissor transection of intramural ureteral ectopia detailing the complications and outcomes in dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Single-centre retrospective study. Medical records were searched for female dogs treated for ureteral ectopia by cystoscopic-guided scissor transection between 2010 and 2022. Outcome was based on owner questionnaire and dogs were assigned a continence score pre- and post-operatively based on a 5-point scoring system. Descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to analyse the data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-five dogs met the inclusion criteria. Median surgical time was 42.5 minutes (20 to 120 minutes) and there were no intraoperative complications. Of the 25 dogs, three (12%) had major complications and two (8%) had minor complications. Of the 18 dogs available for follow-up, 66% of dogs were continent with surgery alone and all dogs' continence scores improved following surgery. Median continence score pre-operatively was 1/5 and post-operatively was 5/5. Surgery had a significant improvement in continence scores when comparing pre- and post-operative values.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Clinical Significance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cystoscopic-guided scissor transection of intramural ectopic ureters significantly improved continence scores with low complication rates. This method is a successful alternative to the laser alternative.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":"67 8","pages":"702-708"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147473450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified transpapillary temporary biliary tube fixation with two-tier anchoring in small dogs","authors":"H. Myung,&nbsp;T. Eom,&nbsp;D. Son","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70122","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jsap.70122","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":"67 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147480898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-anaesthetic risk assessment and management of dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease: a spectrum of care narrative review","authors":"I. Levinzon,&nbsp;L. Köster,&nbsp;E. Vettorato,&nbsp;A. H. Estrada","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70119","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jsap.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Myxomatous mitral valve disease, an acquired valvular degeneration, is the most common cardiac disorder in dogs, affecting approximately 10% of dogs in primary care veterinary practice. Dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease frequently require anaesthesia for routine procedures. The American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system shows increasing mortality with higher grades, but its subjectivity limits risk stratification in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease. Because Stage B1 and B2 dogs can vary widely in disease severity, even within the same American Society of Anesthesiologists category, a single American Society of Anesthesiologists score may not accurately reflect their anaesthetic risk. While a comprehensive echocardiogram remains the gold standard for myxomatous mitral valve disease staging, referral to a veterinary cardiologist is often cost-prohibitive and might involve long waiting periods. This narrative review proposes a practical framework for pre-anaesthetic risk assessment and protocol selection in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, integrating accessible diagnostic tools including physical examination, radiographic measurements (vertebral heart size and vertebral left atrial size), cardiac biomarkers (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) and point-of-care ultrasound. Recommended anaesthetic protocols are provided for different clinical scenarios ranging from cases with limited diagnostics through grey zone presentations to confirmed cardiomegaly, alongside structured approaches to managing intraoperative complications. This spectrum of care approach recognises that while specialist evaluation remains ideal, practical alternatives can guide safe anaesthetic management for this commonly encountered cardiac condition in companion dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":"67 8","pages":"663-679"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jsap.70119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147494143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dystocia in cats under UK primary emergency veterinary care: epidemiology, clinical management and outcomes","authors":"L. Leicester,&nbsp;D. G. O’Neill","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70120","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jsap.70120","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To explore the epidemiology, clinical management and outcomes for feline dystocia cases presented to UK primary emergency veterinary care.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective observational cross-sectional study. Demographic and clinical data were extracted on feline dystocia cases under emergency care (2017 to 2023). Risk factor analysis used multivariable binary logistic regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among 118,168 queens, 1102 dystocia cases were identified, giving an overall incidence risk of 0.93% (95% CI 0.88 to 0.99). Purebred queens had 2.53 (95% CI 2.16 to 2.97) times odds of dystocia compared to crossbred queens. Brachycephalic queens had 3.27 (95% CI 2.68 to 3.98) times odds of dystocia compared to non-brachycephalic queens. Individual breeds with the highest odds of dystocia compared with crossbred queens were Devon Rex (OR: 10.38, 95% CI 4.61 to 23.37), Tonkinese (OR: 8.27, 95% CI 2.92 to 23.43), Birman (OR: 7.40, 95% CI 3.17 to 17.28), Exotic (OR: 6.29, 95% CI 2.23 to 17.73) and British Short Hair (OR: 3.81, 95% CI 2.96 to 4.89). Initial medical dystocia management included oxytocin in 386/1102 (35.02%) cases, with 104/386 (26.94%) of oxytocin-treated cases progressing to caesarean section. Overall, caesarean section was performed in 394/1102 (35.75%) queens. Litters of 5 to 6 kittens showed 6.54 (4.36 to 9.81) times odds of caesarean section compared with litters of 1 to 2. During emergency care, 38 of 1102 (3.45%) dystocic queens died. The neonatal mortality rate was 1072 of 2784 (38.51%) kittens born across all dystocia cases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Clinical Significance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings indicate substantial impact from dystocia on feline maternal and neonatal welfare and survival. Awareness of higher dystocia risk in purebred, brachycephalic and certain breed queens can help veterinary staff and breeders better predict and prepare for maternal and neonatal care requirements.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":"67 8","pages":"709-720"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jsap.70120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147774872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic characteristics of paroxysmal dyskinesia in 25 cats","authors":"T. Liatis,&nbsp;C. Maeso,&nbsp;A. De Stefani,&nbsp;A. Pergande,&nbsp;T. Elvira,&nbsp;A. Suñol","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70125","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jsap.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Paroxysmal dyskinesia has, to date, been reported only systematically in Sphynx cats. This study aims to describe paroxysmal dyskinesia in additional breeds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The medical records of cats from multiple hospitals presenting with episodes consistent with paroxysmal dyskinesia between 2020 and 2025 were retrospectively reviewed, and those with available video footage at presentation were included.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-five cats were included. Domestic shorthair cats (11/25; 44%) were overrepresented. Median age at presentation was 3.5 years (range: 1 to 14 years). During an episode, cats were upright standing (14/25; 56%) or crawling (11/25; 44%). Most common signs were shifting limb dystonia (25/25; 100%), bradykinesia (slow-motion movement) (11/25; 44%), abnormal gait (11/25; 44%), kyphosis (10/25; 40%), tail dystonia (10/25; 40%), cervical dystonia (9/25; 36%) with dystonic head tremor (3/25; 12%), falling (7/25; 28%) or ‘kneading’ digits (5/25; 20%). Neurological examination was normal in all cats. Treatment was attempted in 11/25 (44%) cats with a gluten-free diet trial (6/11; 55%). Gluten-free diet trial (4/6) and levetiracetam (2/2) decreased episodes of paroxysmal dyskinesia. Most cats (21/25; 84%) were presumptively diagnosed with idiopathic paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia, whereas 4/25 (16%) were diagnosed with presumptive paroxysmal gluten-sensitive dyskinesia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Clinical Significance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Idiopathic paroxysmal dyskinesia occurs in multiple cat breeds and has some distinct clinical features compared to dogs such as crawling, crossing of the thoracic limbs resembling proprioceptive ataxia, bradykinesia (slow-motion movements), ‘kneading’ of the digits or tail dystonia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":"67 8","pages":"734-738"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jsap.70125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147512886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}