Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness最新文献

{"title":"The role of artificial intelligence in structuring youth athletic training: implications for personality and motivational development.","authors":"Deng Li","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17658-0","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17658-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study examines the impact of AI-based training approaches on young athletes' motivation and personality traits. The analysis focuses specifically on graded training programs developed using artificial intelligence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study involved 72 athletes from different provinces of China aged 16-18, divided into equal experimental and control groups. For the control group, graded training programs were developed using AI with the participation of a coach and a physician. Motivation and personality structure were studied using two tools - GLOBAL MOTIVATION SCALE (GMS-28) and The Big Five Personality Test (BFPT). A survey was conducted before and after the intervention using AI for 2 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the study indicate a consistent increase in the experimental group in the level of assessment of all motivation components, except for Amotivation and all five elements of the Big Five. But compared to the control group, only the indicators of Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience of the Big Five elements increased, which indicates the nature of the impact of increased training efficiency and the use of new technologies as a stimulus for openness, involvement and persistence in achieving a more clearly perceived and achievable goal.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A high correlation was noted between the number of grades received during training and one of the types of external motivation, which indicates a significant dependence of young athletes on the impact of the team and the coach. In practice, the obtained results can be implemented for designing a long-term beneficial effect of training programs and sports management using AI on the personality of young athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":"66 6","pages":"795-804"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147988055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A behavioral analysis of reaction time in adolescents.","authors":"Salvatore Buzzelli, Lucio Caprioli","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17414-3","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17414-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fast reaction is critical in sports, and understanding the factors that influence it can be a valuable contribution for coaches and sports scientists.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study presents a descriptive analysis of reaction time (RT) in a thousand adolescents and explores the influence of gender, age, and sports activity. Simple (SRT) and choice (CRT) reaction times are measured using a standardized electronic device.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed a decrease in RT with age, indicating improved neurocognitive efficiency during adolescence. No remarkable gender differences were found for either SRT or CRT. Contrary to expectations, competitive sports seem to have no impact on RT, and some sedentary individuals exhibited faster RTs than athletes. Mixed results were observed when comparing tennis players and athletes from other sports between the two genders.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The outcomes suggest that RT may be more influenced by specific training and other factors (i.e., cognitive-attentive and personal) rather than general sports participation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"694-700"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intensive cycling training increases serum calprotectin and PTX3 concentrations in professional athletes.","authors":"Igor Alfirević, Andrea Saračević, Helena Čičak, Vanja Radišić Biljak, Ivan Alfirević, Šimun P Praljak, Hrvoje Galić, Damir Pekas, Sanja Kačkov, Anamarija Banovac, Edvard Galić","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17612-9","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17612-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Physical training induces both inflammatory and metabolic changes in professional athletes. The present cohort study aimed to evaluate serum calprotectin and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) concentrations before and after a high-intensity cycling session in professional athletes. We also aimed to explore their relationship with classical inflammatory and metabolic markers such as white blood cells (WBC), glucose, lactate, uric acid and C-reactive protein (CRP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 25 athletes (cyclists and triathletes) participated in the study protocol. Blood was taken from each participant before and immediately after a 2-hour cycling training for glucose, uric acid, calprotectin, PTX3, CRP, complete blood count and lactate measurement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant increase after intensive training was found for WBC, neutrophil, mean corpuscular volume, lactate, uric acid, calprotectin and PTX3 concentrations, and a decrease in lymphocyte and eosinophil count when compared to values before training. No statistically significant correlation was found between changes in calprotectin concentration and changes in metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. For changes in PTX3 concentration, only a poor negative correlation was found between its changes and changes in lymphocyte count. As with calprotectin, no other statistically significant correlation was found between changes in PTX3 concentration and changes in metabolic parameters and other inflammatory biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intensive cycling training leads to significant increase in both serum calprotectin and PTX3 concentration in professional cyclists. This increase is not associated with changes in other inflammation and metabolic biomarkers. Calprotectin and pentraxin 3 could serve as a sensitive, early and sports-related biomarkers of physiological stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"780-786"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147433533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinematic analysis of the crossover step technique in elite female volleyball players.","authors":"Gençer Yarkin, Alp A Uysal, Selda Yücel, Michael H Stone, Kerem Altun","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17563-X","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17563-X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of the investigators was to conduct a kinematic analysis of the crossover block stepping technique in elite female volleyball players based on acceleration and time data from each phase, and to compare the performances of players in different positions. The secondary aim of this study was to conduct a correlation analysis between the anthropometric and explosive strength characteristics of the participants and their crossover block stepping performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-nine elite female volleyball players (20±4.4 years; 1.80±0.07 m; 68.7±7.84 kg) participated in this study. Athletes were divided into two groups according to their playing positions as middle blockers (MB; N.=8) and wing players (WP; N.=21). WPs included setters, opposite and outside hitters. In addition, each playing position was analyzed separately.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Players were significantly faster toward the left direction compared to the right during the total movement. The highest rate of force development was observed during Phase 3 in both directions. MBs exhibited higher mean acceleration in both directions during all phases compared to WPs. Both countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) had weak-to-moderate correlations with Phase 1 acceleration toward the left (r: 0.30-0.32). Height (r: 0.36-0.46) and leg length (r: 0.38-0.55) were moderately correlated with mean acceleration during the overall movement in each direction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Strength and conditioning coaches may utilize exercises aimed at improving triple extension performance to enhance push-off during the initiation of the crossover step. Taller players with longer legs have an advantage in crossover block stepping.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"709-718"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the potential association between oral contraceptive use and risk of low energy availability with fitness adaptations and training loads in female university soccer players.","authors":"Kate M Thompson, Adrianna Mendrek, Ana C Paludo, Kristi B Adamo, Danilo F DA Silva","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17445-8","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17445-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The research underrepresentation of female athletes has left gaps in understanding factors influencing female athlete performance. We aimed to examine the impact of oral contraceptive (OC) use and low energy availability (LEA) risk on training loads and physical fitness changes over a competitive season.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen female university soccer players completed fitness tests before and after the winter competitive season. Training loads were tracked over seven weeks using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Reproductive factors, including OC use and LEA risk, were assessed through LEAF-Q. Two-way mixed ANOVA for repeated measures, with Bonferroni corrections, was applied. Correlations between LEAF-Q scores, weekly average sRPE, and fitness changes were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Weekly average sRPE ranged from 316±39 to 388±51 arbitrary units. No interaction was found between LEA risk or OC use and time, but time effects were significant (P<0.001), with week 5 sRPE > weeks 1-3, 6, and 7, and week 6 > week 7 (N.=18). Fitness improvements were noted post-season for aerobic fitness (YYRT-1; 19±31%), agility (IAT; -1.7±2.2%), sprint (-1.9±3.1%), broad jump (3.3±4.3%), and squats (18±16%) (P<0.05) in the whole sample. No LEA risk effects were found. Overall, OC users presented slower sprint speed at the baseline (F[1]=5.787; P=0.032) but no group-time interaction was found. A positive correlation was observed between week 7 sRPE and LEAF-Q score (r=0.507; P=0.032).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LEA risk and OC use presented no consistent association with training loads and fitness adaptations in university soccer players. Small sample size and sRPE monitoring focused on practices only limited the generalizability of our findings and a clearer understanding of the total weekly training load.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"768-779"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical activity and Brugada ECG pattern during 12-lead Holter monitoring.","authors":"Elisabetta Toso, Filippo Tarditi, Emanuele Koumantakis, Giovanni Serughetti, Carlo Angelino, Gaetano M DE Ferrari, Andrea S Benso, Gianluca Alunni, Fiorenzo Gaita, Carla Giustetto","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17494-5","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17494-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brugada Syndrome (BrS) is a hereditary channelopathy with a dynamic ECG pattern, often latent at rest. While several triggers can unmask the type 1 pattern, the influence of physical activity (PA) remains uncertain. This study investigated whether PA is associated with spontaneous type 1 ECG, its unmasking in induced cases, and the occurrence of arrhythmic events in Brugada athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enrolled 202 BrS patients (18-55 years), collecting demographic data, PA levels, resting ECG, and 12-lead Holter. Subjects exercising ≥4 hours/week were defined as \"recreational athletes\" per ESC guidelines. Statistical analyses included Mann-Whitney U, Chi-squared Tests, and logistic regression (adjusted for age/sex) to explore the relationship between PA and Brugada ECG patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 202 patients (155 males, median age 35.5), 48 were athletes. Athletes showed lower median heart rate at first Holter (71 vs. 75 bpm). No significant difference was found in Brugada pattern expression between groups. PA was not significantly associated with the presence of type 1 ECG (OR: 2.51, P=0.140). No arrhythmic events occurred during exercise or follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PA does not increase Brugada ECG expression in spontaneous or induced cases. No arrhythmic events were reported in athletes during sport or follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":"66 6","pages":"787-794"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147988009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where am I struggling? Detailed benchmarks for every workout and category in Hyrox© competition.","authors":"Iván Fernández-Navarrete, Santiago A Ruiz-Alias, Felipe García-Pinillos","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17926-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17926-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A new high-intensity functional training and competition modality, known as Hyrox©, has recently gained popularity. To support training design and competition analysis, this study aims to establish normative performance standards across various categories, including individual, doubles, and relay events. Furthermore, the study seeks to enable detailed analysis of strengths and weaknesses in each segment by utilizing normative data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 186,411 race results were extracted from the official ranking database, covering results from its inception up to the 2023/2024 season.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Descriptive data of each category are presented in terms of mean and percentiles 10^th to 90^th to define the shifts in Hyrox^© performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These tables have been developed to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each section. This could support training design and competition planning for this fitness modality.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148031711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiling Fireball Extreme Challenge™ athletes: an exploratory multidimensional study in an emerging co-ed sport.","authors":"Pablo T Ríos-Gallardo, Pedro J Gotoo-Vázquez, Jeannette López-Walle, Francisco J Mendoza-Farias, Martha O Figueroa-Jimenez, Samuel Montalvo","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17557-9","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17557-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fireball Extreme Challenge^TM is a coeducational high-intensity intermittent-explosive sport that lacks normative performance data; this study aimed to create multidimensional athlete profiles and establish reference benchmarks to support talent identification and training prescription.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-one national-level athletes (13 males and 8 females; mean age 26.2±5.8 years) completed countermovement jump, one-repetition maximum strength assessment, bilateral handgrip testing, and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test under standardized indoor (21 °C, 50% relative humidity) and outdoor (37 °C, 68% relative humidity) field conditions representative of the athletes' typical training environment in coastal southern Mexico, recorded for ecological validity rather than thermal control. We calculated descriptive statistics and percentile distributions (25^th, 50^th, 75^th), performed sex-stratified analyses adjusted for age, and conducted exploratory principal component and cluster analyses to examine interdomain associations and emergent performance groupings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across all participants, the observed performance spectrum spanned a broad range of neuromuscular and metabolic capacities, with individual variability captured through percentile reference values (25^th, 50^th, 75^th). The highest jump heights (up to 48 cm) and peak power outputs (≈2100 W) coexisted with moderate endurance and balanced heart rate responses, defining the multidimensional nature of Fireball Extreme Challenge^™ performance. Sex-stratified distributions are presented descriptively but were not the primary analytical outcome. Principal component analysis identified two dominant performance domains - neuromuscular power and metabolic strain - explaining 59% of total variance. Hierarchical clustering revealed three mixed profiles that integrated both male and female athletes, illustrating overlapping phenotypes rather than categorical differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides the first multidimensional performance profile of Fireball Extreme Challenge^™ athletes, establishing normative reference percentiles and identifying key physical domains - neuromuscular power and metabolic capacity - that characterize success in this coeducational, high-intensity team sport. The derived phenotypic clusters highlight overlapping attributes between male and female athletes, reflecting the integrated dynamics of mixed-team performance. These findings offer a foundational framework for evidence-based training design, athlete monitoring, and future validation in larger international cohorts.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"593-605"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146086157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of a trail running submaximal treadmill test and its relationship with flat surface running economy.","authors":"Simon J DE Waal, Shaundre D Jacobs, Robert P Lamberts","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17316-7","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17316-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cost of exercise increases as a function of incline up to +15% and directly proportional to slope above +15%. Trail running racing consist of significant uphill locomotion at submaximal intensities, but the reliability of submaximal uphill treadmill running tests has not yet been established in ultra-trail runners.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-three male ultra-trail runners (maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O<inf>2max</inf>) 59.7±6.5 ml∙min^-1∙kg^-1) completed two uphill and one flat Submaximal Treadmill Running Test (STRT) separated by 7 days each. Uphill STRT test-retest reliability was measured via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error of measurement (TEM), and typical error percentage (TEM%) for V̇O<inf>2</inf>, heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), running economy (RE), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Relationships between uphill and flat STRT were determined via Pearson correlations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Highest reliability and lowest TEM% were found in HR (ICC: 0.86-0.94; TEM%: 1.9-3.6%), while reliability in V̇O<inf>2</inf> (ICC: 0.57-0.89; TEM%: 2.7-5.4%), RE (ICC: 0.57-0.89; TEM%: 2.7-5.4%), and RER (ICC: 0.67-0.86; TEM%: 1.8-2.6%) had greater variation between the five stages of the uphill STRT. RPE was least reliable (ICC: 0.57-0.70; TEM%: 9.6-13.3%). Moderate to strong correlations between the uphill and flat STRT HR were observed (r=0.69-0.89), with weaker correlations between flat and 5-10% uphill RE (r=0.45-0.81), and no relationship between flat and +25% RE.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The uphill STRT has good overall reliability, showing potential as a training monitoring tool. However, flat and steep uphill (+25%) RE were not correlated indicating the need for uphill testing amongst trail running populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"614-623"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146202024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global evaluation of musculoskeletal injuries and associated risk factors in competitive aerobic and artistic gymnasts: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Dan Li, Yun Liu, Yulin Liu","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17452-5","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17452-5","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Gymnastics has been reported to have one of the highest injury rates in sports, limiting participation and often involving significant medical costs. The current systematic review and meta-analysis research aimed to conduct a critical appraisal of the epidemiological literature on injury patterns and associated risk factors in competitive aerobic and artistic gymnasts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence acquisition: &lt;/strong&gt;Seven databases were searched for papers that examined injuries in competitive aerobic and artistic gymnasts. Data on injury prevalence and associated risk factors were extracted, along with data on injury type and location. The quality and level of evidence were investigated using the JBI method. Random effects meta-analysis on wrist prevalence rates was performed employing STATA software.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence synthesis: &lt;/strong&gt;The search found 10822 papers, of which 40 (6 studies in aerobic gymnasts, 35 studies in artistic gymnasts, and 1 study in both disciplines) were eligible for this review. Descriptive analysis revealed that the prevalence of injuries ranged from 1.0 to 69.2 injuries in aerobic gymnasts and 0.5 to 82.0 injuries in artistic gymnasts. Ankle injuries in 18 out of 40 studies (45.0%), knee injuries in 17 out of 40 studies (42.5%), wrist injuries in 15 out of 40 studies (37.5%), back injuries in 14 out of 40 studies (35.0%), shoulder injuries in 11 out of 40 studies (27.5%), and head/neck in 6 out of 40 studies (15.0%) were the greatest prevalence in all injuries. Sprains, fractures, dislocations, tears, contusions, strains, and concussions in different body parts were also found. Male gymnasts suffered more upper limb injuries, while female athletes suffered mostly lower limb injuries. The floor was associated with the highest number of injuries for both male and female athletes. Higher competitive level was a risk factor for gymnastics injury. Furthermore, age, body mass, menarcheal status, floor exercises, having an injury during the previous season, duration of training, and psychological factors were associated risk factors. The pooled prevalence of wrist injuries in gymnasts were 13.152%; 95% CI 10.65, 15.64. The subgroup analysis demonstrated that the polled prevalence of wrist injuries in gymnasts with age &gt;20 years old (17.86%; 95% CI 9.70, 26.01) was higher than in gymnasts with age 10-14 years old (9.99%; 95% CI 5.72, 14.26). Moreover, the polled prevalence of wrist injuries in gymnasts with BMI 20-25 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (21.80%; 95% CI 13.66, 29.95) was higher than in gymnasts with BMI&lt;20 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (10.18%; 95% CI 7.03, 13.34). Additionally, the polled prevalence of wrist injuries in gymnasts with training duration 20-30 hours per week (18.85%; 95% CI 13.22, 24.48) was higher than in gymnasts with training duration &lt;20 hours per week (13.41%; 95% CI 9.35, 17.48).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The results regarding the prevalence of injuries among aerobic and ar","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":"66 5","pages":"669-677"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147729360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}