Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing change of direction speed in young soccer players through running technique training.","authors":"Marek Vrablanský, Filip Skala, Tomáš Vencúrik","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16404-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16404-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study explored the impact of running technique training on change of direction (COD) speed in young soccer players across the U11, U13, and U18 age categories.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-nine players participated and were divided into experimental (COD training [CODT]) and control (CON) groups in each category. The CODT group underwent a 4-week training program, conducted twice a week for fifteen minutes before regular training sessions. Pre- and post-testing used the 505 and Pro-Agility (5-10-5) tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated significant improvements for CODT U11 players in the 505 Test on the right foot (P=0.04, d=0.48) and the 5-10-5 Test (P<0.001, d=0.86). The U13 CODT players improved in the 5-10-5 Test (P<0.001, d=0.54), as well as the CODT U18 (P=0.001, d=1.04). Significant differences between CODT and CON groups were observed in the U11 category in the 5-10-5 Test.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study concludes that running technique training before regular soccer sessions enhances COD speed, particularly in U11 and U18 players.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knee strength difference between lower limbs and jump performance in athletes with patellar tendinopathy and healthy controls.","authors":"Diego Ruffino, Matías Alfonso, Federico Villalba, Javier Asinari, Peter Malliaras","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16444-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16444-X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this case-control study was to compare knee strength and jump performance both in athletes with patellar tendinopathy (PT) compared to healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty recreational athletes divided into 2 groups, patellar tendinopathy group (PTG; N.=40) and asymptomatic control group (CG; N.=40) matched by age, height, weight and sport participated in this study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six-Repetition Maximum (6RM) Test were conducted to estimate maximal isotonic muscular strength using leg extension and leg press machines, while vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) and triple hop for distance were performed to assess jumps capacity. An adjusted analysis revealed that the difference between the PT group and the asymptomatic group in CMJ was 11.024 cm (P value <0.001) and 0.18 m in triple hop (P value <0.001). Furthermore, the difference between both lower limbs in the PT group was 9.02 kg (P value <0.001) and 3.76 kg (P value = 0.02) in leg extension and leg press evaluations, respectively, compared to the control group, regardless of age, height, weight, and sports activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Athletes with unilateral PT had impaired strength and single leg jumping performance compared with matched healthy controls, yet they have greater double leg jumping performance. There was less evidence for side-to-side impairment suggesting bilateral impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No effect of menstrual cycle on maximum dynamic strength in upper and lower body in strength-trained females: a six-arm cross-over study.","authors":"Christoph Zinner, Philipp Wirges, Stephan Geisler, Eduard Isenmann","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16485-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16485-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to compare maximal dynamic strength in the upper and lower body in six distinct phases of the menstrual cycle (MC) and well-being and pain sensation throughout the MC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten strength-trained young women (age: 25.7±1.4 years, Body Mass Index [BMI]: 25.2±3.6) were tested with a one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the deadlift (DL) and the bench press (BP). Furthermore, a questionnaire about pain perception and perceived stress was obtained from the participants at six points in time within three consecutive MCs with two measurements in each MC. These moments in time were in the early, middle, and late subphases in the follicular and luteal phases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No differences were evident for absolute or relative 1RM for DL (P=0.82 and 0.73, respectively) and BP (P=0.99 and 0.99, respectively) over the MC. A time difference was detected in pain perception during the MC (P=0.02), but no influence on the stress score (P=0.52) was found.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The MC does not influence the dynamic maximal strength in the upper and lower body. Even though pain perception changed during the MC this does not seem to have an impact on women's maximum strength in the DL and BP on a group level.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of asymmetrical loading on tibial characteristics and bone strength in high-impact athletes.","authors":"Reece J Scott, Craig Sale, Ruth James, Cleveland T Barnett, Ian Varley","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16413-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16413-X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Asymmetrical athletes produce movements where the external load is unequally distributed in the lower extremities e.g., cricket fast bowling. Loading magnitude is known to affect bone adaptation. It is not understood if tibial characteristics differ between legs when they are exposed to different magnitudes of external load, as happens in asymmetrical athletes. This study aimed to assess the association between external load and tibial characteristics and compare the effect that asymmetrical loading has between legs in asymmetrical athletes. Footballers were recruited as a comparator group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Inertial measurement units (IMU) were placed at the 14% site of the anteromedial tibia to measure external load during habitual training. Whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and tibial peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scans were taken of the athlete within 2 weeks of the external load measurement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Asymmetrical athletes experienced 34% higher peak acceleration and 28% higher peak positive acceleration (PPA) in the front leg compared to the back leg and showed greater bone mineral content (BMC; 2%) and torsional tibial strength (7%) in the front leg. Positive correlations were shown between cumulative load in the front leg and tibial strength (r=0.638; P=0.035) in asymmetrical athletes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Exposure to cumulative load showed higher tibial anteroposterior bone strength and transverse and torsional fracture resistance than the lesser loaded contralateral limb. The ability to monitor external load within the applied setting and how it impacts bone can help practitioners estimate the athletes' bone load throughout the season.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender differences in three-dimensional pelvic behavior during maximal sprint running.","authors":"Kazuki Ota, Takuya Yoshida, Hirohiko Maemura, Satoru Tanigawa","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16415-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16415-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous studies on joint kinetics in female during maximal sprinting have been limited to lower-limb kinetics; however, we hypothesized that female's sprinters have greater lumbosacral free leg side lateral flexion torque and lower lumbosacral free leg side torsional torque than male's sprinters. The present study aimed to examine the stiffness parameters, three-dimensional pelvic behavior, and kinetics in female's sprinters compared with male's sprinters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The three-dimensional (3D) kinematics and force data during regular 60-m sprints starting from a crouching start position in eight female's and male's sprinters were captured using a motion capture system and force platform. Stiffness parameters, three-dimensional pelvic behavior, and kinetics were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Female's sprinters had significantly lower vertical stiffness compared to male's sprinters. Additionally, female's sprinters had significantly the greater lateral flexion of the pelvis toward the free leg side angle and integrated contributory component of the free leg side lateral flexion angular impulse during the stance phase compared to male's sprinters. Furthermore, female's sprinters had significantly lower step frequency and an integrated contributory component of the free leg side rotation angular impulse during the stance phase and in total compared to male's sprinters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The lateral flexion of the pelvis toward the free leg side observed in female's sprinters during stance leg toe-off may contribute to the upward movement center of mass. The lower lumbosacral torsional torque towards the free leg side in female's sprinters may lead to delayed leg recovery motion after stance leg toe-off, resulting in a lower step frequency.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute effects of electrical muscle stimulation on energy metabolism during weight-bearing exercise in young-female: a crossover randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Juseong Lee, Seung W Shin, Junghoon Kim","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16158-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16158-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Electrical muscle stimulation is an effective tool that provides additional benefits to energy metabolism, such as energy expenditure. However, it remains unclear which energy system influences the increase in energy expenditure during electrical muscle stimulation. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of three energy systems (aerobic, anaerobic lactic, and anaerobic alactic) during a single session of weight-bearing exercise with EMS using a crossover randomized controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten young females (mean age: 23.0±3.6 years) were randomly assigned to perform two types of exercises in a random order (WB: weight-bearing exercises without electrical muscle stimulation, N.=10; WB+EMS: weight-bearing exercises with electrical muscle stimulation, N.=10). During both sessions, we evaluated the oxygen consumption (absolute and relative), blood lactate concentration (before and after exercise), and heart rate. We then calculated the energy expenditure and percentage for the three energy systems.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>WB+EMS showed significantly higher oxygen consumption (P=0.016, effect size; d=0.94) than WB. The total energy expenditure was 25.7% higher in WB+EMS than in WB (84.4±17.1 vs. 67.1±15.4 kcal, P=0.045, d=0.74). In addition, the energy expenditure of the anaerobic lactic system was significantly higher in the WB+EMS (P=0.009, d=1.06).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that electrical muscle stimulation can contribute to an increased energy metabolism, particularly in the anaerobic energy system, even when performing the same type and duration of exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of thruster maximum load using clean and jerk one-repetition maximum: influence of gender and experience in CrossFit athletes.","authors":"Alejandro Oliver-López, Tom Brandt, Annette Schmidt, Rafael Sabido","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16660-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16660-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Strength coaches use the repetition maximum (1RM) of key movements to predict the load for derivate exercises in sports like weightlifting or CrossFit (CF). Although this is a fundamental CF exercise, no prediction equations have been established for the thruster (TH). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between the clean and jerk (CJ) and TH 1RM in CF athletes and analyze the influence of gender and experience.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy-three participants (40 men; 33 women; age: 30.1±8.2 years) with ≥3 months of CF experience were enrolled in this study. The CJ and TH 1RM were tested in 2 separate sessions. Additionally, anthropometric data and CF experience were taken. Linear correlation and regression analyses were applied to investigate the relationship between both exercises. For further analyses, participants were subdivided by gender and CF-experience (men and women experienced [EM; EW]): ≥24 months CF-training, and (men and women beginners [BM; BW]): <24 months CF-training.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Very high significant (P<0.001) correlations were found between CJ and TH (r=0.98) across all participants and for EM (r=0.98), BM (r=0.96), EW (r=0.95), and BW (r=0.90). Similarly, the coefficient of determination was high to very high for all participants (R²=0.97) and for all the groups; EM (R²=0.97), BM (R²=0.91), EW (R²=0.91), and BW (R²=0.82). Prediction equations were calculated for EM (CJ=0.81*TH+9.98), BM (CJ=0.80*TH+10.23), EW (CJ=0.63*TH+17.39), and BW (CJ=0.96*TH+-2.21).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first study on CF athletes that guides prescribing individualized loads in the TH which is essential to induce appropriate training stimuli to achieve the desired adaptions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison between balance performance among female basketball players and non-basketball players in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Alaa M Albishi","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16781-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16781-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Research findings indicate a concerning prevalence of physical inactivity among Saudi females, which has been associated with poor balance performance. Therefore, it is crucial to promote sports participation, such as basketball. Despite its potential benefits, the specific effects of basketball engagement among Saudi females still need to be explored. Thus, this study investigated the association between basketball participation and balance performance among Saudi women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined the relationship between playing basketball and balance performance using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Thirty-eight female Saudi participants were recruited and divided into two groups: a non-athletic control group (N.=20, age: 21.8±3.1 years; weight: 60.6±12 kg; height: 163.8±6.3 cm) and a basketball group (N.=18, age: 21.5±1.7 years; weight: 55.6±7.7 kg; height: 157.7±5.5 cm).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study found that basketball players demonstrated significantly superior balance performance to non-basketball players in posteromedial (P=0.01; d=0.85) and posterior directions of the right leg (P=0.04; d=0.68). Also, a significant group difference was found in the posterior reach of the left leg (P=0.02; d=0.76). Reaching distance in a given direction was highly correlated with total reaching distance for both leg sides. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between years of playing and balance variables was found in the basketball group (P<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We conclude that individuals who regularly played basketball exhibited superior balance performance compared to non-athletic individuals in specific reaching directions. Therefore, promoting women's participation in basketball is recommended to enhance individuals' overall physical activity and balance capabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of an exercise-based rehabilitation program in patients with minor ischemic non-disabling stroke or transient ischemic attack.","authors":"Erica Brugin, Stefano Palermi, Valentina Pescatore, Silvia Compagno, Carlo Zanella, Marco Vecchiato, Ruggero Marin, Renata Volpato, Marzia Sarto, Maela Masato, Andrea Demeco, Aurora Panico, Alessandro Biffi, Franco Giada","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16408-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16408-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) present global health challenges. While physical activity is strongly recommended for secondary prevention of these clinical conditions, there's a massive gap between guidelines and the real world. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness, safety, and feasibility of an exercise-based rehabilitation (EBR) program for patients with minor ischemic non-disabling stroke (MINDS) or TIA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Consecutive patients from the Neurology Unit of Mirano - Venice, Italy, diagnosed with MINDS or TIA, underwent a structured EBR program. The program comprised 6 weeks of supervised training in a hospital gym and 12 months of territorial gym training. Safety, feasibility, and effectiveness were evaluated through adverse events, drop-out rates, and improvements in body composition, muscular strength, and cardiopulmonary fitness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample comprised 32 patients (mean age 66 years, 81,3% male). No adverse events were reported. During the in-hospital phase of the program, there were no dropouts, while 28% of patients ceased training during the territorial phase. After the in-hospital phase, there were significant improvements in body composition, muscular strength, and cardiopulmonary parameters. These benefits persisted at the 12-month territorial gym phase of the EBR program only for patients who continued training.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The structured EBR program demonstrated safety, feasibility, and effectiveness in improving health parameters for MINDS or TIA patients. Such interventions promise to enhance secondary prevention and overall health outcomes in this patient group.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-doping rules violations in modern Olympic games.","authors":"Ramananda Ningthoujam","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16691-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16691-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Doping persists as a significant challenge in Olympic sports despite stringent anti-doping measures. This study investigates doping prevalence, including total cases, commonly affected sports, frequently used substances, and most implicated countries, in the Summer and Winter Olympics from 1968 to 2022. This study aims to analyze doping trends across the Olympic Games from 1968 to 2022, identify patterns in doping violations, and assess the impact of anti-doping policies and detection advancements on reducing doping prevalence. A retrospective analysis of anti-doping rules violations (ADRVs) was conducted using publicly available data from the International Olympic Committee and the International Testing Agency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Summer and Winter Olympics, including the number of doping tests conducted, ADRVs recorded, and re-analysis outcomes, were examined. A focus was placed on key doping incidents from 2004 to 2012, the sports most affected, and the countries involved. The study also reviewed literature on the impact of anti-doping technologies, such as the athlete biological passport. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify doping trends, highlighting the number of tests, ADRVs, and revoked medals over time. Comparative analyses assessed the differences in doping prevalence across sports, countries, and time periods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 1968 to 2020, the number of tests conducted at the Summer Olympics increased from 667 to 5,033, with 250 confirmed doping cases and 143 medals revoked due to ADRVs. In the Winter Olympics, testing increased from 86 tests in 1968 to 3,166 in 2022, with 52 confirmed doping cases and 14 medals revoked. Weightlifting and athletics were the most affected in the Summer Games, while cross-country skiing led in the Winter Games. Russia was the most implicated country, particularly during the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. The introduction of retrospective testing identified a significant portion of violations, with 73 out of 82 cases in 2012 London discovered post-games.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Doping trends reveal the ongoing challenge of maintaining clean competition despite increased testing and policy enforcement. Retrospective testing has been critical in uncovering violations, underscoring the limitations of real-time detection. Continued investment in advanced detection methods, international collaboration, and enhanced education are essential to mitigating doping and preserving the integrity of the Olympic Games.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}