Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness最新文献

{"title":"Anti-doping rules violations in modern Olympic games.","authors":"Ramananda Ningthoujam","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16691-7","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16691-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Doping persists as a significant challenge in Olympic sports despite stringent anti-doping measures. This study investigates doping prevalence, including total cases, commonly affected sports, frequently used substances, and most implicated countries, in the Summer and Winter Olympics from 1968 to 2022. This study aims to analyze doping trends across the Olympic Games from 1968 to 2022, identify patterns in doping violations, and assess the impact of anti-doping policies and detection advancements on reducing doping prevalence. A retrospective analysis of anti-doping rules violations (ADRVs) was conducted using publicly available data from the International Olympic Committee and the International Testing Agency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Summer and Winter Olympics, including the number of doping tests conducted, ADRVs recorded, and re-analysis outcomes, were examined. A focus was placed on key doping incidents from 2004 to 2012, the sports most affected, and the countries involved. The study also reviewed literature on the impact of anti-doping technologies, such as the athlete biological passport. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify doping trends, highlighting the number of tests, ADRVs, and revoked medals over time. Comparative analyses assessed the differences in doping prevalence across sports, countries, and time periods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 1968 to 2020, the number of tests conducted at the Summer Olympics increased from 667 to 5,033, with 250 confirmed doping cases and 143 medals revoked due to ADRVs. In the Winter Olympics, testing increased from 86 tests in 1968 to 3,166 in 2022, with 52 confirmed doping cases and 14 medals revoked. Weightlifting and athletics were the most affected in the Summer Games, while cross-country skiing led in the Winter Games. Russia was the most implicated country, particularly during the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. The introduction of retrospective testing identified a significant portion of violations, with 73 out of 82 cases in 2012 London discovered post-games.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Doping trends reveal the ongoing challenge of maintaining clean competition despite increased testing and policy enforcement. Retrospective testing has been critical in uncovering violations, underscoring the limitations of real-time detection. Continued investment in advanced detection methods, international collaboration, and enhanced education are essential to mitigating doping and preserving the integrity of the Olympic Games.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"974-980"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute effects of overload strength training on vertical jump performance in young female volleyball players.","authors":"Ignazio Leale, Guglielmo Pillitteri, Valerio Giustino, Orazio Scarpa, Provvidenza Cataldo, Manuel Gómez-López, Giuseppe Battaglia","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16497-9","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16497-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The vertical jump performance is one of the most used parameters for the evaluation of lower limb strength in volleyball. Indeed, vertical jumps are frequently performed by volleyball players during the match both in defensive and offensive actions. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of a 90-minute strength training session (STS) with different overload intensities on vertical jump performance and on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in young female volleyball players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten young female volleyball players (14.00±1.01 years; 165±0.03 cm; 58.33±10.25 kg; 21.52±3.84 kg/m²) were included in this randomized crossover study. The participants were subjected to the three following STS: STS-A without overload; STS-B with 10% body weight (BW) overload; and STS-C with 20% BW overload. The RPE for the three sessions was recorded using the modified 20-point Borg Scale. For the evaluation of lower limb strength, the following tests were used: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump with hands on the hips (CMJ), and countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJ-AS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although a significant interaction was detected after the STS, no significant changes were observed among the three sessions (i.e., STS-A, STS-B, and STS-C). No differences were detected in the Borg Scale across the three sessions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study showed that a STS administered without load or with an overload of 10% or 20% of BW, does not lead to significant changes on vertical jump performance in young volleyball players.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"891-899"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vastus lateralis stiffness in roller speed skate athletes evaluated with sonoelastography. When sport meets health.","authors":"Giulia Bongiorno, Benedetta Zampa, Luca Miceli","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16531-6","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16531-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"982-983"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elite athletes technical skills and strength in run, roller speed skating and ice speed skating performances.","authors":"Giulia Bongiorno, Giulio Sisti, Francesca Dal Mas, Helena Biancuzzi, Francesco G Minisini, Luca Miceli","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16669-3","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16669-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"981-982"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knee strength difference between lower limbs and jump performance in athletes with patellar tendinopathy and healthy controls.","authors":"Diego Ruffino, Matías Alfonso, Federico Villalba, Javier Asinari, Peter Malliaras","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16444-X","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16444-X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this case-control study was to compare knee strength and jump performance both in athletes with patellar tendinopathy (PT) compared to healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty recreational athletes divided into 2 groups, patellar tendinopathy group (PTG; N.=40) and asymptomatic control group (CG; N.=40) matched by age, height, weight and sport participated in this study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six-Repetition Maximum (6RM) Test were conducted to estimate maximal isotonic muscular strength using leg extension and leg press machines, while vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) and triple hop for distance were performed to assess jumps capacity. An adjusted analysis revealed that the difference between the PT group and the asymptomatic group in CMJ was 11.024 cm (P value <0.001) and 0.18 m in triple hop (P value <0.001). Furthermore, the difference between both lower limbs in the PT group was 9.02 kg (P value <0.001) and 3.76 kg (P value = 0.02) in leg extension and leg press evaluations, respectively, compared to the control group, regardless of age, height, weight, and sports activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Athletes with unilateral PT had impaired strength and single leg jumping performance compared with matched healthy controls, yet they have greater double leg jumping performance. There was less evidence for side-to-side impairment suggesting bilateral impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"917-923"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing change of direction speed in young soccer players through running technique training.","authors":"Marek Vrablanský, Filip Skala, Tomáš Vencúrik","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16404-9","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16404-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study explored the impact of running technique training on change of direction (COD) speed in young soccer players across the U11, U13, and U18 age categories.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-nine players participated and were divided into experimental (COD training [CODT]) and control (CON) groups in each category. The CODT group underwent a 4-week training program, conducted twice a week for fifteen minutes before regular training sessions. Pre- and post-testing used the 505 and Pro-Agility (5-10-5) tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated significant improvements for CODT U11 players in the 505 Test on the right foot (P=0.04, d=0.48) and the 5-10-5 Test (P<0.001, d=0.86). The U13 CODT players improved in the 5-10-5 Test (P<0.001, d=0.54), as well as the CODT U18 (P=0.001, d=1.04). Significant differences between CODT and CON groups were observed in the U11 category in the 5-10-5 Test.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study concludes that running technique training before regular soccer sessions enhances COD speed, particularly in U11 and U18 players.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"839-844"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Runner's toenail: how does marathon training lead to runner's toenail injuries?","authors":"Angelo V Vasiliadis, Vasileios Giovanoulis","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16689-9","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16689-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"983-985"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of sports drinks with different molecular weight carbohydrates on rehydration during endurance exercise: a comparative study.","authors":"Qiushi Tan, Zhiguang Zhao, Aiqi Yu, Mai Xiang, Qi Han, Jingyi Zhu, Xuemei Sui, Qirong Wang","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16364-0","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16364-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to compare the impacts of low-molecular-weight (LMW) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) carbohydrate (CHO) sports drinks on rehydration during endurance exercise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten middle- and long-distance running athletes were selected in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. One day before the experiment, a pre-experiment was performed to determine the VO<inf>2peak</inf>. The formal experiment consisted of a two-stage exercise test. In the first test, participants rode an electrically braked cycle ergometer for 1 hour with an intensity of 70%VO<inf>2peak</inf> and were supplemented with three kinds of sports drinks, namely, LMW CHO (oligosaccharides), HMW CHO (Vitargo), and placebo (PLA), at 1.8 mL/kg·bw every 15 minutes. Venous blood, capillary blood, and urine were collected during exercise. The second test was conducted 6 hours after the first test and employed an intensity of 75%VO<inf>2peak</inf> and the same rehydration strategy. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded every 15 minutes until exhaustion, and the time to exhaustion (TTE) was recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The percentage of body weight loss before and after exercise was significantly lower in the LMW group than in the HMW group (P<0.05). The serum or urine Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^- concentrations did not significantly differ among the groups (P>0.05). No significant differences in plasma osmolarity, urine osmolarity, lactic acid, blood pH, or exercise exhaustion time were found among the groups (P>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sports drinks containing LMW CHO were better at maintaining hydration than those containing HMW CHO. Sports drinks with different molecular weights of CHO had no significant effect on athletic performance or blood pH.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"845-855"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reference intervals for lipid biomarkers in youth athletes.","authors":"Sergey O Klyuchnikov, Zanna V Grishina, Timofey A Yashin, Vladimir S Feshchenko, Andrey V Zholinsky, Irina E Bushueva, Elena V Lomazova, Sergey A Bazanovich, Sergey I Barshak","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16150-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16150-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is known that lipid profile is influenced by physical exercise. In addition, adolescent athletes undergo significant hormonal changes that also affect their lipid profile. In our study, we used a sample of elite athletes under 18 years old (2281 f, 2986 m) from different sports disciplines to calculate reference intervals (RI) for lipid metabolism indicators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The reference intervals for lipid metabolism markers, namely total cholesterol, triglycerides, low- and high-density lipoprotein fractions, were calculated using non-parametric statistical methods based on the results of blood tests obtained during regular in-depth medical examinations that Russian athletes undergo twice a year.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The reference intervals for lipid biomarkers in underage athletes differ from both pediatric and general adult population values. The most notable differences were found in HDL and TG levels. In particular, the upper limits of HDL both in young athletes and ordinary children were higher than those in the general adult population by 23.6% in boys and 43.6% in girls; the lower limits of TG RI in young athletes of both sexes were almost 2 times lower (48%) than in ordinary children, but higher than the adult values.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intense physical exercise has a significant impact on the lipid metabolism in elite athletes. Reference intervals obtained from a sample of youth elite athletes differ from both pediatric and the adult population values. The use of reference intervals of lipid metabolism indices obtained in our study (or in similar future studies) could improve health status assessment and help identify minor health conditions in young elite athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144528509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of swimming fatigue on neuromuscular parameters in young swimmers with unilateral shoulder pain.","authors":"Miriam Martini, Andrea Cargnel, Alessandra Raffini, Laura Mazzari, Milos Ajcevic, Agostino Accardo, Gianluca Canton, Manuela Deodato, Alex Buoite Stella, Luigi Murena","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16467-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16467-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the effects of fatigue on isometric strength and surface electromyography (sEMG) in swimmers with unilateral shoulder pain compared to healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty front-crawl swimmers participated in the present study and were grouped according to the presence (PAIN, N.=10, 3 females, 23±3 years) or absence (controls, N.=10, 4 females, 22±5 years) of unilateral shoulder pain, based on subjective reporting and physiotherapy evaluation. Before and after swimming fatigue training, the sEMG signals were recorded during a functional upper-limb task and a strike task and were normalized according to their maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC), and an isometric strength assessment was performed for the shoulder.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant interaction effect time × group was found during the functional task in the sternocleidomastoid (m.SCM) muscle (P=0.014, pη²=0.294) and pectoralis major (m.PM) muscle (P=0.027, pη²=0.243), whereas during the strike task, only the serratus anterior (m.SA) muscle was characterized by a significant interaction (P=0.006, pη²=0.346). In particular, in the PAIN group, fatigue reduced m.PM activation by 0.8% MVIC (Cohen's d=0.440) and increased m.SCM activation by 0.7% MVIC (Cohen's d=0.633), as well as increased m.SA activation by 24.2% MVIC (Cohen's d=1.356), whereas in controls m.SCM decreased by 0.6% MVIC (Cohen's d=0.485). Finally, the PAIN group was characterized by lower IR strength than controls after the training by 0.127 N/kg (Cohen's d=0.988).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pain and fatigue can affect muscle strength and sEMG activity in swimmers with unilateral shoulder pain. These findings could provide novel insights into the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying unilateral shoulder pain in swimmers, supporting the development of new training and treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144497395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}