Evolutionary Applications最新文献

{"title":"Generation Length: Often Ignored and Sometimes Misunderstood","authors":"Fred W. Allendorf,&nbsp;Nils Ryman","doi":"10.1111/eva.70256","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70256","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional mathematical models of population genetics have generally assumed discrete generations, but most species have overlapping generations. It is necessary to estimate generation length with overlapping generations for purposes of comparison with discrete-generation models. In populations with overlapping generations, generation length is the average age of parents at the time their progeny are born. Genetic risks associated with small populations depend on both effective population size and elapsed time in generations. In some cases, populations with larger effective size can lose heterozygosity more quickly than populations with smaller effective size because they have shorter generation length. Therefore, estimates of effective size alone cannot be used to predict the loss of heterozygosity over calendar time. Generation length is also required to estimate effective population size from the rate of loss of heterozygosity, to estimate the time of divergence between species using molecular data, and to use coalescent models for historical demographic analyses. Generation length is often not carefully defined or estimated in these cases. In some papers, authors have used the generation length only for females and have ignored males. A review of the literature indicates that the generation length for males and females can be substantially different in some species. In addition, a variety of proxies have been used in the literature for generation length. Many of these proxies do not provide reliable estimates of generation length. Accurate estimates of generation length require detailed life-history information that is unfortunately not available for many species. Analyses using these proxies for generation length should be treated with some skepticism. Most population genetics textbooks do not define generation length. It is hard to understand why such an important parameter in population genetics has been so ignored.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13346920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging Next-Generation Tools for Genetic Assessment and Demographic Monitoring in Threatened and Elusive Humboldt Martens","authors":"Margaret A. Hallerud,&nbsp;Katie Moriarty,&nbsp;Kristine L. Pilgrim,&nbsp;Cate B. Quinn,&nbsp;Charlotte E. Eriksson,&nbsp;Michael K. Schwartz,&nbsp;Taal Levi","doi":"10.1111/eva.70277","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70277","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conservation assessments of imperiled species require information on population structure, abundance, and connectivity which benefit from integrated demographic and genetic data. Humboldt martens (<i>Martes caurina humboldtensis</i>) are a federally threatened subspecies of Pacific marten (<i>Martes caurina</i>) whose conservation has been hindered by knowledge gaps and data deficiencies due to rarity and elusiveness. Here, we assessed population structure and genetic viability of Humboldt martens by exploring synergies between reduced representation sequencing and noninvasive genetic approaches. We used ddRADseq to discover 14,652 SNPs from 63 Pacific martens, then used these data to develop and validate a 94-amplicon SNP panel for accurate individual and sex identification and broadscale genetic structure inference from Humboldt marten scats. Applying this SNP panel to 209 scats, two hair samples, and 24 low-quality tissue samples, we identified 93 additional individuals and spatially expanded genetic structure inference relative to ddRADseq, including discovery of a previously undescribed population. We found genetic diversity was ~20% lower and inbreeding ~3 times higher on average in Humboldt martens relative to other Pacific marten populations, and Humboldt martens showed lower mitogenome nucleotide diversity than other genetically depauperate carnivore species and populations. Our combined analyses support genetic distinctness of Humboldt martens with limited evidence for hybridization with Oregon Cascades martens. Our data suggest geographic structuring of genetic viability within Humboldt martens, with strong signatures of isolation and small population size in the northernmost populations. Our approach demonstrates advantages and limitations of combining small genomic datasets and targeted SNP panels for conservation assessment and monitoring in fragmented and genetically depauperate species, and we call for expanded genetic viability assessment and monitoring in Humboldt martens.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13351330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Local Adaptation in the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) From a Region Undergoing Rapid Climate and Land-Use Change","authors":"Justin M. Waraniak,&nbsp;David M. Mushet,&nbsp;Craig A. Stockwell","doi":"10.1111/eva.70298","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70298","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Preservation of local adaptation is a key goal for conservation of populations, and, within the current era of profound environmental change, characterization of local adaptation is necessary to assess the potential resilience of populations to future environmental conditions. In this study, we attempted to characterize patterns of putative, locally adaptive genetic diversity in the northern leopard frog (<i>Rana pipiens</i>) from an area of the Prairie Pothole Region in North Dakota profoundly impacted by climate and land-use change. Using a dataset of 25,587 SNPs obtained using RAD-seq, we characterized population structure, finding similar patterns of isolation by distance and high gene flow as found in previous studies of the region. We considered environmental variables related to climate and several agrochemicals, including nitrates and four commonly applied pesticides, and tested for effects on both neutral and putatively adaptive genetic structure. Genotype by environment analyses identified 388 candidate loci under selection. A large majority of these loci were associated with climatic factors, seemingly mainly driven by differences in breeding-season precipitation regimes across our study area.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13351322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meeting Report on the Assisted Gene Flow and Climate Change Responses Workshop, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, CA, USA, 5–7 March 2025","authors":"Lynn Breithaupt,&nbsp;Nicholas J. Kooyers,&nbsp;Jason P. Sexton,&nbsp;Benjamin K. Blackman","doi":"10.1111/eva.70290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70290","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic climate change is rapidly disrupting populations and ecosystems, challenging conservationists to identify effective interventions. Assisted gene flow (AGF), the human-assisted movement of species within their historic range to increase the population health of climate-threatened species, offers a promising but controversial strategy for enhancing resilience. To address the complexities of strategies for conserving species in anticipation of changing climates, we convened the Assisted Gene Flow and Climate Change Responses workshop from March 5–7, 2025, in Golden Gate National Recreation Area, California. The workshop was intended to be a forum for land managers, native seed producers, and academic scientists working in California and Oregon to discuss current and emerging knowledge of climate change responses, experiences, best practices, and policy associated with guiding ecologically informed applications of AGF in plants. The workshop brought together 28 participants, including land managers from five state or federal entities, native seed producers from two nurseries, and academic scientists from eight institutions. Through synthetic discussions, workshop participants identified major barriers to implementation, outlined critical outstanding questions, and proposed opportunities for coordination and joint action. The group reached an important consensus that while imperfect information remains, the risks of inaction are substantial, necessitating improved communication and immediate cross-sector collaboration to support land and restoration management in effectively implementing these strategies. Moreover, the group highlighted how restoration projects are evolutionary experiments that can be leveraged to address outstanding fundamental and applied questions, and the critical need for the development of evidence-based consensus guidelines to bridge the gap between research and application.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating Population Genomic Perspectives Into Kelp Conservation and Aquaculture in the Pacific Northwest","authors":"Jordan B. Bemmels,&nbsp;Gregory L. Owens","doi":"10.1111/eva.70287","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70287","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent kelp forest declines and growth in the kelp aquaculture industry have fueled increasing interest in ecological and evolutionary research on kelp forests, including kelp population genomics. Although many kelp management activities have inherent genetic and evolutionary implications, kelp management in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of North America has to date made only limited use of species-specific population genetic knowledge. We believe that kelp managers in the PNW are well positioned to begin routinely incorporating population genomic perspectives into their work. Here, we review the state of genetic knowledge in the canopy-forming kelps <i>Nereocystis</i> and <i>Macrocystis</i> from Washington to Alaska and highlight how this knowledge can support four key kelp management activities: restoration, aquaculture, wild harvest, and biobanking. We discuss several potential paradigms for geographic transfer of genetic material, consider the likely impacts of inbreeding and genetic drift in the management of small kelp populations, and suggest strategies for protecting the genetic integrity of populations during wild harvest. To inform optimal sourcing strategies for biobanking and outplanting, we also reanalyze genomic data to explore how the number of individuals sampled impacts retention of genetic diversity. In many cases, predictions derived from molecular data and models have accumulated faster than the research community's ability to validate them in the field. We propose that experimental tests be incorporated into ongoing kelp management operations as an immediate step in transitioning toward a management framework informed by population genomic data and perspectives. Adopting such a framework will improve the likelihood of attaining desirable outcomes in kelp conservation and aquaculture, including as kelp populations adapt to future challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13322633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidisciplinary Evaluation of a 10-Year Restoration Program for Two Endangered Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Populations","authors":"Louarn Fauchet,&nbsp;Anne-Laure Ferchaud,&nbsp;Jean-Christophe Guay,&nbsp;Jean-Sébastien Moore,&nbsp;Nicolas Derôme,&nbsp;Julien April,&nbsp;Louis Bernatchez","doi":"10.1111/eva.70289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70289","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Supportive breeding programs are widely implemented to counteract demographic collapse in threatened populations. Their long-term success, however, depends on maintaining genetic diversity while ensuring that released individuals contribute effectively to wild populations. In Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>), uncertainties remain regarding the capacity of captive broodstocks to preserve genetic variation and the demographic and genetic consequences of supplementation. Here, we evaluate the outcomes of a decade-long restoration program targeting two genetically differentiated but geographically proximate Atlantic salmon populations in the Romaine watershed (Romaine and Puyjalon population, Québec, Canada). Using microsatellite data, we performed population assignment, parentage analyses, and temporal estimates of effective number of breeders and genetic diversity. We assessed broodstock performance, the contribution of stocked individuals to wild populations, and the impact of two egg incubation treatments on fry to smolt survival. Despite sustained efforts to maintain large and representative broodstocks, the failure of wild-caught juvenile salmon to reach maturity substantially reduced the number of breeders, representing the greatest loss of genetic potential in the hatchery broodstock. Nevertheless, partial factorial mating and kinship-based management allowed us to avoid inbreeding and preserved levels of heterozygosity and allelic richness comparable to those observed in wild populations. Stocked individuals contributed around 25% to juvenile population size in both populations, without reducing effective population size or eroding genetic differentiation. Estimates of total effective population size consistently exceeded those of wild components alone, indicating no evidence of a Ryman–Laikre effect. Finally, egg incubation in the water of the Romaine River increased survival to smolt stage for genetically Romaine individuals but not for individuals from Puyjalon, suggesting local adaptation to early rearing conditions. These results demonstrate that, when carefully designed and genetically monitored, supportive breeding can reinforce depleted salmon populations without compromising genetic diversity and integrity.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148343025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis Susceptibility and Inbreeding Depression Hinder Ex Situ Conservation in a Critically Endangered Rainforest Bird","authors":"Peri E. Bolton,&nbsp;Dustin J. Foote,&nbsp;Nancy E. Drilling,&nbsp;Susan B. McRae,&nbsp;Michael D. Sorenson,&nbsp;Christopher N. Balakrishnan","doi":"10.1111/eva.70286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70286","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Captive breeding can be a key component of species conservation strategies, but also exposes these rare species to novel environments including the pathogen landscape. The critically endangered white-winged wood duck (WWWD) <i>Asarcornis scutulata</i> has experienced substantial population declines, local extirpations and fragmentation of its former range in Southeast Asia, making it one of the rarest birds in the world. As in other rare species, WWWD declines have led to the initiation of captive breeding programs, but these have been hampered by the WWWDs' high susceptibility to <i>Mycobacterium avium</i>, avian tuberculosis (TB). In this study we describe genome-wide patterns of diversity to understand the WWWD's demographic and phylogeographic history, inbreeding in the wild and in captivity, and the causes of TB susceptibility. Captive birds, which originated from northeast India, are genetically differentiated from wild birds sampled in Sumatra, Indonesia, likely reflecting long-standing phylogeographic structure. Demographic analyses revealed that long-term (Pleistocene) population declines preceded anthropogenic declines, a pattern shared with other codistributed, forest-dependent species. All sampled WWWD populations had extremely low genetic diversity (<i>π</i> = 0.0008–0.0015) but wild-sampled birds retained higher Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) diversity, reflecting important functional diversity in the wild. Genetic diversity has eroded over time in captivity and importantly, birds with higher levels of inbreeding succumb earlier to TB infections, suggesting inbreeding depression. Finally, by comparing gene expression between susceptible WWWD and resistant redhead ducks <i>Aythya americana</i> we identify possible mechanisms of TB susceptibility. Altogether our study provides genomically-guided objectives for future management and a cautionary tale for <i>ex situ</i> conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary Footprint: A Systemic Indicator in Evolution, Ecology and Conservation","authors":"Thibault Genissel,&nbsp;Alexandre Robert,&nbsp;Jane Lecomte,&nbsp;François Sarrazin","doi":"10.1111/eva.70267","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70267","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing awareness of evolutionary responses to human-induced environmental changes highlights the need to better understand and integrate evolutionary perspectives into life sciences and, more broadly, into biodiversity conservation. Evolutionary changes are complex and multi-causal, operating across numerous timescales. Emerging fields such as eco-evolutionary dynamics, genomics, and non-genetic inheritance are substantially advancing knowledge in this area. To better integrate and value these changes, we define the concept of ‘evolutionary footprint’ as the impact of a driver on the micro- and macroevolutionary trajectories of a biological entity. By selecting metrics that capture changes in adaptive traits, genetic diversity, macroevolutionary processes, and phylogenetic patterns, and by interpreting the magnitude of these changes relative to natural history baselines, we provide a quantitative method for scoring evolutionary footprints. We illustrate this framework with two case studies, one concerning the evolution of a plant species in response to human-induced pollinator decline and another addressing potential human impacts on the mammal taxon. We discuss key challenges associated with integrating multiple timescales and levels of biodiversity within the framework, as well as the difficulties of predicting evolutionary changes, accounting for non-genetic processes, and developing the required databases. This new type of indicator may foster the integration of knowledge about evolutionary processes and eco-evolutionary dynamics into conservation science and offer new insights and avenues for an evocentric approach to biodiversity conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13289801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148314942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altitude-Associated Divergence of the Gut Microbiome in Endangered Forest Musk Deer: Evidence From Integrated Metagenomics, Metabolomics, and Culturomics","authors":"Feiyun Huang,&nbsp;Zexiu Zhang,&nbsp;Yanni Zhao,&nbsp;Sen Ye,&nbsp;Maoyuan Gan,&nbsp;Xuxin Li,&nbsp;Yele Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Chen,&nbsp;Yushuo Zhang,&nbsp;Lingxi Chen,&nbsp;Ting Wang,&nbsp;Jinming Huang,&nbsp;Xiuyue Zhang","doi":"10.1111/eva.70285","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70285","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-altitude environments expose mammals and their gut symbionts to multifaceted stressors—hypoxia, cold, and intense UV radiation. Whether gut microbial communities undergo compositional restructuring in response to these stressors, and whether such restructuring carries translational value for captive conservation, remain unresolved questions. Here, we integrated deep shotgun metagenomics (≥ 15 Gb per sample), untargeted fecal metabolomics, and culturomics in 75 captive forest musk deer (<i>Moschus berezovskii</i> Flerov, 1929) housed at high altitude (~3900 m) and low altitude (~1450 m) facilities under uniform husbandry. Neutral community modeling showed a greater contribution of deterministic processes at high altitude (only 34.3% of species conformed to neutral expectations vs. 89.3% at low altitude), consistent with stronger environmental filtering. At high altitude, we observed enrichment of a functionally coherent guild of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria—centered on <i>Flavonifractor plautii</i>, <i>Intestinimonas butyriciproducens</i>, and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>—that formed antagonistic co-occurrence networks with opportunistic pathogens including <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> and <i>Campylobacter</i> species, mirroring SCFA enrichment in phylogenetically diverse high-altitude mammals. Fecal metabolomics revealed coordinated shifts in urolithin biosynthesis, branch-specific regulation of the tryptophan–kynurenine pathway, and energy metabolism remodeling, all robustly predicted by microbiome composition via neural network modeling. Culturomics yielded seven safety-validated isolates with confirmed gastrointestinal stress tolerance and broad-spectrum pathogen-antagonistic activity in vitro. These findings provide an actionable framework for altitude-informed facility siting, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) donor selection, host-derived probiotic development, and non-invasive health surveillance in captive endangered species, and are broadly transferable to other taxa facing microbiome-associated disease pressure in captivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13287323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148314888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Ultimate and Proximate Explanations of Neurodivergence: Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Compensation, and Clinical Expression","authors":"Darko Sarovic","doi":"10.1111/eva.70284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70284","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Elevated rates of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders in neurodivergent populations are often interpreted as evidence that autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and affective disorders share intrinsic neurobiological pathology. Evolutionary psychiatry offers a different interpretation: neurodivergent trait profiles may reflect evolutionarily shaped cognitive variation whose consequences depend on ecological and social fit. Recent evolutionary psychiatry work has extended this perspective by interpreting the concomitance of neurodivergence with depression and anxiety through evolutionary trade-off, mismatch, and evolved affective defense systems. Here, this ultimate-level account is integrated with the pathogenetic triad, an operationalized cross-level framework that adds an individual-level account of how traits, adaptive capacity, burden, and environmental demands shape clinical expression. This synthesis suggests one pathway by which depression and anxiety may arise in neurodivergent individuals: chronic mismatch may increase compensatory demands and repeatedly activate evolved affective and defensive systems, particularly when regulatory buffering is limited or burden is high. The resulting framework helps reconcile neurodiversity and medical models by distinguishing natural neurodivergent trait variation from the mechanisms through which it becomes clinically impairing. Evolutionary psychiatry helps explain why neurodivergent traits persist and why mismatch may generate vulnerability; the pathogenetic triad helps specify how, when, and for whom such vulnerability becomes clinically expressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148282210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}