Evolutionary Applications最新文献

{"title":"Highly and Lowly Domesticated Endangered Fish From a Conservation Hatchery Diverge in Their Thermal Physiology, Transcriptome, and Methylome","authors":"Joanna S. Griffiths,&nbsp;Amanda J. Finger,&nbsp;Melinda R. Baerwald,&nbsp;Md Moshiur Rahman,&nbsp;Tien-Chieh Hung,&nbsp;Nann A. Fangue,&nbsp;Andrew Whitehead","doi":"10.1111/eva.70220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70220","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conservation hatcheries aim to produce fish for supplementation of wild populations, but hatchery environments may drive phenotypic divergence from wild fish. These diverged traits may have reduced fitness in the wild, which could compromise wild population sustainability and evolutionary potential, such as in response to climate change. Delta Smelt are a critically endangered fish species that are safeguarded against extinction with a hatchery refuge population. We investigated whether elevated rearing temperature through larval development adjusted upper thermal tolerance limits (acclimation) in Delta Smelt, whether upper thermal tolerance and plasticity (acclimation ability) differed between fish with old or recent hatchery ancestry (high or low domestication index; DI), and temperature and DI effects on liver transcriptome and methylome patterns. We observed that elevated rearing temperatures induced higher thermal tolerance (acclimation). Individuals with higher DI also had higher upper thermal tolerances, but high DI families had reduced thermal plasticity between rearing temperatures. This is consistent with domestication causing heritable elevation of upper thermal tolerance but at the cost of reduced thermal plasticity. High and low DI fish were differentiated in both genetic variation and methylome variation, suggesting the influence of both during domestication. But methylome differences distinguishing high and low DI fish did not overlap with temperature-induced methylome changes and do not appear to be stably inherited in the hatchery. We conclude that domestication selection has altered thermal physiology within the refuge hatchery despite careful genetic management, underpinned by shifts in the transcriptome and methylome. These changes could affect Delta Smelt fitness upon reintroduction to habitats that continue to warm, and show that physiological traits can diverge even within carefully genetically managed hatchery populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection Against Hybrids Maintains Genetic Divergence Between Populations of a Coastal Cleaner Fish Translocated Across a Genetic Break","authors":"Enrique Blanco Gonzalez,&nbsp;Per Erik Jorde,&nbsp;Sissel Jentoft,&nbsp;Joana Isabel Robalo,&nbsp;Mana Naito","doi":"10.1111/eva.70214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70214","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genetic divergence between populations and/or species is mainly driven by reproductive isolation, that is, reduced gene flow, due to either pre- and/or postzygotic barriers. In this study, we investigate the role of (i) reproductive ecological interactions and (ii) mechanisms of evolutionary isolation between two genetically differentiated populations of a coastal fish species, corkwing wrasse <i>Symphodus melops</i>, in a large semi-natural mesocosm basin over a 2-year period. Corkwing wrasse is one of the main cleaner fish species used by the salmon aquaculture industry in Europe, where translocation is a common practice. The parentage analysis performed on the group of offspring survivors at the end of the translocation experiment evidenced strong selective winter mortalities in hybrid offspring (with mixed parental origin). Additionally, it suggested unprecedented assortative mating patterns in corkwing wrasse. Fish of west Norwegian origin experienced stronger intensity of sexual selection and displayed higher relative reproductive success (RRS) than individuals of southern origin under the experimental conditions. Size of the breeder and alternative sneaking behavior in males are two phenotypic traits often selected to attract potential mates and maximize reproductive fitness. However, neither of them had a significant effect on offspring production. Hence, our results suggest that other traits related to mate choice and competition, not examined here, could play a major role. Our results revealed strong selection against hybrids and potential assortative mating between southern and western corkwing wrasses population as two major contemporary drivers reshaping the historical genetic divergence associated to founder events during post-glacial recolonization in Norway. We discuss the relevance of our findings for aquaculture-based fisheries enhancement systems, resource management and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetics in Captivity: Restoring Wild Phenotypes in Captive-Reared Salmonids","authors":"Tia Attfield,&nbsp;Andrew Honsey,&nbsp;Amanda Ackiss,&nbsp;Andreas Luek,&nbsp;Brian Meagher,&nbsp;Hayley Nuetzel,&nbsp;Ilana Koch,&nbsp;Julien April,&nbsp;Kristy Wakeling,&nbsp;Kyle W. Wellband,&nbsp;Raphaël Bouchard,&nbsp;Sarah J. Lehnert,&nbsp;Shawn Narum,&nbsp;Timothy M. Healy,&nbsp;Trevor E. Pitcher,&nbsp;Clare J. Venney","doi":"10.1111/eva.70210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70210","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Captive rearing is a common practice for the stocking, conservation, and supplementation of fish species worldwide, but captive-reared fish can exhibit altered phenotypes leading to reduced fitness in nature compared to wild conspecifics. In salmonids, certain studies have found limited genetic differentiation between wild and captive-reared fish. However, documented changes in gene expression in hatchery fish have led scientists to investigate epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, as a source of these differences. In this binational collaborative piece, we synthesize the knowledge and efforts of academics and government scientists to highlight how interactions between captive rearing and the epigenome elicit parallel phenotypic changes across salmonid species. We examine the known and potential links between DNA methylation and the phenotypic effects of captive rearing including changes in behavior, color, gut microbiomes, and developmental abnormalities. We review efforts to minimize these phenotypic and epigenetic effects including attempts to modify the hatchery environment and rearing protocols. We provide a framework to integrate epigenetic considerations into hatchery rearing protocols by weighing the heritable nature of DNA methylation with the goals of different captive rearing programs and explore whether minimizing the phenotypic and epigenetic effects of captive rearing is worthwhile. We examine heritability and persistence of epigenetic effects, and we propose the exploitation of heritable bet-hedging as an epigenetic buffer to increase post-release survival. We also suggest novel applications of epigenomic biomarkers as a non-lethal method for post-release monitoring. Ultimately, collaborative multi-disciplinary research across species is needed to understand the comprehensive effects of captive rearing, reduce the ecological impacts of captive fish in the wild, and increase population resilience. Integrating epigenetics into fish hatchery management will provide new opportunities for optimizing and improving captive rearing.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting Patterns of Local Adaptation and Adaptive Potential Under Climate Change for Old-Growth and Planted Stands of Norway Spruce (Picea abies)","authors":"Helena Eklöf,&nbsp;Carolina Bernhardsson,&nbsp;Pär K. Ingvarsson","doi":"10.1111/eva.70217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70217","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genetic diversity is a key prerequisite for adaptation to changing environments. Maintaining genetic diversity in forest trees is crucial amid climate change, given their long generation times. Forest management practices can affect the genetic diversity of forest ecosystems through selective felling or reforestation strategies following harvests. To assess how managed forests respond to climate-driven changes, we investigated patterns of genetic diversity and local adaptation by contrasting old-growth and recently planted stands of Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>). We assess both neutral and adaptive genetic variation by sequencing pooled samples collected from 45 first stands across northern Sweden. Our results reveal no significant differences in overall genetic diversity between natural and planted populations, indicating that current forest management practices have not substantially reduced genetic variation. Analyses of adaptive variation demonstrate strong signatures of local adaptation in old-growth populations, with clear correlations between genetic and environmental distances. In contrast, planted stands show weaker adaptive signals and are also at greater risk of non-adaptiveness under future climate scenarios. While current forest management practices preserve much of the neutral genetic diversity necessary for long-term forest health, our findings highlight the importance of conserving and promoting adaptive genetic variation available in old-growth stands to ensure resilience against ongoing climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heritable Genetic Effects Caused by a Single Generation of Captive Breeding","authors":"Mark R. Christie,&nbsp;Xiaoshen Yin,&nbsp;Stephanie Bollmann,&nbsp;Michael S. Blouin","doi":"10.1111/eva.70213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70213","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the genetic effects of captive breeding is critical for successful fisheries management and conservation efforts. Recent work has demonstrated that genetic adaptation to captivity, with resulting loss of fitness in the wild environment, can occur in as little as a single generation. To understand the genetic changes underlying such rapid adaptation, we performed crosses within and between first-generation hatchery and natural-origin steelhead (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>), raised their offspring in a common environment, and used RNA-seq to examine global patterns of gene expression in those offspring. We found: (i) substantial transcriptomic evidence (hundreds of differentially expressed genes; DEGs) of genetic change induced by a single generation in the captive environment, where the majority of DEGs were upregulated in the offspring of first-generation hatchery fish (75%), (ii) reciprocal crosses revealed that the differentially expressed genes could not be explained by maternal/paternal effects, chance differences in the background levels of gene expression among unrelated families, or other potential explanations, and (iii) the majority of DEGs are related to growth, development, behavior, immune response, and metabolism. These results demonstrate that a single generation of captive breeding results in the heritable activation of hundreds of genes with consequences for stocking or reintroduction efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No Pedigree, No Problem: Genomic Inbreeding Tracks Genetic Rescue With High Resolution","authors":"Carson Mitchell,&nbsp;Samuel Deakin,&nbsp;Marco Festa-Bianchet,&nbsp;Fanie Pelletier,&nbsp;David Coltman","doi":"10.1111/eva.70216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70216","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With increasing habitat fragmentation and population isolation, inbreeding becomes a pressing concern for the persistence of wildlife populations. Detailed inbreeding monitoring is crucial for assessing extinction risk and evaluating the effectiveness of conservation management strategies. Traditionally, pedigree-based inbreeding estimates have been used. Genomic approaches now provide more powerful alternatives. Here, we compare pedigree and genomic inbreeding estimates in a long-term study of wild bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis</i>) from Ram Mountain, Alberta, Canada, monitored from 1972 to the present. This population experienced a severe population bottleneck followed by genetic rescue through the translocation of 35 individuals over 13 years. We found that genomic inbreeding coefficients (<i>F</i>_ROH) dropped by 24% after genetic rescue efforts began. In contrast, pedigree inbreeding coefficients (<i>F</i>_PED) increased, likely because greater pedigree depth improved our ability to detect inbreeding in later cohorts, highlighting a methodological bias and the need for genomic monitoring. Our findings show that genomic approaches are more effective in detecting changes in inbreeding over time in wild animals and emphasize the utility of <i>F</i>_ROH for monitoring the genetic outcomes of conservation interventions, particularly where pedigree completeness increases through time.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Phenotypic Trait Variation and Plasticity in Elymus elymoides to Guide Climate-Informed Seed Transfer","authors":"Francis F. Kilkenny,&nbsp;Jeffrey E. Ott,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Leger,&nbsp;Richard C. Johnson,&nbsp;Matthew E. Horning,&nbsp;J. Bradley St. Clair","doi":"10.1111/eva.70211","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70211","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Information on climate-associated phenotypic variation is essential for sourcing seed that matches restoration site conditions. Spatially explicit seed transfer models can effectively deliver this information. However, standard modeling approaches often do not provide flexibility for practical considerations and may not capture highly complex trait-climate associations. We characterized climate-associated variation in growth, reproduction, morphology, phenology, and survival across 98 source populations at 3 common gardens for the grass <i>Elymus elymoides</i> (bottlebrush squirreltail), an important restoration species in the Intermountain Region of the western USA. We developed fixed-boundary seed zones and focal-point seed transfer models using non-standard methods (regression trees and random forests). In general, source populations with larger plant sizes and later flowering originated from cooler and wetter or milder climates than those with smaller sizes and earlier flowering, though some associations were more complex. Populations from milder climates also had higher trait plasticity than populations from other climates, except for plasticity in seed maturation, which was highest in populations from warmer and drier climates. Seed zones identified through our approach consisted of three major zones with 2–7 subzones each (13 seed zones in total). Two subspecies groups had distinct trait-climate associations, and separate seed zone models were developed for each. Our modeling approach provides a hierarchical structure that partitions predictor variables based on their importance. This doubles as a prioritization framework that assists in navigating trade-offs between risk avoidance and practical constraints by explicitly defining how zones can be combined or subdivided in response to user needs. Our approach also captures trait-climate association nuances missed by standard approaches, increasing the precision of our focal-point seed transfer zones. Our findings emphasize the multifaceted nature of trait-climate associations and highlight the importance of seed transfer modeling to seed-sourcing decisions in a time of global change.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12965906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147375516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Practical Guide for Harnessing Phylogenomics in Biocontrol: Accounting for Topological Uncertainty and Phylogenetic Distance in the Centrifugal Phylogenetic Method and Beyond","authors":"Stephanie H. Chen,&nbsp;Michelle Rafter,&nbsp;Ben Gooden,&nbsp;Alexander N. Schmidt-Lebuhn","doi":"10.1111/eva.70203","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70203","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the genomic era, phylogenomics is playing an increasingly important role in biological control research for prioritising species in host specificity testing, species delimitation, and elucidating the origins of introduced species. This paper outlines key concepts in phylogenomics relevant to biocontrol practitioners and provides practical guidance on the construction and interpretation of phylogenetic trees. We examine the patterns and distributions of degrees of separation and phylogenetic distance (also known as patristic distance) across different types of phylogenetic trees, including cladograms, phylograms, and chronograms, and offer recommendations for their application. Further, we consider the impact of topological uncertainty on these distance measures and the inferences they inform for decision-making in biological control. These concepts are illustrated through two case study datasets representing distinct evolutionary contexts. The first explores a recently published phylogeny of Asteraceae tribe Senecioneae derived from traditionally used nuclear and chloroplast Sanger molecular markers, using common groundsel (<i>Senecio vulgaris</i>) as the hypothetical target weed. The second case study dataset focuses on the biocontrol of stinking passionflower (<i>Passiflora foetida</i>) in Australia, presenting a novel target capture (Angiosperms353) phylogeny for this group. Equipping biocontrol practitioners with a deeper understanding of phylogenomics will facilitate more efficient and data-driven decision-making in biological control.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12930280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147300458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Adaptation for Seasonal Cold Tolerance in a High-Elevation Conifer Species, Subalpine Larch (Larix lyallii Parl.)","authors":"Marie Vance,&nbsp;Barbara Hawkins,&nbsp;Jean Richardson,&nbsp;Patrick von Aderkas","doi":"10.1111/eva.70201","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70201","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Subalpine larch (<i>Larix lyallii</i> Parl.) is a deciduous conifer that only grows at treeline in the Cascade Range and Rocky Mountains of western North America. This habitat is shrinking due to climate change but subalpine larch is unlikely to migrate or adapt in situ and is therefore at risk of maladaptation and eventual extirpation. Future conservation efforts should be informed by an understanding of local adaptation in key traits. In this study, cold tolerance was assessed for 18 populations of subalpine larch from the Canadian portion of the species range that are grafted <i>ex situ</i> at the Kalamalka Forestry Centre in Vernon, BC. Electrolyte leakage was measured after stem tissue was subjected to artificial freezing tests at a range of subzero temperatures (−10°C to −40°C) over 2 years and three seasons (winter, spring, and autumn). Adaptive clines in cold tolerance were observed, providing the first evidence of local adaptation in this species. Temperature-associated climate variables such as the length of the frost-free period (FFP), the Julian date for the end of the frost-free period, and mean coldest month temperature were significant predictors of cold injury at −40°C in all three seasons. Populations from colder sites with a shorter FFP were found to have significantly higher cold tolerance in all three seasons, with the biggest differences observed in spring and autumn. Future management strategies should prioritize the conservation of adaptive variation in cold tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12920685/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147269093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape Genomics and Evolutionary History of Megamelus scutellaris, a Biocontrol Agent of the Invasive Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes)","authors":"Nicolas A. Salinas,&nbsp;Daniel Poveda-Martínez,&nbsp;Marcela S. Rodriguero,&nbsp;Melissa C. Smith,&nbsp;María E. Brentassi,&nbsp;Alejandro J. Sosa","doi":"10.1111/eva.70208","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70208","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the evolutionary history of biological control agents in their native ranges is crucial for improving their selection, establishment, and performance across environmentally diverse regions. Phytophagous insects that specialize on aquatic plants offer particularly valuable models, as their evolutionary trajectories may be shaped by a combination of climatic variation, host plant availability, and the fragmented nature of aquatic habitats. <i>Megamelus scutellaris</i> is a monophagous planthopper native to South America that has been introduced into the United States and South Africa as part of biological control programs targeting the highly invasive aquatic plant, <i>Pontederia crassipes</i>. In this work, we combined nuclear SNP and mitochondrial sequence data to investigate the genetic structure, demographic history, and environmental drivers of population divergence in <i>M. scutellaris</i> across its native range in Argentina and Paraguay. We identified three main genetic lineages broadly associated with major river basins and ecoregions. Demographic modeling supported an early divergence, likely linked to Pleistocene climatic shifts and hydrological changes, followed by a more recent split dated to the early Holocene. Contemporary gene flow was asymmetric and varied in magnitude among lineages, reflecting differences in connectivity and environmental conditions. Lastly, landscape genomic analyzes revealed a strong association between genetic differentiation and climatic variation, supporting models of isolation by environment and resistance. These findings highlight the role of evolutionary and ecological processes in shaping the genetic landscape of <i>M. scutellaris</i> and provide key insights for selecting source populations better suited to different environments in introduced regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12916152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146224870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}