Evolutionary Applications最新文献

{"title":"Diverged Populations Admixture Bolsters Genetic Diversity of a New Island Dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis) Population, but Does Not Prevent Subsequent Loss of Genetic Variation","authors":"Rujiporn Thavornkanlapachai,&nbsp;Harriet R. Mills,&nbsp;Kym Ottewell,&nbsp;Cathy Lambert,&nbsp;J. Anthony Friend,&nbsp;Daniel J. White,&nbsp;Zahra Aisya,&nbsp;W. Jason Kennington","doi":"10.1111/eva.70073","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Translocating individuals from multiple source populations is one way to bolster genetic variation and avoid inbreeding in newly established populations. However, mixing isolated populations, especially from islands, can potentially lead to outbreeding depression and/or assortative mating, which may limit interbreeding between source populations. Here, we investigated genetic consequences of mixing individuals from two island populations of the dibbler (<i>Parantechinus apicalis</i>) in an island translocation. Despite a high level of genetic divergence between the source populations (<i>F</i>_ST ranges 0.33–0.64), and significant differences in body size, individuals with different ancestries were able to successfully interbreed in captivity and in the wild. However, the genetic contributions from each source population were unequal initially despite each of the source populations contributing an equal number of founders. Mating success of captive animals based on the pedigree suggests that this bias toward one source population was due to founder mortality and the mating success of younger and heavier animals. Nevertheless, genetic contributions in the translocated population became equal over time with no parental purebreds, suggesting an extreme excess of hybrids across multiple years. While genetic variation in the translocated population was comparable or higher than the source populations, the increase was short-lived. Genetic composition of captive animals may not reflect what happens in the wild. These changes post-translocation highlight the need for continued genetic monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-Temporal Changes in Effective Population Size in an Expanding Metapopulation of Eurasian Otters","authors":"Nia Evelyn Thomas,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Chadwick,&nbsp;Michael W. Bruford,&nbsp;Frank Hailer","doi":"10.1111/eva.70067","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conservation efforts are leading to demographic growth and spatial expansion of some previously endangered species. However, past population bottlenecks or population size fluctuations can have lasting effects on effective population size (<i>N</i>_e), even when census size (<i>N</i>_c) appears large or recovered. The UK metapopulation of Eurasian otters (<i>Lutra lutra</i>) has a well-documented history of population recovery over recent decades, with indicators of presence (faeces and footprints) increasing in distribution and number over successive national surveys. To determine whether this increase in <i>N</i>_c is reflected in increased <i>N</i>_e, we analysed a large-scale microsatellite dataset (21 years: 1993–2014; 407 individuals) for signals of recent <i>N</i>_e change using BOTTLENECK and LDNe, and evaluated potential biases associated with unaccounted spatial genetic structuring and inclusion of admixed genotypes. We obtained clear bottleneck signals in East England, and signals of recent population expansion in Wales and South West England in some analyses, consistent with national otter surveys and recent findings from whole-genome sequencing. Analyses that did not account for spatial genetic structuring yielded strong spurious signals of United Kingdom-wide population expansion, and <i>N</i>_e estimates from these analyses were suppressed by a factor of 3–4. Inclusion of admixed individuals had weaker impacts on <i>N</i>_e estimates, with overlapping 95% confidence intervals from different analyses. Notably, total <i>N</i>_e summed across regions was small and well below the <i>N</i>_e = 500 size deemed necessary for long-term population viability (sum of river basin district groups: 170.6, 95% C.I.: 102.1–348.3). Conclusions drawn from UK otter surveys, which had suggested a robust population close to panmixia, are therefore not supported by our genetic evidence. Our study highlights the value of including genetic monitoring of endangered or recovering species in monitoring plans, while also providing methodologically important information about <i>N</i>_e estimation from real-world datasets.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11742082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142997001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine-Scale Genetic Structure of Small Fish Populations in Islands: The Case of Brook Charr Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France)","authors":"Julie Viana,&nbsp;Guillaume Evanno,&nbsp;Céline Audet,&nbsp;Fabrice Teletchea","doi":"10.1111/eva.70041","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Island ecosystems, particularly vulnerable to environmental challenges, host many endangered native species. Diadromous fish, in particular, are threatened throughout their marine and freshwater habitats. The conservation of these species requires an in-depth understanding of their genetic diversity and structure, to better understand their adaptive potential. We investigated fine-scale population diversity and structure in native brook charr (<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>) by genotyping 10 microsatellite <i>loci</i> in 244 individuals at three spatial scales in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, France. We found limited genetic variability across the archipelago, with particularly low genetic diversity in one island, Langlade. A significant difference in allelic richness was also detected among the three islands, indicating a difference in genetic composition across the archipelago, probably induced by historical stocking actions on both Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Finally, a strong genetic structure was detected across the archipelago among hydrosystems (overall <i>F</i>_ST = 0.19) and even within several of them. The presence of predominant interisland gene flow combined with complete genetic isolation from certain hydrosystems suggests that this contemporary genetic structure is the result of both natural demographic processes during the species postglacial colonization and recent restocking actions. The complex genetic structure of such isolated brook charr subpopulations highlights the importance of considering fine-scale genetic structure in conservation management.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142996991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic Insights Into Red Squirrels in Scotland Reveal Loss of Heterozygosity Associated With Extreme Founder Effects","authors":"Melissa M. Marr,&nbsp;Emily Humble,&nbsp;Peter W. W. Lurz,&nbsp;Liam A. Wilson,&nbsp;Elspeth Milne,&nbsp;Katie M. Beckmann,&nbsp;Jeffrey Schoenebeck,&nbsp;Uva-Yu-Yan Fung,&nbsp;Andrew C. Kitchener,&nbsp;Kenny Kortland,&nbsp;Colin Edwards,&nbsp;Rob Ogden","doi":"10.1111/eva.70072","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Remnant populations of endangered species often have complex demographic histories associated with human impact. This can present challenges for conservation as populations modified by human activity may require bespoke management. The Eurasian red squirrel, <i>Sciurus vulgaris</i> (L., 1758), is endangered in the UK. Scotland represents a key stronghold, but Scottish populations have been subjected to intense anthropogenic influence, including widespread extirpations, reintroductions and competition from an invasive species. This study examined the genetic legacy of these events through low coverage whole-genome resequencing of 106 red squirrels. Previously undetected patterns of population structure and gene flow were uncovered. One offshore island, four mainland Scottish populations, and a key east-coast migration corridor were observed. An abrupt historical population bottleneck, related to extreme founder effects, has led to a severe and prolonged depression in genome-wide heterozygosity, which is amongst the lowest reported for any species. Current designated red squirrel conservation stronghold locations do not encompass all existing diversity. These findings highlight the genetic legacies of past anthropogenic influence on long-term diversity in endangered taxa. Continuing management interventions and regular genetic monitoring are recommended to safeguard and improve future diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11735740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142996995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating Host Immunity and Concurrent Ozone Stress: Strain-Resolved Metagenomics Reveals Maintenance of Intraspecific Diversity and Genetic Variation in Xanthomonas on Pepper","authors":"Amanpreet Kaur,&nbsp;Ivory Russell,&nbsp;Ranlin Liu,&nbsp;Auston Holland,&nbsp;Rishi Bhandari,&nbsp;Neha Potnis","doi":"10.1111/eva.70069","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolving threat of new pathogen variants in the face of global environmental changes poses a risk to a sustainable crop production. Predicting and responding to how climate change affects plant-pathosystems is challenging, as environment affects host–pathogen interactions from molecular to the community level, and with eco-evolutionary feedbacks at play. To address this knowledge gap, we studied short-term within-host eco-evolutionary changes in the pathogen, <i>Xanthomonas perforans</i>, on resistant and susceptible pepper in the open-top chambers (OTCs) under elevated Ozone (O₃) conditions in a single growing season. We observed increased disease severity with greater variance on the resistant cultivar under elevated O₃, yet no apparent change on the susceptible cultivar. Despite the dominance of a single pathogen genotype on the susceptible cultivar, the resistant cultivar supported a heterogeneous pathogen population. Altered O₃ levels led to a strain turnover, with a relatively greater gene flux on the resistant cultivar. Both standing genetic variation and de novo parallel mutations contributed toward evolutionary modifications during adaptation onto the resistant cultivar. The presence of elevated O₃, however, led to a relatively higher genetic polymorphism, with random and transient mutations. Population heterogeneity along with genetic variation, and the promotion of interdependency are mechanisms by which pathogen responds to stressors. While parallel mutations may provide clues to predicting long-term pathogen evolution and adaptive potential. And, a high proportion of transient mutations suggest less predictable pathogen evolution under climatic alterations. This knowledge is relevant as we study the risk of pathogen emergence and the mechanisms and constraints underlying long-term pathogen adaptation under climatic shifts.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11732741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142996998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Social Structure on Effective Population Size Change Estimates","authors":"Bárbara Ribeiro Parreira,&nbsp;Shyam Gopalakrishnan,&nbsp;Lounès Chikhi","doi":"10.1111/eva.70063","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most methods currently used to infer the “demographic history of species” interpret this expression as a history of population size changes. The detection, quantification, and dating of demographic changes often rely on the assumption that population structure can be neglected. However, most vertebrates are typically organized in populations subdivided into social groups that are usually ignored in the interpretation of genetic data. This could be problematic since an increasing number of studies have shown that population structure can generate spurious signatures of population size change. Here, we simulate microsatellite data from a species subdivided into social groups where reproduction occurs according to different mating systems (monogamy, polygynandry, and polygyny). We estimate the effective population size (<i>N</i>_e) and quantify the effect of social structure on estimates of changes in <i>N</i>_e. We analyze the simulated data with two widely used methods for demographic inference. The first approach, BOTTLENECK, tests whether the samples are at mutation–drift equilibrium and thus whether a single <i>N</i>_e can be estimated. The second approach, msvar, aims at quantifying and dating changes in <i>N</i>_e. We find that social structure may lead to signals of departure from mutation–drift equilibrium including signals of expansion and bottlenecks. We also find that expansion signals may be observed under simple stationary Wright–Fisher models with low diversity. Since small populations tend to characterize many endangered species, we stress that methods trying to infer <i>N</i>_e should be interpreted with care and validated with simulated data incorporating information about structure. Spurious expansion signals due to social structure can mask critical population size changes. These can obscure true bottleneck events and be particularly problematic in endangered species.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11732743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142996988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Rescue of the Dinaric Lynx Population: Insights for Conservation From Genetic Monitoring and Individual-Based Modelling","authors":"Elena Pazhenkova,&nbsp;Matej Bartol,&nbsp;Barbara Boljte,&nbsp;Urša Fležar,&nbsp;Andrea Gazzola,&nbsp;Tomislav Gomerčić,&nbsp;Marjeta Konec,&nbsp;Ivan Kos,&nbsp;Miha Krofel,&nbsp;Jakub Kubala,&nbsp;Ladislav Paule,&nbsp;Mihai Pop,&nbsp;Hubert Potočnik,&nbsp;Barbara Promberger,&nbsp;Robin Rigg,&nbsp;Teodora Sin,&nbsp;Magda Sindičić,&nbsp;Vedran Slijepčević,&nbsp;Astrid Vik Stronen,&nbsp;Ira Topličanec,&nbsp;Tomaž Skrbinšek","doi":"10.1111/eva.70045","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Inbreeding depression poses a severe threat to small populations, leading to the fixation of deleterious mutations and decreased survival probability. While the establishment of natural gene flow between populations is an ideal long-term solution, its practical implementation is often challenging. Reinforcement of populations by translocating individuals from larger populations is a viable strategy for reducing inbreeding, increasing genetic diversity and potentially saving populations from extinction. The Dinaric population of Eurasian lynx (<i>Lynx lynx</i>) has faced high inbreeding levels, with effective inbreeding reaching 0.316 in 2019, endangering the population's survival. To counteract this, population reinforcement was implemented between 2019 and 2023, involving the translocation of 12 individuals from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dinaric Mountains of Slovenia and Croatia. We conducted comprehensive genetic monitoring in this area, gathering 588 non-invasive and tissue samples, which were used for individual identification and estimation of population genetic parameters. We used stochastic modelling to assess the long-term viability of the Dinaric lynx population post-translocation and formulate effective conservation strategies. The model predicts that, despite significant improvement of genetic diversity after translocations, inbreeding will return to critical levels within 45 years. Our results highlight the fact that reinforcement is just the first step and that long-term genetic management is needed to keep the population from sliding back towards extinction. The Dinaric lynx population serves as a compelling example of genetic rescue. The lessons learnt here will be essential for ensuring the viability of the Dinaric lynx in the future and also provide a useful template for conservation of other populations and species facing similar threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11718419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic Introgression Between Critically Endangered and Stable Species of Darwin's Tree Finches on the Galapagos Islands","authors":"Rachael Y. Dudaniec,&nbsp;Sonu Yadav,&nbsp;Julian Catchen,&nbsp;Sonia Kleindorfer","doi":"10.1111/eva.70066","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural hybridisation among rare or endangered species and stable congenerics is increasingly topical for the conservation of species-level diversity under anthropogenic impacts. Evidence for beneficial genes being introgressed into or selected for in hybrids raises concurrent questions about its evolutionary significance. In Darwin's tree finches on the island of Floreana (Galapagos Islands, Ecuador), the Critically Endangered medium tree finch (<i>Camarhynchus pauper</i>) undergoes introgression with the stable small tree finch (<i>Camarhynchus parvulus</i>), and hybrids regularly backcross with <i>C. parvulus.</i> Earlier studies in 2005–2013 documented an increase in the frequency of <i>Camarhynchus</i> hybridisation on Floreana using field-based and microsatellite data. With single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from the same Floreana tree finches sampled in 2005 and 2013 (<i>n</i> = 95), we examine genome-wide divergence across parental and hybrid birds and evidence for selection in hybrids. We found that just 18% of previously assigned hybrid birds based on microsatellites could be assigned to hybrids using SNPs. Over half of the previously assigned hybrids (63%) were reassigned to <i>C. parvulus,</i> though parental species showed concordance with prior assignments. Of 4869 private alleles found in hybrid birds, 348 were at a high frequency (≥ 0.30) that exceeded their parental species of origin 89%–96% of the time. For private alleles detected in both years (<i>N</i> = 536) between 11%–76% of alleles underwent a frequency increase and 13%–61% a frequency decrease between 2005 and 2013, which was sensitive to sampling effort. We identified 28 private alleles that were candidates under selection via local PCA and outlier tests. Alleles were annotated to genes associated with inflammation, immunity, brain function and development. We provide evidence that introgression among a critically endangered and stable species of Darwin's tree finch across years may aid in the retention of adaptive alleles and genetic diversity in birds threatened with extinction.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11695273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142930186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Substantial Genetic Structure and Evidence of Local Adaptation in Alaskan Red King Crab","authors":"Carl A. St. John,&nbsp;Laura E. Timm,&nbsp;Kristen M. Gruenthal,&nbsp;Wesley A. Larson","doi":"10.1111/eva.70049","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-latitude ocean basins are the most productive on earth, supporting high diversity and biomass of economically and socially important species. A long tradition of responsible fisheries management has sustained these species for generations, but modern threats from climate change, habitat loss, and new fishing technologies threaten their ecosystems and the human communities that depend on them. Among these species, Alaska's most charismatic megafaunal invertebrate, the red king crab, faces all three of these threats and has declined substantially in many parts of its distribution. Managers have identified stock structure and local adaptation as crucial information to help understand biomass declines and how to potentially reverse them, with regulation and possible stock enhancement. We generated low-coverage whole genome sequencing (lcWGS) data on red king crabs from five regions: The Aleutian Islands, eastern Bering Sea, northern Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, and Southeast Alaska. We used data from millions of genetic markers generated from lcWGS to build on previous studies of population structure in Alaska that used &lt; 100 markers and to investigate local adaptation. We found each of the regions formed their own distinct genetic clusters, some containing subpopulation structure. Most notably, we found that the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea were significantly differentiated, something that had not been previously documented. Inbreeding in each region was low and not a concern for fisheries management. We found genetic patterns consistent with local adaptation on several chromosomes and one particularly strong signal on chromosome 100. At this locus, the Gulf of Alaska harbors distinct genetic variation that could facilitate local adaptation to their environment. Our findings support the current practice of managing red king crab at a regional scale, and they strongly favor sourcing broodstock from the target population if stock enhancement is considered to avoid genetic mismatch.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11686092/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Friends and Foes: Sanctioning Mutualists in Mixed-Infection Nodules Trades off With Defense Against Antagonists","authors":"Camille E. Wendlandt,&nbsp;Saumik Basu,&nbsp;Angeliqua P. Montoya,&nbsp;Paige Roberts,&nbsp;Justin D. Stewart,&nbsp;Allison B. Coffin,&nbsp;David W. Crowder,&nbsp;E. Toby Kiers,&nbsp;Stephanie S. Porter","doi":"10.1111/eva.70064","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Successful plant growth requires plants to minimize harm from antagonists and maximize benefit from mutualists. However, these outcomes may be difficult to achieve simultaneously, since plant defenses activated in response to antagonists can compromise mutualism function, and plant resources allocated to defense may trade off with resources allocated to managing mutualists. Here, we investigate how antagonist attack affects plant ability to manage mutualists with sanctions, in which a plant rewards cooperative mutualists and/or punishes uncooperative mutualists. We studied interactions among wild and domesticated pea plants, pea aphids, an aphid-vectored virus (Pea Enation Mosaic Virus, PEMV), and mutualistic rhizobial bacteria that fix nitrogen in root nodules. Using isogenic rhizobial strains that differ in their ability to fix nitrogen and express contrasting fluorescent proteins, we found that peas demonstrated sanctions in both singly-infected nodules and mixed-infection nodules containing both strains. However, the plant's ability to manage mutualists in mixed-infection nodules traded off with its ability to defend against antagonists: when plants were attacked by aphids, they stopped sanctioning within mixed-infection nodules, and plants that exerted stricter sanctions within nodules during aphid attack accumulated higher levels of the aphid-vectored virus, PEMV. Our findings suggest that plants engaged in defense against antagonists suffer a reduced ability to select for the most beneficial symbionts in mixed-infection tissues. Mixed-infection tissues may be relatively common in this mutualism, and reduced plant sanctions in these tissues could provide a refuge for uncooperative mutualists and compromise the benefit that plants obtain from mutualistic symbionts during antagonist attack. Understanding the conflicting selective pressures plants face in complex biotic environments will be crucial for breeding crop varieties that can maximize benefits from mutualists even when they encounter antagonists.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11683190/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}