Evolutionary Applications最新文献

{"title":"Fine-Scale Variation in Soil Properties Promotes Local Taxonomic Diversity of Hybridizing Oak Species (Quercus spp.)","authors":"Felix Zimmermann,&nbsp;Oliver Reutimann,&nbsp;Andri Baltensweiler,&nbsp;Lorenz Walthert,&nbsp;Jill K. Olofsson,&nbsp;Christian Rellstab","doi":"10.1111/eva.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although many tree species frequently hybridize and backcross, management decisions in forestry and nature conservation are usually concentrated on pure species. Therefore, understanding which environmental factors drive the distribution and admixture of tree species on a local stand scale is of great interest to support decision-making in the establishment and management of resilient forests. Here, we extensively sampled a mixed stand of hybridizing white oaks (<i>Quercus petraea</i> and <i>Q. pubescens</i>) near Lake Neuchâtel (Switzerland), where limestone and glacier moraine geologies coexist in proximity, to test whether micro-environmental conditions can predict taxonomic distribution and genetic admixture. We collected DNA from bud tissue, individual soil samples, and extracted high-resolution topographic data for 385 oak trees. We used 50 species-discriminatory single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to determine the taxonomic composition and admixture levels of individual trees and tested their association with micro-environmental conditions. We show that the trees' taxonomic distribution can be explained mainly by geographic position, soil pH, and potential rooting depth, a proxy for soil water availability. We found that admixed individuals tend to grow in habitats that are characteristic of the more drought-tolerant species <i>Q. pubescens</i> rather than in intermediate habitats. Using in situ measurements, we are the first to show that fine-scale variation in soil properties related to pH and water availability potentially drives the distribution of hybridizing tree species in a mixed stand. Microenvironmental variation therefore promotes local taxonomic diversity, facilitates admixture and adaptive introgression, and contributes to the resilience of forests under environmental change. Consequently, species such as white oaks should be managed and protected as a species complex rather than as pure species.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-Associated Genetic Variation and Projected Genetic Offsets for Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Under Future Climate Scenarios","authors":"Kentaro Uchiyama,&nbsp;Tokuko Ujino-Ihara,&nbsp;Katsuhiro Nakao,&nbsp;Jumpei Toriyama,&nbsp;Shoji Hashimoto,&nbsp;Yoshihiko Tsumura","doi":"10.1111/eva.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Revealing the spatial distribution of adaptive genetic variation is both a challenging and crucial task in evolutionary ecology, essential for understanding local adaptation within species, and in management, for predicting species responses to future climate change. This understanding is particularly important for long-lived tree species, which may not be able to migrate quickly enough to adapt to rapid climate changes and may need to rely on their standing genetic variation. In this study, we focused on <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i>, a major component of Japan's temperate forests and an important forestry species adapted to the humid environment of monsoon Asia. We extracted climate-associated genetic variation from the entire genome and evaluated its distribution and vulnerability under future climate scenarios using spatial modeling techniques. We analyzed 31,676 high-quality SNPs from 249 individuals across 22 natural populations of <i>C. japonica</i>, covering its entire distribution range. We identified 239 candidate climate-associated SNPs and found winter temperature, summer precipitation, and winter precipitation as the most significant factors explaining the genetic variation in these SNPs. The climate-associated genetic variation deviated from non-associated (neutral) genetic variation in the opposite (the Sea of Japan and Pacific Ocean) sides of Japanese archipelago, suggesting natural selection of different climate conditions in these regions. Difference in estimated allele frequency at the climate-associated loci (genetic offset) between the present and future (2090 in the SSP5-8.5 scenario) climate conditions was predicted to be larger in three areas (not only southwestern Japan but also coastal area on the Sea of Japan side and inland area on the Pacific Ocean side in northeastern Japan). This prediction implies the discrepancy between standing genetic variation at the present and that adaptive to the future climate in these areas, which underscores the necessity for proactive management to adjust the adaptive genetic variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Trade-Off Between Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance and Sensitivity to Host Immune Effectors in Staphylococcus aureus In Vivo","authors":"Baydaa El Shazely,&nbsp;Jens Rolff","doi":"10.1111/eva.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential immune effectors of multicellular organisms. Bacteria can evolve resistance to AMPs. Surprisingly, when used to challenge the yellow mealworm beetle, <i>Tenebrio molitor</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> resistant to an abundant AMP (tenecin 1) of the very same host species did not increase host mortality or bacterial load compared to infections with wild-type <i>S. aureus</i>. A possible explanation is that antimicrobial resistance is costly due to the collaterally increased sensitivity of AMP-resistant strains to other immune effectors. Here, we study the sensitivity of a group of AMP-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> strains (resistant to tenecin 1 or a combination of tenecin 1 + 2) to other immune effectors such as phenoloxidase and other AMPs in vivo. Using RNAi-based knockdown, we investigate <i>S. aureus</i> survival in insect hosts lacking selected immune effectors. We find that all except one AMP-resistant strain displayed collateral sensitivity toward phenoloxidase. Some AMP-resistant strains show sensitivity to components of the yellow mealworm beetle AMP defense cocktail. Our findings are consistent with the idea that resistance to AMPs does not translate into changes in virulence because it is balanced by the collaterally increased sensitivity to other host immune effectors. AMP resistance fails to provide a net survival advantage to <i>S. aureus</i> in a host environment that is dominated by AMPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eva.70068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connections Across Open Water: A Bi-Organelle, Genomics-Scale Assessment of Atlantic-Wide Population Dynamics in a Pelagic, Endangered Apex Predator Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus)","authors":"Andrea M. Bernard,&nbsp;Marissa R. Mehlrose,&nbsp;Kimberly A. Finnegan,&nbsp;Bradley M. Wetherbee,&nbsp;Mahmood S. Shivji","doi":"10.1111/eva.70071","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large-bodied pelagic sharks are key regulators of oceanic ecosystem stability, but highly impacted by severe overfishing. One such species, the shortfin mako shark (<i>Isurus oxyrinchus</i>), a globally widespread, highly migratory predator, has undergone dramatic population reductions and is now Endangered (IUCN Red List), with Atlantic Ocean mako sharks in particular assessed by fishery managers as overfished and in need of urgent, improved management attention. Genomic-scale population assessments for this apex predator species have not been previously available to inform management planning; thus, we investigated the population genetics of mako sharks across the Atlantic using a bi-organelle genomics approach. Complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences and genome-wide SNPs from sharks distributed across the Atlantic revealed contrasting patterns of population structure across marker types. Consistent with this species' long-distance migratory capabilities, SNPs showed high connectivity and Atlantic panmixia overall. In contrast, there was matrilineal population genetic structure across Northern and Southern Hemispheres, suggesting at least large regional-scale female philopatry. Linkage disequilibrium network analysis indicated that makos possess a chromosomal inversion that occurs Atlantic wide, a genome feature that may be informative for evolutionary investigations concerning adaptations and the global history of this iconic species. Mitogenome diversity in Atlantic makos was high compared to other elasmobranchs assessed at the mitogenome level, and nuclear diversity was high compared to the two other, highly migratory pelagic shark species assessed with SNPs. These results support management efforts for shortfin makos on at least Northern versus Southern Hemisphere scales to preserve their matrilineal genetic distinctiveness. The overall comparative genetic diversity findings provide a baseline for future comparative assessments and monitoring of genetic diversity, as called for by the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, and cautious optimism regarding the health and recovery potential of Atlantic shortfin makos if further population declines can be halted.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11754249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do Trematodes Induce Cancer? A Possible Evolutionary Adaptation of an Oncogenic Agent Transmitted by Flukes","authors":"Péter Apari,&nbsp;Gábor Földvári","doi":"10.1111/eva.70070","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is strong epidemiological evidence that development of various cancer types is linked to infection with flukes (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The exact nature of the mechanism by which cancer is induced by these parasites is unknown. Here, we provide a new hypothesis suggesting that flukes are not the primary cause of cancer but act as vectors of cancer-inducing microbial pathogens. These pathogens adaptively induce tumours to attract and help flukes to feed on blood from the tumour. Pathogen take-up by fluke vectors also takes place in the tumour; therefore, tumour formation in this case is the result of a mutualistic and adaptive relationship between the microbe and the helminth parasite. The suggested mechanism for cancer induction provided here may help us gain deeper understanding about cancer in general and its relationship with microbes and parasites. By further elaborating the unique nexus between flukes, carcinogenic microbes and cancer, in the future it will also help us to broaden our oncological perspective to reduce human death and suffering from this serious disease group.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11751881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverged Populations Admixture Bolsters Genetic Diversity of a New Island Dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis) Population, but Does Not Prevent Subsequent Loss of Genetic Variation","authors":"Rujiporn Thavornkanlapachai,&nbsp;Harriet R. Mills,&nbsp;Kym Ottewell,&nbsp;Cathy Lambert,&nbsp;J. Anthony Friend,&nbsp;Daniel J. White,&nbsp;Zahra Aisya,&nbsp;W. Jason Kennington","doi":"10.1111/eva.70073","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Translocating individuals from multiple source populations is one way to bolster genetic variation and avoid inbreeding in newly established populations. However, mixing isolated populations, especially from islands, can potentially lead to outbreeding depression and/or assortative mating, which may limit interbreeding between source populations. Here, we investigated genetic consequences of mixing individuals from two island populations of the dibbler (<i>Parantechinus apicalis</i>) in an island translocation. Despite a high level of genetic divergence between the source populations (<i>F</i>_ST ranges 0.33–0.64), and significant differences in body size, individuals with different ancestries were able to successfully interbreed in captivity and in the wild. However, the genetic contributions from each source population were unequal initially despite each of the source populations contributing an equal number of founders. Mating success of captive animals based on the pedigree suggests that this bias toward one source population was due to founder mortality and the mating success of younger and heavier animals. Nevertheless, genetic contributions in the translocated population became equal over time with no parental purebreds, suggesting an extreme excess of hybrids across multiple years. While genetic variation in the translocated population was comparable or higher than the source populations, the increase was short-lived. Genetic composition of captive animals may not reflect what happens in the wild. These changes post-translocation highlight the need for continued genetic monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-Temporal Changes in Effective Population Size in an Expanding Metapopulation of Eurasian Otters","authors":"Nia Evelyn Thomas,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Chadwick,&nbsp;Michael W. Bruford,&nbsp;Frank Hailer","doi":"10.1111/eva.70067","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conservation efforts are leading to demographic growth and spatial expansion of some previously endangered species. However, past population bottlenecks or population size fluctuations can have lasting effects on effective population size (<i>N</i>_e), even when census size (<i>N</i>_c) appears large or recovered. The UK metapopulation of Eurasian otters (<i>Lutra lutra</i>) has a well-documented history of population recovery over recent decades, with indicators of presence (faeces and footprints) increasing in distribution and number over successive national surveys. To determine whether this increase in <i>N</i>_c is reflected in increased <i>N</i>_e, we analysed a large-scale microsatellite dataset (21 years: 1993–2014; 407 individuals) for signals of recent <i>N</i>_e change using BOTTLENECK and LDNe, and evaluated potential biases associated with unaccounted spatial genetic structuring and inclusion of admixed genotypes. We obtained clear bottleneck signals in East England, and signals of recent population expansion in Wales and South West England in some analyses, consistent with national otter surveys and recent findings from whole-genome sequencing. Analyses that did not account for spatial genetic structuring yielded strong spurious signals of United Kingdom-wide population expansion, and <i>N</i>_e estimates from these analyses were suppressed by a factor of 3–4. Inclusion of admixed individuals had weaker impacts on <i>N</i>_e estimates, with overlapping 95% confidence intervals from different analyses. Notably, total <i>N</i>_e summed across regions was small and well below the <i>N</i>_e = 500 size deemed necessary for long-term population viability (sum of river basin district groups: 170.6, 95% C.I.: 102.1–348.3). Conclusions drawn from UK otter surveys, which had suggested a robust population close to panmixia, are therefore not supported by our genetic evidence. Our study highlights the value of including genetic monitoring of endangered or recovering species in monitoring plans, while also providing methodologically important information about <i>N</i>_e estimation from real-world datasets.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11742082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142997001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine-Scale Genetic Structure of Small Fish Populations in Islands: The Case of Brook Charr Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France)","authors":"Julie Viana,&nbsp;Guillaume Evanno,&nbsp;Céline Audet,&nbsp;Fabrice Teletchea","doi":"10.1111/eva.70041","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Island ecosystems, particularly vulnerable to environmental challenges, host many endangered native species. Diadromous fish, in particular, are threatened throughout their marine and freshwater habitats. The conservation of these species requires an in-depth understanding of their genetic diversity and structure, to better understand their adaptive potential. We investigated fine-scale population diversity and structure in native brook charr (<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>) by genotyping 10 microsatellite <i>loci</i> in 244 individuals at three spatial scales in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, France. We found limited genetic variability across the archipelago, with particularly low genetic diversity in one island, Langlade. A significant difference in allelic richness was also detected among the three islands, indicating a difference in genetic composition across the archipelago, probably induced by historical stocking actions on both Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Finally, a strong genetic structure was detected across the archipelago among hydrosystems (overall <i>F</i>_ST = 0.19) and even within several of them. The presence of predominant interisland gene flow combined with complete genetic isolation from certain hydrosystems suggests that this contemporary genetic structure is the result of both natural demographic processes during the species postglacial colonization and recent restocking actions. The complex genetic structure of such isolated brook charr subpopulations highlights the importance of considering fine-scale genetic structure in conservation management.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142996991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic Insights Into Red Squirrels in Scotland Reveal Loss of Heterozygosity Associated With Extreme Founder Effects","authors":"Melissa M. Marr,&nbsp;Emily Humble,&nbsp;Peter W. W. Lurz,&nbsp;Liam A. Wilson,&nbsp;Elspeth Milne,&nbsp;Katie M. Beckmann,&nbsp;Jeffrey Schoenebeck,&nbsp;Uva-Yu-Yan Fung,&nbsp;Andrew C. Kitchener,&nbsp;Kenny Kortland,&nbsp;Colin Edwards,&nbsp;Rob Ogden","doi":"10.1111/eva.70072","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Remnant populations of endangered species often have complex demographic histories associated with human impact. This can present challenges for conservation as populations modified by human activity may require bespoke management. The Eurasian red squirrel, <i>Sciurus vulgaris</i> (L., 1758), is endangered in the UK. Scotland represents a key stronghold, but Scottish populations have been subjected to intense anthropogenic influence, including widespread extirpations, reintroductions and competition from an invasive species. This study examined the genetic legacy of these events through low coverage whole-genome resequencing of 106 red squirrels. Previously undetected patterns of population structure and gene flow were uncovered. One offshore island, four mainland Scottish populations, and a key east-coast migration corridor were observed. An abrupt historical population bottleneck, related to extreme founder effects, has led to a severe and prolonged depression in genome-wide heterozygosity, which is amongst the lowest reported for any species. Current designated red squirrel conservation stronghold locations do not encompass all existing diversity. These findings highlight the genetic legacies of past anthropogenic influence on long-term diversity in endangered taxa. Continuing management interventions and regular genetic monitoring are recommended to safeguard and improve future diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11735740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142996995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating Host Immunity and Concurrent Ozone Stress: Strain-Resolved Metagenomics Reveals Maintenance of Intraspecific Diversity and Genetic Variation in Xanthomonas on Pepper","authors":"Amanpreet Kaur,&nbsp;Ivory Russell,&nbsp;Ranlin Liu,&nbsp;Auston Holland,&nbsp;Rishi Bhandari,&nbsp;Neha Potnis","doi":"10.1111/eva.70069","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eva.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolving threat of new pathogen variants in the face of global environmental changes poses a risk to a sustainable crop production. Predicting and responding to how climate change affects plant-pathosystems is challenging, as environment affects host–pathogen interactions from molecular to the community level, and with eco-evolutionary feedbacks at play. To address this knowledge gap, we studied short-term within-host eco-evolutionary changes in the pathogen, <i>Xanthomonas perforans</i>, on resistant and susceptible pepper in the open-top chambers (OTCs) under elevated Ozone (O₃) conditions in a single growing season. We observed increased disease severity with greater variance on the resistant cultivar under elevated O₃, yet no apparent change on the susceptible cultivar. Despite the dominance of a single pathogen genotype on the susceptible cultivar, the resistant cultivar supported a heterogeneous pathogen population. Altered O₃ levels led to a strain turnover, with a relatively greater gene flux on the resistant cultivar. Both standing genetic variation and de novo parallel mutations contributed toward evolutionary modifications during adaptation onto the resistant cultivar. The presence of elevated O₃, however, led to a relatively higher genetic polymorphism, with random and transient mutations. Population heterogeneity along with genetic variation, and the promotion of interdependency are mechanisms by which pathogen responds to stressors. While parallel mutations may provide clues to predicting long-term pathogen evolution and adaptive potential. And, a high proportion of transient mutations suggest less predictable pathogen evolution under climatic alterations. This knowledge is relevant as we study the risk of pathogen emergence and the mechanisms and constraints underlying long-term pathogen adaptation under climatic shifts.</p>","PeriodicalId":168,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11732741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142996998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}