Journal of Pharmacy Technology最新文献

{"title":"Atracurium Versus Cisatracurium in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.","authors":"Shannon M Carabetta, Bryan Allen, Chad Cannon, Kirubel Hailu, Totty Johnson","doi":"10.1177/87551225231194031","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231194031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Neuromuscular blocking agents are one of the few medication classes that have demonstrated a clinical benefit in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, most literature utilized cisatracurium, and utilization of atracurium is limited to 1 small study. <b>Objective:</b> The purpose of this study was to provide further evidence comparing the safety and efficacy of atracurium versus cisatracurium for the treatment of ARDS. <b>Methods:</b> This multicenter, retrospective, observational cohort noninferiority study was conducted at 3 hospitals within a tertiary health care system. We included subjects diagnosed with ARDS who received either atracurium or cisatracurium for at least 12 hours. The primary outcome measured the change in PaO₂/FiO₂ (P/F) ratio from baseline to 48 hours after initiation. <b>Results:</b> Baseline characteristics were similar between groups except for a higher median age and a higher proportion of subjects who were COVID-positive in the atracurium group. There were also some noted differences in the baseline P/F ratios. In a multivariable model adjusting for baseline characteristics, the change in the P/F ratio for atracurium was noninferior to cisatracurium at 24, 48, and 72 hours. A significant cost reduction, measured as cost per patient per day, was seen with the use of atracurium ($14.81-$25.16 vs $33.86-$41.91). <b>Conclusion:</b> Atracurium appears to be a safe and cheaper alternative agent in the management of ARDS.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"212-217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41133862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of a Standardized, Pharmacist-Initiated \"Test-Claim\" Workflow for Anticipating Barriers to Accessing Discharge Antimicrobials.","authors":"Surafel G Mulugeta, Nancy C MacDonald, Caren J El-Khoury, Susan L Davis, Rachel M Kenney","doi":"10.1177/87551225231196047","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231196047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Inability to access and afford discharge oral antimicrobials may delay discharges or result in therapeutic failure. \"Test-claims\" have the potential to identify such barriers. <b>Objective:</b> This study evaluated discharge antimicrobial access and patient outcomes after implementation of a standardized, inpatient pharmacist-initiated antimicrobial discharge medication cost inquiry (aDMCI) process. <b>Methods:</b> This was an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved, pilot retrospective cohort study that included adults admitted for ≥72 hours from November 1, 2018, to February 28, 2019, and discharged on oral antimicrobials. Patients with a cost inquiry (aDMCI group) were compared with those without (standard-of-care, SOC, group). Primary endpoint was discharge delay. Secondary endpoints included percentage of patients discharged on suboptimal antimicrobials and medication errors from aDMCI. <b>Results:</b> 84 patients were included: 43 in SOC and 41 in aDMCI. Seventy-five antimicrobial cost inquiries were evaluated among 41 patients. There were no discharge delays or medication errors associated with the standardized \"test-claim\" (aDMCI) workflow. Patients in the SOC group had a greater Charlson Comorbidity Index (4 [2-6] vs 2 [1-4], <i>P =</i>0.004), were more likely to be immunosuppressed (24, 56% vs 12, 29%; <i>P =</i>0.014), and had longer hospitalization (8 [5-15] vs 6 [5-9] days, <i>P =</i>0.026). Primary access barriers were prior-authorization (8, 11%) and associated with linezolid and moxifloxacin cost inquiries. Most aDMCIs results were available in <24 hours (66, 88%). <b>Conclusions:</b> The aDMCI process is safe and offers an actionable transition of care tool that can identify barriers to accessing discharge medications while insulating patients from surprise out-of-pocket cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"218-223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41133863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proton Pump Inhibitor Deprescription Prospective Study in Patients Without Indication: Are There Differences in Proportion of Restarts According to Withdrawal Strategy?","authors":"Anna Barraquer Comes, Pedro Roy Millán","doi":"10.1177/87551225231195216","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231195216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The increasing utilization of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients without clear medical indications has raised concerns regarding potential risks, highlighting the importance of deprescription. However, comparative analyses of withdrawal strategies (abrupt vs gradual) in this context remain scarce or of low quality. <b>Aim:</b> This study aimed to evaluate the success rate of deprescribing PPIs in hospitalized patients without a documented indication and compare the proportion of treatment restarts based on withdrawal strategy. <b>Method:</b> An uncontrolled, open-label prospective observational study was conducted on patients receiving PPI treatment during hospital admission between May 2017 and July 2018. Deprescription was recommended for patients without a clear indication. Follow-up continued until discharge, with monitoring for rebound symptoms. The percentage of restarts based on the withdrawal strategy was compared using the chi-square test. <b>Results:</b> A total of 402 patients were reviewed, among whom 27% lacked a medical indication (mean age > 60 years, polymedicated), while 70% were prescribed PPIs electronically. Deprescription was performed in 49% of patients, with 64% undergoing abrupt withdrawal. Rebound symptoms led to treatment restart in 15% of cases. However, the chi-square test revealed no significant differences in restart proportions between the abrupt and gradual withdrawal groups (<i>P</i> = 0.365). <b>Conclusion:</b> Deprescribing PPIs is deemed safe, particularly for polymedicated geriatric patients, as it leads to a low percentage of restarts regardless of the chosen withdrawal strategy. However, the high percentage of PPI prescription without a clear indication underlines the need for periodic reassessment to avoid unnecessary risks and overuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"224-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41136031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noncorticosteroid Topical Therapies for the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Rithi J Chandy, Diem-Phuong D Dao, Cristian C Rivis, Divya M Shan, Steven R Feldman","doi":"10.1177/87551225231193057","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231193057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> The objective was to compare the safety and efficacy of noncorticosteroid topical treatments for plaque psoriasis. <b>Data Sources:</b> A literature search of the PubMed database was performed (January 1978 to May 2023) using the keywords <i>plaque psoriasis</i>, <i>tapinarof, benvitimod, Vtama, roflumilast, Zoryve, pimecrolimus, tacrolimus, tazarotene, tacalcitol, calcitriol, Vectical, calcipotriene, Dovonex, tacalcitol, vitamin D analogs, salicylic acid, non-corticosteroid topical, Investigator's Global Assessment</i>, and <i>Physician's Global Assessment</i>. <b>Study Selection and Data Extraction:</b> Relevant English-language articles and clinical trial data were considered. <b>Data Synthesis:</b> Six noncorticosteroid topical classes for the treatment of plaque psoriasis were selected. The percentage of patients with plaque psoriasis who achieved Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) success after 8 weeks of treatment with tacalcitol, calcipotriene/betamethasone dipropionate compound, tazarotene/halobetasol propionate, and roflumilast was 17.9%, 39.9%, 40.7%, and 42.4%, respectively. For 12-week trials of tapinarof and coal tar, 37.4% and 58.2% of patients achieved IGA success, respectively. There were 48% and 71.4% reductions in IGA scores with salicylic acid (12 weeks) and pimecrolimus (4 weeks), respectively. Finally, 66.7% of patients achieved Physician's Global Assessment success with 8 weeks of tacrolimus. There were no serious adverse events for the noncorticosteroid topicals. <b>Conclusion:</b> Noncorticosteroid topicals are suitable options for patients with plaque psoriasis who would like to avoid topical corticosteroids or have experienced adverse effects from chronic corticosteroid use. Due to treatment duration differences and varied outcome measures, it is unclear which noncorticosteroid topical is most efficacious; however, calcineurin inhibitors appear to exhibit the greatest efficacy. Each topical was efficacious in treating plaque psoriasis and had an adequate safety profile. Despite several treatment options for plaque psoriasis, medication adherence is a limiting factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"247-255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41124344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Telepharmacy in Rural Communities in Africa: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Chukwuemeka Augustine Nwachuya, Anthony Uche Umeh, Jennifer Chinaza Ogwurumba, Ifunanya Ngozi Chinedu-Eze, Chukwunenye Christopher Azubuike, AbdulMuminu Isah","doi":"10.1177/87551225231190567","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231190567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> This review examined the effectiveness of telepharmacy in rural communities in Africa to identify the barriers that hinder its implementation and integration as well as highlight the gaps in the existing research on telepharmacy. <b>Data Source:</b> PubMed and Google Scholar search (2008-2023) was conducted using keywords related to telepharmacy, telemedicine, telehealth, and rural communities. <b>Study Selection and Data Extraction:</b> The inclusion criteria for the review include peer-reviewed articles published in English language and studies that focus on the implementation and evaluation of telepharmacy in rural communities. <b>Data Synthesis:</b> In all articles used, access to quality health care in rural communities has been a persistent challenge in Africa. Digital technologies such as telemedicine, telepharmacy, and artificial intelligence were reported to have emerged as promising solutions to improve health care access and outcomes in rural communities. Telepharmacy, in particular, has the potential to provide medication-related services to patients irrespective of one's location. However, the implementation of telepharmacy in Africa has been slow, and there are several barriers affecting its integration and adoption in rural communities that include access to technology, limited infrastructure, and regulatory challenges. Gaps and limitations in the existing research on telepharmacy in rural communities were highlighted from the articles. <b>Conclusion:</b> Telepharmacy can improve health care access and outcomes in rural communities by bridging the gap between pharmacists and patients. However, the lack of infrastructure, inadequate funding, and regulatory challenges pose significant barriers to its implementation. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges and exploring the potential of telepharmacy to improve health care in rural communities in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"241-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41118908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Clinical Effect of Personal Continuous Glucose Monitoring in a Diverse Population With Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Riley J Larson, Ann M Philbrick, Caroline S Carlin, Ila M Harris","doi":"10.1177/87551225231194027","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231194027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To determine the clinical effect of personal continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in a diverse population with type 2 diabetes (T2D). <b>Research Design and Methods:</b> A report was created from the electronic health record identifying adults prescribed CGM at an urban family medicine clinic between January 1, 2019, and February 23, 2022. An \"index date\" was identified as the start of CGM. The closest hemoglobin A_1c (A1c) 6 months or more after the index date was identified as the \"follow-up date.\" The primary outcome of this study was to compare the percentage of individuals meeting the MN Community Measure (MNCM) D5 HbA1c goal of <8% at the follow-up date versus the index date. <b>Results:</b> Seventy-two patients were identified after the exclusion criteria were applied. Approximately one-third of patients required utilization of an interpreter and 76% of patients were of a racial or ethnic minority. The mean HbA1c prior to CGM use was 9.8%, with 16.7% of the population meeting the MNCM D5 A1c goal of <8%. At the follow-up date, the mean A1c was 8.4% (mean difference -1.4%; <i>p</i> < 0.001), with 41.7% of the population meeting goal (mean difference +25%; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Subgroup analyses affirm that the results of the primary outcome were sustained despite insulin use status. <b>Conclusion:</b> A diverse population with T2D had a significant reduction in A1c and was more likely to meet the MNCM D5 A1c goal of <8% after an average of 6 months using personal CGM.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"231-236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41136029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Comparative Dosing and Glycemic Control of Intermediate and Long-Acting Insulins in Adult Patients With Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Anna Kabakov,&nbsp;Andrew Merker","doi":"10.1177/87551225211055700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211055700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The various basal insulin products possess differences in pharmacokinetics that can significantly impact glycemic control and total daily basal insulin dosing. In addition, there will be instances where transitions between the different long-acting insulins will need to be made. Because every basal insulin product is not interchangeable on a 1:1 unit-to-unit basis, it is important for health care providers to understand the expected dose adjustments necessary to maintain a similar level of glycemic control.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>A Medline and Web of Science search was conducted in September 2021 using the following keywords and medical subjecting headings: NPH, glargine, detemir, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p><p><strong>Study selection and data extraction: </strong>Included articles were those that followed adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus and compared the following types of insulin: \"NPH and glargine,\" \"NPH and detemir,\" and \"glargine and detemir\" for at least 4 weeks, had documented basal insulin (BI) doses, and excluded pregnant patients.</p><p><strong>Data synthesis: </strong>Twenty-five articles were found that include adult type 1 and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Once daily NPH can be converted unit-to-unit to glargine or detemir. Twice daily NPH converted to glargine or detemir requires an initial 20% reduction in BI dose. An increase in dose of BI is recommended when transitioning from glargine to detemir. Glargine and detemir consistently resulted in improved glycemic control with lower incidence of hypoglycemic events compared with NPH.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>When transitioning between long-acting insulins, the doses are not always interchangeable on a 1:1 basis. Unit dose adjustments are likely if transitioning between BIs and can influence short-term parameters in the acute care setting and long-term parameters in the outpatient setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"46-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8820046/pdf/10.1177_87551225211055700.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39905591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgment","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/87551225211073553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211073553","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"63 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90962321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors Associated With Nephrotoxicity During Outpatient Intravenous Vancomycin Administration.","authors":"Karen M Krueger,&nbsp;Lisa LaCloche,&nbsp;Amy Buros Stein,&nbsp;Ryan Kates,&nbsp;Milena Murray,&nbsp;Michael P Angarone","doi":"10.1177/87551225211054378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211054378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Many studies have described an association between intravenous vancomycin and nephrotoxicity; however, the majority have evaluated incidence and risk factors among hospitalized patients. Outpatient administration of intravenous antibiotics is a growing practice and presents its own set of unique challenges. <b>Objective:</b> The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in the outpatient setting. <b>Methods:</b> A case-control study of patients who received intravenous vancomycin through an Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) program was conducted. Patients were identified who developed an acute kidney injury (AKI) during treatment. The primary outcome was the incidence of AKI during treatment. <b>Results:</b> A total of 37 out of 130 patients (28.5%) met the criteria for AKI. AKI was more likely to occur in patients with a longer duration of therapy, higher maximum trough concentration, co-administration of a fluoroquinolone or metronidazole, and those who received another potentially nephrotoxic medication. Co-administration of a fluoroquinolone (OR = 5.96, <i>P</i> = 0.009, [CI: 1.59, 24.38]), any nephrotoxic medication (OR = 11.17, <i>P</i> < 0.001, [CI 3.14, 51.23]), and a higher maximum vancomycin trough (OR = 1.29, <i>P</i> < 0.001, [CI 1.17, 1.44]) were all indicative of a higher odds of an AKI. <b>Conclusion:</b> In this cohort, vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity was common during outpatient intravenous antibiotic therapy. Co-administration of a fluoroquinolone, any nephrotoxic medication, and a higher maximum vancomycin trough were associated with AKI development. Further study is needed to determine how this impacts long-term clinical outcomes and what measures can be taken to reduce nephrotoxicity risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"10-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8820041/pdf/10.1177_87551225211054378.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39905151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Media Generation and Pharmacy Regulatory Authority Awareness.","authors":"Todd A Boyle,&nbsp;Bobbi Morrison,&nbsp;Thomas Mahaffey","doi":"10.1177/87551225211051593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211051593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Professional regulatory authorities play a critical role in protecting public interest. Yet, there is a growing view that trust in regulatory authorities may be on the decline. <b>Objective:</b> Awareness has been identified as important for maintaining trust. However, research that examines public awareness and trust in pharmacy regulatory authorities (PRAs) is lacking. This research explores public awareness and trust of PRAs and presents recommendations to enhance PRA communication strategies. <b>Methods:</b> An online survey was conducted with the Nova Scotia (Canada) public in 2020. Adopting classifications from the Communications literature, 3 media generations were explored: newspaper, television, and the Internet. The χ² test of independence and Kruskal-Wallis <i>H</i> test were adopted to explore differences between the generations. <b>Results:</b> Six hundred sixty-two usable surveys were obtained. Over 80% of those surveyed were aware of the existence of the PRA. Those who had heard of the PRA were most aware of its operational responsibilities and less aware of its governance. The Internet Generation was more aware that the PRA includes members of the public in its decision making than expected and showed increased trust toward the PRA versus the other media generations. <b>Conclusion:</b> The findings should help inform PRA communication plans and set baselines to assess whether such plans enhance awareness. Future studies should explore additional aspects of PRA awareness and trust, perform comparisons across pharmacy jurisdictions, and develop and test models of the relationship between PRA awareness and various dimensions of institutional trust.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8820047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39905590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}