Journal of Pharmacy Technology最新文献

{"title":"Stability of Olmesartan Medoxomil Extemporaneous Suspensions.","authors":"Prapanna Bhattarai,&nbsp;Timothy McPherson,&nbsp;Marcelo Nieto,&nbsp;William M Kolling","doi":"10.1177/87551225211051756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211051756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is only available in the United States as tablets. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) has placed OLM on its priority list of preparations that require stability data to support practitioner compounding. <b>Objective:</b> The purpose of the study was to develop a stability-indicating assay and then determine the beyond-use date (BUD) for an extemporaneous OLM suspension. <b>Methods:</b> A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed and validated according to guidelines for USP official compounded monographs. OLM 2 mg/mL suspensions were compounded with Ora-Sweet and Ora-Plus and stored at room temperature or in a refrigerator. Suspensions were assayed periodically over 90 days for OLM concentration and observed for physical stability. The pH was measured at the beginning and end of the study. <b>Results:</b> The OLM concentration remained above 97% of the starting concentration for 90 days when stored in the refrigerator and above 94% of the starting concentration for 90 days when stored at room temperature. The suspension pH did not change and indicators of physical stability were unchanged for 90 days. <b>Conclusion:</b> OLM 2 mg/mL suspensions were chemically and physically stable at room temperature and in the refrigerator for 90 days. The BUD may be set at 90 days under either storage condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8820043/pdf/10.1177_87551225211051756.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39905150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of the hospitals’ antimicrobial stewardship programs implemented to improve antibiotics’ utilization, cost and resistance patterns","authors":"Ovais Ullah Shirazi, Norny Syafinaz Ab Rahman, C. S. Zin","doi":"10.31436/jop.v2i1.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v2i1.76","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The high reliance of the physicians and surgeons on the antibiotics since their discovery has led to an irrational antibiotic utilization which not only has raised the incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) but also increased the cost of treatment with antibiotics as high use of antibiotics has been found related to the occurrence of certain nosocomial infections which need extra antibiotic courses to be cured. In order to overcome these antibiotic utilization related problems an antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program being the set of various persuasive, restrictive and structural interventions is considered an effective tool to rationalize the in-patient antimicrobial utilization worldwide.\u0000Method: The focus of this review is on the interventions that are being implemented during the in-patient AMS programs and have been described effective in controlling the antibiotic utilization, their cost of treatment and an overall infection control. The literature containing the information about various AMS interventions effecting the utilization and cost patterns along with the impact on AMR was searched in various databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Ovid (Medline) and Scopus. The categorical sorting of the published data is based on various AMS interventions such as the guideline development, formulary restriction (pre-authorization), educative interventions, clinical pathway development and prospective (post prescription) audit. Considering the objectives of the study such as the goal to curb overutilization of antibiotics, control of their cost of treatment for in-patients and infection control the sorted literature is presented in three different tables describing the AMS impact on the said outcomes.\u0000Results: The post AMS changes in utilization patterns are described as fall of antibiotics defined daily doses (DDD) and days of therapy (DOT) which resulted in the reduction of the cost of treatment with antibiotics. The reduction of the cost of treatment with antibiotics also resulted due to the AMS impact on the control of various nosocomial and multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections.\u0000Conclusion:  It has been concluded that the AMS program if implemented under the supervision of an expert AMS team mainly comprising of an infectious disease (ID) physician, clinical pharmacists and microbiologists with considerable support by the hospital authorities could be a highly efficient tool of the pharmacovigilance for rationalizing the in-patient antimicrobial practice.","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83930375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting waiting time in Outpatient Pharmacy at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II (HRPZ II)","authors":"Fairul Ezwan Fahrurazi, Nuraddeen Ibrahim, Nurul Musfirah Mafauzy, Wan Nor Ain Wan Ismail, Syauqin Syazwani Mohamed Rusli","doi":"10.31436/jop.v2i1.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v2i1.105","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) has identified that patient waiting time as one of the most important measurements of a responsive health system for healthcare services. Outpatient pharmacy is associated with patient waiting time as the indicator for satisfaction of the services. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting waiting time in Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan. Materials and method: A cross sectional study was conducted by collecting prescription received in outpatient pharmacy from 1st October 2020 till 31st December 2020. All prescriptions prescribed manually were excluded. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the factors affecting waiting time and the data were analysed using SPSS version 25. Results: A total of 248 prescriptions were collected in outpatient pharmacy. The mean waiting time in outpatient pharmacy was 23.0 minutes (SD = 11.0). Waiting time was found to be associated with number of medications in the prescription, number of staff working on that day, prescriptions which required intervention and filling personnel. Conclusion: The waiting time at the outpatient pharmacy of HRPZ II indicated the acceptable range of quality services which met the patient’s satisfaction. Future studies are needed to confirm the satisfaction level of patients and further improve quality of the service.","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84701919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescribing Practices of Antibiotics for Acute Diarrhea in Children Aged Less than Five Years Old in Pakistan","authors":"Durr-e-Shahwar Siddiqui","doi":"10.31436/jop.v2i1.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v2i1.116","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Childhood diarrhea accounts for 16% of child deaths in Pakistan. Irrational prescribing of antibiotics, prescribing of antibiotics for viral infections, self-medication using antibiotics, prescription sharing, and refilling are very common practices in Pakistan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prescribing practices of antibiotics for acute diarrhea in children less than five years of age at a Secondary Healthcare Hospital of Pakistan and to assess the compliance of prescribers with authentic clinical guidelines of treatment for childhood acute diarrhea.\u0000Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year, from August 2020 to August 2021, at a Secondary Care Hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. It was based on the collection of outpatient clinic prescriptions of children aged less than five years and suffering from acute diarrhea. The regimens or suggested therapies by prescribers for acute diarrhea were assessed as per The National Institute of Care and Health Excellence and World Health Organization guidelines. A brief questionnaire was also distributed among prescribers, pharmacists, and caretakers of children to extract their opinions regarding antibiotic prescribing in acute diarrhea.Results: Antibiotics were inappropriately prescribed for acute diarrhea among children in Pakistan because p-value was less than 0.05 (p<0.05) as calculated by descriptive statistical tools using Z-test. More than 90% prescriptions of acute diarrhea in children less than five years of age failed to comply with the authentic treatment guidelines.Discussion: Due to the limited knowledge of prescribers regarding treatment guidelines and compliance of parents with antibiotic prescribing for diseases in children, irrational prescribing of antibiotics for acute diarrhea in children less than five years of age is frequent in Pakistan. Healthcare professionals must be adequately trained to ensure the proper management of acute diarrhea by following authentic clinical guidelines.\u0000Conclusion: Antibiotics are irrationally prescribed for acute diarrhea in children less than five years of age in Pakistan and prescriptions do not comply with authentic clinical guidelines.","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90588564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Prolonged Versus Continuous Infusions of Piperacillin/Tazobactam During Shortages of Small Volume Parenteral Solutions.","authors":"Emily Tschumper,&nbsp;Kaitlyn Dupuis,&nbsp;Kim McCrory,&nbsp;Wes Pitts","doi":"10.1177/87551225211034978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211034978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> In 2017, a national drug shortage of small volume solutions significantly affected the preparation of intravenous antibiotics. In response, a continuous infusion administration protocol for piperacillin/tazobactam (PIP/TAZ) was implemented. <b>Objective:</b> To compare the outcomes of continuous to prolonged infusions of PIP/TAZ in the setting of drug shortages. <b>Methods:</b> This study is a single-center, retrospective cohort study in a community hospital of patients 18 years and older who received intravenous PIP/TAZ through 2 different dosing strategies of intravenous antibiotics from December 2016 to January 2018. Data were collected for 2 months on patients receiving prolonged infusions of PIP/TAZ prior to November 2017 and for 2 months on patients receiving continuous infusions of PIP/TAZ after November 2017. <b>Results:</b> A total of 90 patients who received PIP/TAZ via either prolonged (n = 47) or continuous infusion (n = 43) were evaluated. There were no differences between the groups in mortality (3 vs 2 deaths, <i>P</i> = 1.00), length of therapy (6 ± 4 vs 6 ± 3 days, <i>P</i> = .86), or length of stay (9 ± 7 vs 8 ± 6 days, <i>P</i> = .47). Additionally, no differences were noted between incidences of thrombocytopenia (<i>P</i> = .41), <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (<i>P</i> = .48), acute renal failure (<i>P</i> = 1.00), seizures (<i>P</i> = 1.0), or 30-day readmission rates (<i>P</i> = .27). <b>Conclusions:</b> Administration of continuous infusion PIP/TAZ appears to be a viable mitigation strategy during small volume fluid shortages. Future cost-effectiveness studies may provide information on the financial impact of continuous infusions during costly drug shortages.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"37 6","pages":"271-277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/87551225211034978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39633877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Support of Initial Parenteral Medical Management of Intrathecal Baclofen Withdrawal in Spasticity Patients.","authors":"Brian L LaRowe,&nbsp;Vicki M Nussbaum","doi":"10.1177/87551225211039237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211039237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Spasticity may present as a wide range of symptoms and conditions. With this protean presentation, a consensus regarding the best course of treatment does not exist. Those patients most severely affected may receive significant benefit from intrathecal baclofen delivery. However, this therapy may itself lead to patient injury in the event of withdrawal. <b>Objective:</b> Withdrawal from intrathecal baclofen may devolve rapidly into a situation in which the patient may incur significant morbidity and even death. A focused, prompt treatment plan would afford the patient the best possible outcome. <b>Methods:</b> The medical literature was reviewed for reports of plans of treatment of baclofen withdrawal and the results obtained. The nature of this problem does not lend itself to a typical study design, depending on case reports and basic pharmacological science application. The paucity of such reports severely limits categorical comparison of patient characteristics and clinical circumstances. Clinical situations, patient characteristics, and therapies were considered and compared. Outcomes of the varied treatments were evaluated for efficacy. <b>Results:</b> Inaccurate diagnoses, delayed correct diagnoses, and the absence of a consistent, treatment plan contributed to widely disparate outcomes. Prompt, correct diagnosis and intensive care unit-based continuous benzodiazepine infusion with titration led to a controlled clinical situation and maximized patient outcomes. <b>Conclusions:</b> Patients going through withdrawal from intrathecal baclofen achieved best outcomes when treated with a continuous infusion and titration of an intravenous benzodiazepine. A well-defined treatment protocol employing this management, reporting serial outcomes, would enable further refinement of the treatment of this clinical problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"37 6","pages":"293-297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8592239/pdf/10.1177_87551225211039237.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39633880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Pharmacist Involvement on the Utility of a Gram-Negative Blood Culture Identification Panel on Antimicrobial Usage.","authors":"Caitlin Bowman,&nbsp;Melissa Holloway,&nbsp;Lisa Scott,&nbsp;Carmen Russell,&nbsp;Sonia Lott,&nbsp;Raid Amin","doi":"10.1177/87551225211046627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211046627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> A rapid molecular diagnostic test (MDT) is a test used to identify several different species of gram-negative bacteria and their genetic resistance markers. However, the impact of rapid MDT has not been established when combined with pharmacist involvement. <b>Objective:</b> To determine the impact of pharmacy involvement on patient outcomes when using rapid MDT. The primary outcome is the time from gram stain result to the first dose of the targeted antibiotic. <b>Methods:</b> This is a single-center, quasi-experimental, 1-group pretest-posttest design study of patients with gram-negative bacteremia in a community hospital. Hospitalized patients 18 years or older were included if they had a gram-negative blood culture. Patients were excluded if they were discharged or expired prior to culture results. Outcomes were compared between patients prior to and after implementation of the automated MDT. This research was determined to be exempt from institutional review board oversight consistent with West Florida Healthcare and in accordance with institutional policy. <b>Results:</b> The use of rapid MDT combined with pharmacist intervention resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the time to targeted antibiotic therapy (pre-intervention group, n = 77, 44.8 ± 17.8 hours versus post-intervention group, n= 80, 4.4 ± 5.8 hours; <i>P</i> ≤.001). There was no significant difference found between secondary outcomes. Limitations included small sample size as well as inconsistent documentation. <b>Conclusions:</b> The use of rapid MDT combined with pharmacist intervention resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the time to targeted antibiotic therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"37 6","pages":"304-309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8592237/pdf/10.1177_87551225211046627.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39634306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of a Pharmaceutical Care Program at Discharge on Patients at High Risk of Readmission According to the Hospital Score.","authors":"María Luisa Ibarra Mira,&nbsp;Jose Manuel Caro-Teller,&nbsp;Pedro Pablo Rodríguez Quesada,&nbsp;Carmen Garcia-Muñoz,&nbsp;Almudena Añino Alba,&nbsp;Jose Miguel Ferrari Piquero","doi":"10.1177/87551225211047607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211047607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> A significant percentage of hospital readmissions within 30 days of discharge are a result of avoidable drug-related problems. Stratifying patients according to readmission risk is key to pharmaceutical intervention (PI) design strategies to improve treatment outcomes. <b>Objective:</b> To assess whether a pharmaceutical care (PC) program at discharge in polymedicated patients at high potentially avoidable readmission (PAR) risk, according to the HOSPITAL score, improves 30-day readmission rate (30-dRR). <b>Methods:</b> This prospective controlled, quasi-experimental, 11-month study included 163 chronic polymedicated patients (>5 medications) at high PAR risk according to the HOSPITAL score. We calculated the 30-dRR and number of medication variations and Medication Regimen Complexity Index-E (MRCI-E) after PI. Results were compared with a retrospective cohort of chronic patients at high PAR risk. <b>Results:</b> The 30-dRR was 18.4% in the intervention group and 25.6% in the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.38 to 1.14). Total medication reduction (-1.28; 95% CI = -1.88 to -0.68), number of high-risk medications in chronic patients (-0.58; 95% CI = -0.9 to -0.26), and MRCI-E (-6.42; 95% CI = -8.07 to -4.76) were statistically significant (<i>P</i> < .001). The number of medications at discharge was associated with an increased readmission risk (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.14). <b>Conclusions:</b> The degree of polypharmacy and patients' treatment complexity after hospital discharge significantly reduced as a result of the PC program compared with the control group. This highlights the need for patient selection and prioritization strategies for implementing PIs focused on reducing polypharmacy and preventing drug-related problems that may cause PAR.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"37 6","pages":"310-315"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8592243/pdf/10.1177_87551225211047607.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39634307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future Considerations in Response to \"Adjunctive Phenobarbital for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Focused Literature Review\".","authors":"Rose Alwardi,&nbsp;Tony Rondinella,&nbsp;Andrea Quinn","doi":"10.1177/87551225211042957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211042957","url":null,"abstract":"To the Editor: It is crucial to consider all limitations demonstrated throughout previous trials in order to develop clinically reliable recommendations from published evidence. Murphy et al summarized 3 main limitations of inconsistency with use of phenobarbital for alcohol withdrawal: inconsistent dosing strategies, varying primary outcomes, and nonstandardized utilization of assessment scales.1-3 A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at our organization, a 425-bed nonteaching community hospital, with intent to evaluate the adjunctive use of phenobarbital in alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Patients admitted from August to December of 2020 were divided 1:1 based on receipt of phenobarbital in addition to a Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA)-driven benzodiazepine protocol versus a CIWA-driven benzodiazepine protocol alone. The primary endpoint was total length of hospital stay with secondary endpoints assessing total intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, total dosage of benzodiazepine (based on diazepam equivalents), and total dosage of phenobarbital utilization during admission. A total of 60 patients were included in the analysis with 30 in each group. Patients were well matched in terms of history of withdrawal seizures and liver disease. The phenobarbital group had a higher total CIWA score compared with the cohort group (289.8 vs 124.6), suggestive of more severely presenting alcoholics in the former group. Patients in the phenobarbital group had an increased length of hospital stay compared with the cohort group (4.3 vs 2.4 days). Patients receiving phenobarbital also had a prolonged ICU length of stay (3.58 vs 0.27 days) and required higher total benzodiazepine utilization (194.5 vs 79.9 mg). On further investigation, there was a disproportionate amount of patients admitted to the ICU in the phenobarbital group compared with the cohort (20/30 vs 3/30 patients). Average phenobarbital daily dose was approximately half of that reported in previous studies at 57.8 mg/ day.4,5 Patients presenting with more severe withdrawal were more likely to receive phenobarbital, making it difficult to assess the true impact of therapy due to selection bias. Eighty percent of phenobarbital orders were made by one specific provider introducing prescriber bias as another potential limitation. Universally similar to previous studies assessing phenobarbital in AWS, there was no consistent dose or protocol utilized at our organization. Although our small study did not suggest clinical benefit with adjunctive phenobarbital utilization, commonality with other studies is found in the limitations and biases. Considering the amount of positive data present, phenobarbital likely has a place in AWS therapy. Recommendations for when, how, and in whom to initiate phenobarbital relies on consistent and repeatable protocolized evaluations.","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"37 6","pages":"320-321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8592240/pdf/10.1177_87551225211042957.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39634309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of Drug Information Services to Asynchronous Delivery of Pharmacist eConsults.","authors":"Valerie Clinard,&nbsp;Marilyn Stebbins,&nbsp;Shalini Lynch","doi":"10.1177/87551225211049470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211049470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug information (DI) services provided an avenue to expand the role of pharmacists as the medication experts. The focus of DI has shifted from general questions submitted to DI centers to patient-specific questions that optimize care. One method to increase access to pharmacist expertise is through pharmacy eConsults. Pharmacy eConsults provide specialist care for medically complex patients using a patient-centered, asynchronous approach. The purpose of this article is to describe the evolution of consults from formal drug information services and describe one academic medical center's implementation of a pharmacy eConsult service to provide patient-specific DI.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"37 6","pages":"316-319"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8592238/pdf/10.1177_87551225211049470.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39634308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}