Journal of Pharmacy Technology最新文献

{"title":"Correlation of HbA1c and Continuous Glucose Monitor Time in Range.","authors":"Hannah DePasquale, Alexander DeLucenay, Nabila Ahmed-Sarwar","doi":"10.1177/87551225251348832","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225251348832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Current literature is limited to describing the correlation of continuous glucose monitor (CGM) use and improved HbA1cs in patients with type 2 diabetes. There is a lack of literature correlating HbA1c and time in range (TIR). In addition, data such as time spent with low or very low blood glucose levels are not assessed in existing literature. <b>Objective:</b> To assess the correlation between reduction of HbA1c and increase in TIR for patients using CGMs meeting with an interdisciplinary team. <b>Methods:</b> This retrospective chart review includes adult patients seen in an interdisciplinary internal medicine clinic consisting of a pharmacist and nurse practitioner. Data collection included patients with diabetes using CGMs for at least 3 months, who had a visit with the team in the last 12 months. Information collected included demographics, insurance, comorbidities, diabetes medications, HbA1c and CGM data at baseline and 3-month visit, and number of pharmacist medication interventions. Fisher's exact, chi-square, and Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> tests were used where appropriate. <b>Results:</b> HbA1c decreased from 8.6% to 7.5% 3 months later (<i>P</i> = 0.002). The average increase in TIR was 55.5% to 65.1% (<i>P</i> = 0.007). The overall decrease in HbA1c and increase in TIR had a high inverse correlation at baseline and 3 months (<i>r</i> = -0.7 and <i>r</i> = -0.7, <i>P</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusion:</b> There is a strong inverse relationship between HbA1c and TIR, reduction in glucose variability with a slightly higher incidence time in low/very low following intervention. The type and frequency of pharmacist-initiated interventions support the clinical decision-making potential for pharmacotherapy adjustments.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"207-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144506039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency Drug Box Accuracy: Analysis of Manual Replenishment Errors and the Use of RFID as a Preventative Strategy.","authors":"Mohamed Sarg, Megan Rowcliffe, Agnes Ann Feemster, E Robert Feroli, Rosemary Duncan","doi":"10.1177/87551225251344143","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225251344143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Emergency drug boxes (EDBs) contain essential medications and supplies for use during life-threatening emergencies. Most health system pharmacies use a manual process for stocking these boxes, relying on individuals to perform the tasks. This approach is inherently prone to human error. <b>Objective:</b> To assess the accuracy of the current manual stocking process for EDBs, determine the clinical severity of any errors found, and evaluate the potential for using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to mitigate these errors. <b>Methods:</b> This was a 2-phase retrospective study conducted at a large academic medical center. Phase 1 involved the assessment of adult and pediatric EDBs for stocking errors. Phase 2 evaluated the clinical severity of the errors discovered. The adult and pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Committees independently ranked each identified error on a 3-point scale (1 = unlikely harm to 3 = severe discomfort or clinical deterioration). The study calculated the percentage of errors that could be detected by the implementation of RFID technology. <b>Results:</b> In total, 451 EDBs were analyzed for stocking errors. 106 (24%) contained at least one error, resulting in 132 identified errors. Implementing RFID technology would detect 96 of these 132 errors (73%). Of the detectable errors, 43 (40%) were ranked 2 or 3, indicating a higher likelihood of clinical harm or deterioration. <b>Conclusion:</b> Manual restocking and checking of EDBs are vulnerable to human error, which can have serious consequences and jeopardize patient safety. Adopting RFID technology can greatly improve the accuracy and reliability of this essential process.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"212-216"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144506040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pleural Effusion and Anasarca Associated With Pioglitazone.","authors":"Ashwin Jagadish, Shahnawaz Notta, Stephen Bakeler, David Joseph","doi":"10.1177/87551225251348838","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225251348838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Pioglitazone is a medication that can be utilized in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It can be associated with adverse effects such as edema, weight gain, and heart failure. It is not commonly associated with pleural effusions. <b>Case Presentation:</b> Our case involves an 81-year-old man with T2DM who presented to the emergency department due to progressively worsening lower extremity edema and exertional dyspnea. These symptoms began after the patient started to regularly take pioglitazone. He had a large pleural effusion and diffuse anasarca. Pioglitazone was discontinued and he underwent successful thoracentesis and diuresis. <b>Discussion:</b> The Naranjo scale yielded a score of 7 points, indicating a probable association between pioglitazone and our patient's presentation. There is limited documentation of pleural effusions associated with pioglitazone. Our case is unique as the patient had pleural effusions and anasarca associated with pioglitazone.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"249-252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12170548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prostaglandin Intracameral Implants for Ocular Hypertension and Open-Angle Glaucoma.","authors":"Christine M Cheng, Cameron Rehmani, Jordan Chin","doi":"10.1177/87551225251313707","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225251313707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Sustained-release prostaglandin intracameral implants are new targeted treatment options for open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension that lower intraocular pressure (IOP) and reduce or eliminate the need for topical eye drops. <b>Objective:</b> To summarize evidence supporting prostaglandin intracameral implants for treatment of ocular hypertension or open angle glaucoma and identify patient populations most likely to benefit from these treatments. <b>Data sources:</b> A PubMed search (1/1/2016 to 10/1/2024) was conducted to identify randomized, controlled clinical trials for bimatoprost 10-μg and travoprost 75-μg intracameral implants. Manufacturer prescribing information, formulary dossiers, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clinical reviews and glaucoma clinical treatment guidelines were also reviewed. <b>Study selection and data extraction:</b> English-language randomized controlled trials involving bimatoprost 10-μg or travoprost 75-μg intracameral implants were included. <b>Data synthesis:</b> Bimatoprost and travoprost intracameral implants demonstrated noninferior IOP reduction compared to timolol eye drops in phase 3 trials, with sustained effects up to 12 and 36 months, respectively. The FDA-approved implants are limited to a single administration to the affected eye to minimize corneal risks. The travoprost implant contains a titanium reservoir and requires surgical placement, while the bimatoprost implant is biodegradable and can be placed in a clinic setting. There are no studies directly comparing the safety and efficacy of the two intracameral implants. <b>Conclusions:</b> Prostaglandin intracameral implants are a novel approach to reducing medication burden while delivering sustained IOP reducing effects. Pharmacists should be aware of efficacy and safety considerations of these implants relative to available topical treatments for ocular hypertension or open angle glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"144-150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11791955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of Adverse Effects and Misuse of Zolpidem.","authors":"Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol, Francieli Cipriano Felippe, Bruna Camargo, Beatriz Schuelter Trevisol, Leonan José Raimundo, Daisson José Trevisol","doi":"10.1177/87551225251324856","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225251324856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study objectives: </strong>Zolpidem is a widely prescribed medication for treating insomnia due to its effectiveness as a sedative-hypnotic. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of potential adverse effects associated with the use and misuse of zolpidem.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective cohort study. Participants were selected from consumers who had purchased zolpidem in a commercial pharmacy in Brazil and submitted an interviewed. Descriptive analysis was used to present the results. Pearson's chi-square tests were used to compare adverse reactions to zolpidem with categorical variables, and Student's t-tests were used to compare means. The significance level adopted was 5%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study involved 65 participants, with a mean age of 52.7 years, 76.9% of whom were women. Of the total sample, 69.2% used zolpidem for the treatment of long-term insomnia, and 77.4% used it continuously. Among the interviewees, 55.4% reported experiencing adverse reactions, with amnesia, insomnia, and sleepwalking being the most reported. A statistically significant association was found between the occurrence of adverse reactions and continuous use (<i>P</i> value = 0.048), as well as among those with lower mean age (<i>P</i> value = 0.042).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite being a prescription-controlled medication, zolpidem was used excessively and inappropriately in the studied sample. Given the high prevalence of adverse effects identified in this study, the risk/benefit ratio of pharmacological treatments for insomnia warrants careful evaluation during prescription and dispensing. Incidence of adverse effects and misuse of zolpidem.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"103-107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11909643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standard Instructions and Counseling for Naloxone Insufficient in the Era of Xylazine and Medetomidine Adulteration of Illicit Opioids.","authors":"Priya Datta, Kristin Waters, C Michael White","doi":"10.1177/87551225251326811","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225251326811","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"151-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11915226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prophylactic Enoxaparin Dosing and Anti-Xa Levels in Medicine Patients With Obesity.","authors":"Wint War Phyo, Karishma Deodhar, Amy Chang, Mary Blair, Allison N Boyd, Christopher Geik","doi":"10.1177/87551225251328255","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225251328255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Previous studies have shown that the manufacturer's standard fixed dosing of enoxaparin for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis leads to sub-prophylactic anti-Xa levels in medicine patients with obesity. Yet, there is limited literature describing higher dosing strategies in this patient population, and an optimal dosing regimen has not been well-established. <b>Objective:</b> The primary objective was to evaluate mean doses (mg/kg/d) of prophylactic enoxaparin that are associated with goal anti-Xa levels in medicine patients with obesity across 3 body mass index (BMI) groups (40-49 kg/m², 50-59 kg/m², ≥60 kg/m²). <b>Methods:</b> This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study of adult patients (age ≥18 years) with BMI ≥40 kg/m² admitted to a medicine team with at least 1 appropriately drawn anti-Xa level between January 2018 and July 2023. The institution's goal anti-Xa level for VTE prophylaxis was 0.2 to 0.4 units/mL. The primary outcome was the comparison of mean dose between those within anti-Xa at goal and not at goal. Secondary outcomes included the percentages of initial anti-Xa levels below, within, or above goal range and the incidence of new VTE and major bleeding events during hospitalization while on enoxaparin. All outcomes were stratified into 3 BMI groups: 40-49 kg/m², 50-59 kg/m², and ≥60 kg/m². <b>Results:</b> Median dose of those with final anti-Xa level at goal was significantly higher than that of those not in goal anti-Xa range across all 3 BMI groups (0.57 vs 0.50 mg/kg/d; <i>P</i> < 0.05). The majority of the initial anti-Xa levels were subprophylactic, with only 35.7% of patients (or 75 of 210 patients) had initial anti-Xa within the goal range. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of blood transfusions or VTE events between the groups. <b>Conclusion:</b> Findings suggest that medicine patients with BMI ≥40 kg/m² may require enoxaparin doses higher than 0.5 mg/kg/d to reach goal prophylactic anti-Xa level. However, more robust data are necessary to further validate these results and the clinical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"116-123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11955971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the Safety and Effectiveness of Apixaban Lead-In Dosing Strategies in Hospitalized Adults With Venous Thromboembolism.","authors":"Juliana Spencer, Tanner Buchanan, Samantha Heacock, Kevin Heacock, Lillian Brennan, Raquel Jones, David Hutchinson, Jennifer Radcliffe","doi":"10.1177/87551225251326436","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225251326436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Clinicians often use parenteral lead-in regimens prior to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients due to shorter half-life and the ability to use laboratory monitoring. <b>Objective:</b> This study evaluates the effectiveness and safety of different apixaban lead-in durations for hospitalized adults with newly diagnosed VTE. <b>Methods:</b> Retrospective review of patients with one of the following lead-in regimens: (1) parenteral anticoagulation ≥ 48 hours with abbreviated course of apixaban lead-in, (2) parenteral anticoagulation ≥ 48 hours with full apixaban lead-in, or (3) no parenteral anticoagulation with full apixaban lead-in. All followed by maintenance apixaban for at least 6 months. Primary outcomes were incidences of recurrent VTE (rVTE) or bleeding events, in accordance with International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) definitions, within 6 months of the index visit. Data are presented descriptively and univariate analyses between groups performed. <b>Results:</b> Sixty-eight patients were included; rVTE (all deep vein thrombosis (DVT)) occurred in 2 patients (2.9%) and bleeding events (all clinically relevant non-major bleeding) occurred in 3 patients (4.4%) overall. There were no differences between groups; one patient in the parenteral group had full lead-in and one patient in the full-lead apixaban group had rVTE. One patient in the parenteral with full lead-in and 2 patients in the full lead-in apixaban group had a bleeding event (<i>P</i> = 0.99). Mean time to rVTE or bleeding event was 46 and 158 days, respectively. <b>Conclusions:</b> Similar safety and effectiveness were noted between the 3 apixaban lead-in regimens. These findings suggest that all 3 regimens provide similar outcomes, warranting further investigation to optimize lead-in strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"108-115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11915223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sotatercept: A First-In-Class Activin Signaling Inhibitor for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.","authors":"Aimon C Miranda, Cyrille K Cornelio, Bao Anh C Tran, Joel Fernandez","doi":"10.1177/87551225251317957","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225251317957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> The objective of the study is to review the characteristics, efficacy, safety, and clinical relevance of sotatercept in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). <b>Data Sources:</b> A literature search containing search terms related to sotatercept and PAH was conducted. Embase via Elsevier, MEDLINE via Ovid, the medRxiv preprint server, Cochrane Library CENTRAL trials registry, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception through October 31, 2024. The package insert was utilized to obtain drug information and additional data. <b>Study Selection and Data Extraction:</b> Phase II-III clinical trials investigating sotatercept for PAH were included. Articles written in English were extracted while animal studies and phase I clinical trials were excluded. <b>Data Synthesis:</b> In patients with WHO Group 1, functional class II-III PAH, adding sotatercept to background therapy increased 6-minute walk distance in phase II-III trials. Pooled analysis from PULSAR (phase II) and STELLAR (phase III) showed improvements in pulmonary vascular resistance and NT-proBNP. Exploratory data from PULSAR revealed that BMPR2 genetic variant status was not associated with significant differences in treatment effects. SPECTRA (phase IIb) demonstrated improved right ventricular structure and function. Interim analysis from SOTERIA showed that treatment effects persist at 1 year. <b>Conclusions:</b> Sotatercept is a viable add-on therapy for patients with PAH Group 1 and functional class II-III. Additional data are needed to assess long-term outcomes among treatment-naïve patients and those with the most severe symptomatology.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"134-143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11847314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143492509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of 12- to 24-Hour Versus 72-Hour Intravenous Terlipressin in Patients With Acute Esophageal Variceal Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Mohammad Al Hayek, Bisher Sawaf, Shahem Abbarh, Sudheer Dhoop, Abdallah Khashan, Ahmed Hassan, Alhasan Saleh Alzubi, Abdelrahman F Abdelwahed, Abdussalam I A Alzein, Mohamedhen Vall Nounou, Yaseen Alastal, Muhammed Elhadi","doi":"10.1177/87551225241311444","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225241311444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To compare the efficacy and safety of 12-24 hours versus 72 hours of intravenous terlipressin therapy in patients with acute esophageal variceal bleeding (AVB). <b>Data sources:</b> A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Web of Science, VHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies published up to February 24, 2024. The search terms included \"terlipressin,\" \"variceal bleeding,\" \"short-course,\" and \"72-hour treatment.\" <b>Study selection and data extraction:</b> Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing 12 to 24 hours with 72 hours of terlipressin therapy in patients with AVB were included. Studies not meeting these criteria or focusing on unrelated outcomes were excluded. Two authors conducted data extraction and bias assessment independently, with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer. Baseline characteristics and outcomes (rebleeding and mortality within 5 days) were recorded. <b>Results:</b> Four RCTs with 469 patients were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences observed in 5-day rebleeding rates (OR = 0.943; 95% CI [0.384, 2.317]; <i>P</i> = 0.898) or mortality rates (OR = 0.386; 95% CI [0.066, 2.260]; <i>P</i> = 0.291) between terlipressin treatment durations of 12 to 24 hours and 72 hours within the first 5 days posttreatment. In addition, no heterogeneity was found in both variables (<i>P</i> > 0.1). <b>Conclusion:</b> This meta-analysis indicates that there is no significant difference in rebleeding rates or mortality between 12 to 24 hours and 72 hours of terlipressin therapy for AVB within 5 days posttreatment. Shorter treatment durations may offer advantages in terms of resource utilization and adverse event risk but require further validation through studies involving larger patient populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":" ","pages":"124-133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}