Journal of Parasitic Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the public health and zoonotic impacts of <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> assemblages in domestic animals of southwestern Iran.","authors":"Ali Asghari, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Qasem Asgari, Laya Shamsi, Mohsen Eghball","doi":"10.1007/s12639-024-01727-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12639-024-01727-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Domestic animals play a vital role in the spread and transmission of various zoonotic agents to humans. <i>Giardia duodenalis</i>, an important enteric zoonotic parasite, is widespread globally. This research aimed to assess the presence and genetic diversity of <i>G. duodenalis</i> assemblages in domestic animals in Shiraz, southern Iran. A total of 245 fresh fecal samples were collected from 87 dogs, 63 cats, and 95 cattle in Shiraz, the capital city of Fars province, between July 2021 and August 2022. None of the animals showed gastrointestinal signs such as diarrhea, and all fecal samples had normal consistency. Upon parasite observation using light microscopy, a DNA fragment of <i>G. duodenalis tpi</i> gene was amplified using nested-PCR. Using direct wet mount and Wheatley's trichrome staining examination, 9 out of 245 samples (3.7%; 1 from dogs and 8 from cattle) tested positive for <i>G. duodenalis</i>. Molecular methods confirmed 1.1% (1/87) of dogs and 8.4% (8/95) of cattle to be positive. Giardiasis was not detected in cats. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that <i>Giardia</i> isolates infecting dogs and cattle in Shiraz belonged to three genotypes/assemblages: A, B (zoonotic), and E (non-zoonotic). In cattle, assemblage E (75%; 6/8), A (12.5%; 1/8), and B (12.5%; 1/8) were identified, while dogs were infected with assemblage A (100%; 1/1). In Shiraz, southwestern Iran, cattle and dogs could potentially transmit <i>G. duodenalis</i> infections to humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":16664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":"242-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11833026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> from the masseter muscles of equines destined for human consumption in a slaughterhouse in southern Brazil.","authors":"Uillians Volkart de Oliveira, José Luís Varjão, Ana Graziela de Jesus Deiró, Bianca Mendes Maciel, Fabiana Lessa Silva, Alexandre Moraes Pinheiro, Luis Fernando Pita Gondim, Alexandre Dias Munhoz","doi":"10.1007/s12639-024-01744-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12639-024-01744-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to isolate <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> from equids destined for slaughter in a Brazilian slaughterhouse. A total of 354 equids were analyzed, with blood samples collected from all the animals and samples of masseter muscle and brain tissue collected from 319 animals. A serological test was conducted to detect equids with specific antibodies for <i>T. gondii</i>. Molecular detection of <i>T. gondii</i> by nested PCR was performed on the tissue samples collected. Tissue samples were tested by murine bioassay in an attempt to isolate either the parasite or the parasite DNA. Real-time PCR was performed on the brain samples from 11 mice which seroconverted after inoculation, to quantify the parasitic DNA. Genotyping was performed in masseter tissues samples from positive horses or from tissues of mice inoculated with masseter. The seroprevalence of <i>T. gondii</i> infection was 19.2%. Nested PCR showed that 5.3% of the equines and 28.8% of the mice from the bioassays were positive for <i>T. gondii</i>. Nine masseter muscle samples were positive (either on nested-PCR or in bioassay). Genotyping by PCR-RFLP was attempeted on all 12 isolates and was successful in seven, revealing six recombinant and one atypical genotype. The detection of <i>T. gondii</i> DNA in masseter muscle tissue of horses destined for consumption clearly indicates a risk to human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":16664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":"121-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11832872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and histopathological analysis of hytadid cysts in sheep and cattle slaughtered in Batna, Northeast Algeria.","authors":"Sameh Baghezza, Abdennour Azizi, Asma Amina Foughali, Khireddine Ghougal, Bakir Mamache, Omar Bennoune","doi":"10.1007/s12639-024-01742-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12639-024-01742-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydatid disease caused by <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i> (<i>E. granulosus</i>) represents a significant public health and economic problem. This zoonosis remains endemic in some regions of Algeria. The objectives of the study were to investigate the prevalence of hydatid cysts in cattle and sheep slaughtered at the slaughterhouse in Batna, Northeast Algeria, and characterize associated lesions through histopathology. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to December 2019, where 13,903 cattle and sheep passed through post-mortem examination of lungs and liver for cyst detection. Samples were collected for histological analysis. Prevalence was compared between species and affected organs, while risk factor determination was based on sex, age, and season. The prevalence of hydatid cysts was significantly higher in cattle (2.16 ± 0.5%) compared to sheep (0.54 ± 0.1%) (<i>P</i> < 0.001), suggesting a species-related susceptibility. In both species, cysts mainly affect the lungs. The prevalence varied significantly based on age, sex, and seasonal factors. The risk of hydatidosis significantly increases in females (<i>P</i> < 0.0001; OR = 151.47, 95% CI = 63.57-360.92) and adults (<i>P</i> < 0.0001; OR = 10.63, 95% CI = 4.65-24.30) ruminants, especially in summer (<i>P</i> < 0.046; OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.01-4.54). The histopathological examination revealed various cyst sizes with reactional layers related to host inflammation. Hydatid disease remains endemic in Batna. Comprehensive control through meat inspection, condemnation of infected organs, and dog deworming programs are needed to reduce the public health risks and economic impacts of this critical zoonosis. Improved surveillance allows informed intervention design and assessment of control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":16664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":"93-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11832997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of nematode parasite, <i>Camallanus cotti</i> (Camallanidae) (Fujita, 1927) in <i>Barilius bola</i> (Cyprinidae) (Hamilton 1822), from Jaldhaka river of North Bengal, West Bengal.","authors":"Chayanika Roy, Santi Ranjan Dey, Priya Roy, Riya Mondal, Biplab Bhowmik","doi":"10.1007/s12639-024-01749-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12639-024-01749-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present study the parasitic nematode, <i>Camallanus cotti</i> (Camallanidae) was identified for the first time in a new host fish, <i>Barilius bola</i> (Cyprinidae), from the Jaldhaka river in North Bengal, the northern part of West Bengal, India, during the period from January 2023 to December 2023. The parasite infected the gastrointestinal region and was protruding from the anal opening, showing excessive mucus secretion in the anal region of its host. Sixty-six (58.41%) out of 113 medium-sized fish were infected. Marked variations in the prevalence, mean intensity, and relative abundance were observed in the summer. These variations might be due to the environmental conditions during different seasons and the presence of an intermediate host for this parasite. Worms were described morphologically and morphometrically by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Previously identified novel characters were confirmed and reassessed. More studies are required to determine the internal problems of the fish and the impact, establishment and spread of this parasite.</p>","PeriodicalId":16664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":"207-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11832821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algerian leishmaniasis history.","authors":"Fayçal Zeroual, Mohamed Fethi Diouani, Nazim Messaoudi, Adam Borhan Eddine Bessou, Aya Boukhezna, Zineb Zeroual, Safia Zeroual, Maroua Zeroual, Elena Violeta Simione","doi":"10.1007/s12639-024-01736-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12639-024-01736-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Historically, leishmaniasis can be traced back to more than 2500 BC, according to several hypotheses, fossil records, and molecular results on archaeological resource samples. In this article, we delve into history to provide some facts and preliminary information serving as a historical overview of leishmaniasis in Algeria, an endemic country ranked second worldwide for the cutaneous form. This article provides an overview of the current situation based on an in-depth analysis of epidemiological data, scientific publications, and official reports. It aims to strengthen data and information on this zoonosis in this country to encourage and prompt more responsible social and scientific behavior. We started with Algerian leishmaniasis before Algeria's French colonial period (before 1830), then the colonial period (between 1830 and 1962), and finally, the country's current period of independence (after 1962). The overall aim of this work is to update the data provided on this parasitosis and make a positive contribution to the fight against this pathology, which remains, until now, a source of mortality and physical and psychological after-effects for all affected patients in this country.</p>","PeriodicalId":16664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11832874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-analysis of canine cryptosporidiosis in Africa and prevalence of clinical infection in Oyo, Ogun, and Kwara states, Nigeria.","authors":"Adekunle Bamidele Ayinmode, Oluwasola Olaiya Obebe, Oluwafemi Babatunde Daodu, Adeyemi Oluwafunmilayo Jolaosho","doi":"10.1007/s12639-024-01747-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12639-024-01747-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection is a significant parasitic disease affecting both humans and animals worldwide. However, there is limited data on its prevalence in canine populations across Africa. This study was carried out between December 2021 and August 2022 to assess the burden of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection in dogs on the continent through a meta-analysis and a targeted survey of dogs presented at veterinary clinics in Nigeria. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using available studies on <i>Cryptosporidium</i> prevalence in dogs from African countries to determine the pooled prevalence. Additionally, a survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> oocysts in 309 dogs presented at veterinary clinics across several Nigerian states using microscopy and the presence of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> DNA was confirmed using the nested PCR methods. Data suitable for meta-analysis were found from only three African countries - Nigeria, Zambia, and Mozambique - highlighting a significant research gap across the continent. The pooled estimates of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection in Africa was 13.7% (95% CI: 7.7, 22.9), with country-specific rates of 22% in Nigeria, 5.9% in Zambia, and 6.4% in Mozambique. The survey conducted in Nigeria revealed a low prevalence of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> oocysts (6.7%) in dogs presented at clinics, while PCR confirmed the presence of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> DNA in positive samples. The findings highlight the significance of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> as a health concern in African canine populations, with prevalence rates comparable to global figures. The low prevalence observed in clinical settings indicates that routine screening should still be prioritized to ensure early detection and treatment, given the potential zoonotic risk posed by <i>C. canis</i> (the dominant species in dogs). Further research is needed to address the geographic and diagnostic gaps identified and to explore the clinical and public health implications of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection in dogs across Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":16664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11832871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc nanoparticles coated with peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i>) essential oil: a nanoformulated compound with anti-leishmanial activity.","authors":"Mahsa Siyavoshi Zangiyani, Fatemeh Livani, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Hamed Kalani","doi":"10.1007/s12639-024-01741-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12639-024-01741-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment is facing a problem due to the increase in drug resistance. Nanoparticles, due to their characteristics, are suitable candidates for disease treatment. The aim of this study is the in vitro evaluation of zinc nanoparticles coated with peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i>) essential oil on <i>Leishmania major</i>. The effects of different concentrations of Zn-<i>Mp</i> and meglumine antimoniate (MA; as a positive control) were studied on the promastigote and amastigote of <i>Leishmania major</i>, and their selectivity index (SI) was evaluated. The peaks at 2361.02 cm^-1 (C-N stretching), 1213.78 cm^-1 (CO-NH stretching), and 1110.83 cm^-1 (C=O stretching) were attributed to Zn-<i>Mp</i>. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC₅₀) was 17.48 μg/mL for Zn-<i>Mp</i> and 19.09 μg/mL for MA on promastigote (<i>P</i> = 0.47). It was 11.3 μg/mL for Zn-<i>Mp</i> and 14.1 μg/mL for MA on amastigote (<i>P</i> = 0.79). Lower IC₅₀ on amastigote for Zn-<i>Mp</i> indicated better effectiveness on <i>L</i>. <i>major</i> compared to MA, but higher SI for MA (37.55) as compared to Zn-<i>Mp</i> (18.9) (<i>P</i> = 0.0002), highlighting more safety for MA. Compared to MA, the anti-leishmanial effect of Zn-<i>Mp</i> and its nontoxic effects on macrophages (SI > 10) show that Zn-<i>Mp</i> can be a candidate for the treatment of CL and it should be further studied on animal models.</p>","PeriodicalId":16664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":"103-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11832969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143457833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological evaluation of <i>Capillaria hepatica</i> (Bancroft, 1893) in <i>Cricetomys gambianus</i> (Waterhouse, 1840).","authors":"Samson Eneojo Abalaka, Sunday Augustine Ejeh","doi":"10.1007/s12639-024-01743-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12639-024-01743-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatic capillariasis is a global neglected zoonotic disease with small rodents and lagomorphs as host animals although cases have occurred in over 140 mammals, including in humans to underscore its health implications to both animals and humans. A total of 20 free-living <i>Cricetomys gambianus</i> were sampled from the wild within the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria, for the presence of and effects of <i>Capillaria hepatica</i> between August 2023 - May 2024. The lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys of the sampled rats were promptly harvested, observed and recorded, and fixed in 10% formalin for histopathological evaluations after humane animal sacrifice according to standard procedures. There were no obvious gross lesions while cellular changes occurred only in the liver that were characterized by the presence of clusters of parasitic eggs with hepatic necrosis and inflammatory responses. The presence of the ellipsoidal-shaped and double layered straited shelled-eggs with operculum and the hepatic cellular changes led to a definitive diagnosis of <i>Capillaria hepatica</i> with a 10% prevalence rate. The findings highlighted the health risk to the animal and the human consumers of infected. <i>Cricetomys gambianus</i> whose meat is considered a delicacy within the study area and other parts of the world. Outside the probable role of host animal's adaptation strategy being responsible for the non-typical granulomatous inflammation and hepatic septal fibrotic cellular changes, there is a need for more studies to further elucidate the pathogenesis of the disease condition in this particular animal species in the patho-epidemiology of hepatic capillariasis within the study area.</p>","PeriodicalId":16664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":"186-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11832859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Albendazole resistance evidence in <i>Teladorsagia circumcincta</i> in Iranian sheep by allele-specific PCR.","authors":"Yousef Mirzaei, Mohammad Yakhchali, Karim Mardani","doi":"10.1007/s12639-024-01732-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12639-024-01732-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) have a considerable impact on the livestock husbandry and health conditions in Iran as well as worldwide. The infected animals with GIN mostly need chemical therapy which leads to the development of anthelmintic drug resistance. The main objective of the current study was to determine the frequency of β-tubulin isotype 1 gene polymorphism to albendazole (Alb) in <i>Teladorsagia circumcincta</i> isolated from sheep abomasum in Urmia city, Iran. A total number of 140 sheep abomasa were randomly collected and 57(40.7%) were infected with <i>T. circumcincta</i> (157 adult <i>T. circumcincta</i> per sheep). Alb resistance in <i>T. circumcincta</i> determined using Allele-Specific PCR (ASP) technique. Molecularly, the frequency of resistant alleles to Alb in examined <i>T. circumcincta</i> was 48.3%, i.e. 51.7% homozygous susceptible (SS), 6.9% homozygous resistant (rr) and 41.4% heterozygous susceptible (Sr). It was concluded that Alb-resistance alleles were increasingly widespread in examined <i>T. circumcincta</i>, therefore prevention and control program should be lunched in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":16664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":"57-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11832870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of metformin's effect on the adult and juvenile stages of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>: an in-vitro study.","authors":"Heba Nasser Abdel Menaem, Marmar Ahmed Hanafy, Marwa Abou El Dahab, Khalifa El Sayed Khalifa Mohamed","doi":"10.1007/s12639-024-01731-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12639-024-01731-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metformin (Met), a well-known anti-diabetic drug with a potent autophagy induction property, has been proven to be effective against several parasitic diseases. In the present in vitro study, the effect of Met on the viability and ultrastructure of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> adults and juveniles in comparison with the standard anti-schistosomal drug, praziquantel (PZQ), was investigated. Adults and juveniles were treated in vitro with 5 µM PZQ and/or 10 mM Met. The viability of the treated worms was screened over a three-day period by light microscopy and recorded as mortality rates (MR). The alterations in the ultrastructure were verified using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Met showed significant anti-schistosomal activity against both adults and juveniles and resulted in severe tegumental damage in the form of loss of integrity and architecture, with evident vacuolation suggestive of increased autophagy. Met might be a potential drug either alone or as an adjuvant to PZQ for the treatment of schistosomiasis <i>mansoni</i> and warrant its further assessment in animal models of disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases","volume":"49 1","pages":"69-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11832992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}