Journal of Parkinson's disease最新文献

{"title":"A paradoxical plus for Parkinson's in UK's new 'generational smoking ban'.","authors":"Michael A Schwarzschild, Eric A Macklin, Stephanie R Morain, Kjetil Bjornevik, Abby L Olsen, Xiqun Chen, Stephen N Gomperts, E Ray Dorsey, Petroula Proitsi, Alastair J Noyce, Sirwan K L Darweesh, Bastiaan R Bloem","doi":"10.1177/1877718X261469373","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X261469373","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The United Kingdom's recently enacted Tobacco and Vapes Bill introduces a \"generational smoking ban,\" prohibiting tobacco sales to anyone born after 2008. While this landmark legislation is intended to reduce the country's burden of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, it also may have an unintentional impact on the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Convergent data from observational and genetic studies indicate that non-smokers have approximately double the risk of developing PD compared to smokers. Together with preclinical data, these epidemiologic results support a potential neuroprotective effect of tobacco constituents. The new UK public health policy creates a valuable opportunity to assess prospectively whether reduction in smoking leads to a measurable increase in the age-adjusted incidence of PD, in addition to a much larger decrease in diseases known to be caused by smoking. This natural experiment may paradoxically help prevent PD, both in the long-term by enhancing our understanding of its causes, and in the short-term by motivating efforts to investigate candidate neuroprotective influences within smoked tobacco. Importantly, these benefits may be realized even if the results suggest a causal relationship between smoking and reduced PD risk. Ideally, the insights gained will accelerate development of targeted, non-toxic therapeutic interventions that slow PD without the adverse health consequences associated with tobacco use.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1071-1073"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13442912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148497678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue light therapy delivered through light glasses improves sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: A randomized trial.","authors":"Katarzyna Śmiłowska, Nienke M de Vries, Bastiaan R Bloem, Daniel J van Wamelen","doi":"10.1177/1877718X261468544","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X261468544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundSleep disturbances, including excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and fragmented nocturnal sleep, are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and significantly reduce quality of life. This pilot study evaluated the efficacy of a novel approach using blue light, delivered via dedicated glasses with integrated LED lights, to improve sleep and non-motor symptoms.MethodsRandomised, placebo-controlled, single-blind pilot study with a 2-week light intervention. Participants were assessed at baseline, two weeks, and five weeks. The study was designed to evaluate between- and within-group changes. Participants were randomly allocated to receive blue light therapy (n = 15) or red light placebo (n = 15), delivered via LED-integrated glasses for one hour, twice daily, given for a 2-week period. Primary outcome was improvement in sleep quality, assessed via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Secondary outcomes included diary-based sleep outcomes, excessive daytime sleepiness, mood, anxiety, and motor symptoms.ResultsThere was a significant group × time effect with blue light therapy leading to better Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores (<i>p</i> = 0.021). Between-group analyses showed that at two weeks a trend toward significance was observed (<i>p</i> = 0.065), while sleep quality significantly improved at five weeks compared to placebo (<i>p</i> = 0.029) with a large effect size (0.896). Excessive sleepiness improved in the blue light group (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with a reduction in clinically relevant sleepiness from 50.0% to 6.7% (<i>p</i> = 0.005).ConclusionsBlue light therapy delivered through dedicated glasses appeared to show an improvement in sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in individuals with PD. Blue light therapy offers a promising alternative to traditional light therapy utilising lower light intensities and eliminating the need for light boxes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1201-1210"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148679096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontal subcortical executive dysfunction and minor hallucinations in Parkinson's disease are linked to sensitivity to somatomotor conflicts.","authors":"Jevita Potheegadoo, Léa F Duong Phan Thanh, Fosco Bernasconi, Nathalie H Meyer, Laurent Jenni, Marie E Maradan-Gachet, Cyrille Stucker, Herberto Dhanis, Sabina Catalano Chiuvé, Julien F Bally, Mayte Castro Jimenez, Vanessa Fleury, Judit Horvath, Benoît Wicki, Javier Pagonabarraga Mora, Paul Krack, Olaf Blanke","doi":"10.1177/1877718X261440703","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X261440703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundMinor hallucinations (MH) affect 30-60% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and are considered precursors to structured visual hallucinations and cognitive decline. While the link between structured visual hallucinations and dementia is well established, the neuropsychological correlates of MH in PD remain unclear; most studies finding no significant cognitive differences between patients with MH and those without any hallucinations.ObjectivesPresence hallucinations (PH) being among the most prevalent MH in PD, we used a robotic procedure delivering somatomotor conflicts inducing PH experimentally to investigate whether sensitivity to such robot-induced PH aids in detecting cognitive differences between patients with MH and without hallucinations.Methods31 PD patients with MH (PD-MH) and 37 without hallucinations (PD-nH) underwent neuropsychological assessment and the robotic procedure inducing PH. The sensitivity to report robot-induced PH was analyzed in relation to cognitive performance in neuropsychological tests.ResultsPD-MH patients reported more robot-induced PH than PD-nH patients, supporting previous findings. While both groups showed comparable performance in neuropsychological testing, we found a significant association between increased sensitivity to the PH-induction and poorer performance in frontal subcortical cognitive functions, in PD-MH patients, but not in PD-nH patients.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that sensitivity to robot-induced PH reveals a previously undetected link between MH and frontal subcortical cognitive deficits in PD, pointing to shared underlying mechanisms between executive dysfunction and somatomotor processes involved in MH. This approach offers a novel and clinically valuable means of identifying early cognitive vulnerability that assessments relying only on standard testing may overlook.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1150-1163"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parkinsonism induced by carbon monoxide intoxication: A \"hidden gem\" in the neurological literature.","authors":"Omer Abdullah, Peter A LeWitt","doi":"10.1177/1877718X261469684","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X261469684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinsonism can be acquired by various toxic exposures, among them carbon monoxide. Since the publication of a 1972 report of Parkinsonism associated with repeated episodes of carbon monoxide exposure, the medical literature has recorded multiple cases. A distinctive bilateral change in a specific brain region, the globi pallidi, provides strong evidence for carbon monoxide-induced Parkinsonism. In addition to acute intoxication with carbon monoxide, more chronic environmental exposures may also increase the risk for Parkinsonism. Paradoxically, recent research suggests that exposure to low-dose carbon monoxide might actually have a protective effect against Parkinson disease - but this needs to be carefully and safely tested.Plain language summary titleParkinsonism associated with carbon monoxide exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1336-1339"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13442932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148579097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"E326K <i>GBA</i> polymorphism is associated with clinical and pathological features of synucleinopathy in the absence of overt Parkinson's disease or Lewy body dementia.","authors":"Moriah R Arnold, Shawn K Westaway, Randy L Woltjer, Nora E Gray, Joseph F Quinn","doi":"10.1177/1877718X261468542","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X261468542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heterozygote carriers of Gaucher's disease mutations and other polymorphisms in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene show an increased incidence of Parkinson's disease. We hypothesized that common <i>GBA</i> polymorphisms would be associated with subtle parkinsonian features, mild cognitive impairment, and \"silent\" Lewy body (LB) pathology in aging individuals without a clinical diagnosis of parkinsonism. The most prevalent <i>GBA</i> variants, T369M and E326K, appear in the general population at rates of approximately 0.6% and 1%, respectively. We evaluated 845 participants from the Oregon Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (OADRC) with SNP data generated by the National Centralized Repository of Alzheimer's Disease (NCRAD). Twenty-one subjects were E326K carriers and eighteen were T369M carriers. Clinical measures and postmortem neuropathology were compared between each SNP group and non-carriers. Although there were no statistically significant clinical differences related to synucleinopathy across groups, neuropathological analyses revealed a significantly higher prevalence of LB pathology in E326K carriers compared to T369M carriers. When stratifying each genetic group by LB status (LB+ or LB-), LB+ E326K carriers demonstrated a significant reduction in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores compared with LB- non-carriers and a modest decrease compared with T369M carriers. These preliminary findings from a small, uni-center cohort suggest that the E326K <i>GBA</i> polymorphism may predict LB pathology and subtle cognitive decline in aging individuals who lack overt parkinsonian symptoms. Further validation in a larger cohort is warranted. Identifying at-risk individuals through targeted genetic screening may ultimately support earlier intervention and preventative care strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1137-1149"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13591438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148549488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on anxiety and balance under space constraints in Parkinson's disease with anxiety syndrome: A preliminary study.","authors":"Yu-Ting Hung, Ruey-Meei Wu, Cheng-Ya Huang","doi":"10.1177/1877718X261465238","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X261465238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundImpaired balance and anxiety are critical motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Space constraints could heighten anxiety and compromise balance, particularly in anxious individuals. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) has potential for modulating anxiety and motor control, but its effects under space constraints in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) remain unclear.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the benefits of tVNS on anxiety and dynamic balance under space constraints in anxious PwPD.MethodsSixteen anxious PwPD completed a randomized cross-over trial involving active and sham tVNS sessions. Participants conducted mediolateral weight-shifting by coupling the weight-bearing of their more-affected lower extremity to a sinusoidal target in non-constraint, low-constraint, and high-constraint conditions. Weight-shifting tracking error and amplitude, physiological anxiety, and subjective anxiety were assessed.ResultsUnder space constraints, tracking error was reduced (low-constraint: p = 0.002; high-constraint: p = 0.001) and weight-shifting amplitudes toward the more-affected side (low-constraint: p < 0.001; high-constraint: p = 0.015) and less-affected side (low-constraint: p < 0.001; high-constraint: p = 0.015) were larger in active tVNS session compared with sham tVNS session. Relative to sham tVNS, active tVNS led to a lower normalized skin conductance level (physiological anxiety) in the low-constraint (p = 0.012) and high-constraint (p < 0.001) conditions. Neither weight-shifting performance nor anxiety levels were affected by tVNS in the non-constraint condition.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence that tVNS has the potential to improve weight-shifting control and modulate anxiety under space-constraint conditions in anxious PwPD. These findings suggest that tVNS may be a promising non-invasive intervention for space-related balance deficits in this population.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, Balance Exercise and Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Weight-shifting Control and Ambulation in Parkinson Disease and Anxiety, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06476912, NCT06476912.Plain language summary titleCan non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation reduce anxiety and improve balance in people with Parkinson's disease when space is limited?</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1313-1323"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13442904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148396947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualitative assessment of the clinical meaningfulness of MDS-UPDRS part III items in early-stage Parkinson's.","authors":"Sophie Cleanthous, Roger A Barker, Milton Biagioni, David T Dexter, Tanya Simuni, Thomas Morel","doi":"10.1177/1877718X261453177","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X261453177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IntroductionDevelopers of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for early-stage Parkinson's are in dialogue with regulators to identify the relative merits of the Movement Disorder Society - Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) for detecting clinically meaningful changes in patients' daily functioning during early-stage disease. We report the first qualitative assessment of MDS-UPDRS part III items' clinical meaningfulness for use in DMT pivotal trials.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 patients and 20 movement disorder neurologists. Evidence was synthesized using an interpretation framework to evaluate items according to four appraisal components.ResultsBased on synthesized evidence for each appraisal component: Patient feedback indicated all items were at least somewhat <b>meaningful to patients</b>; 12/18 items were classified as \"highly meaningful\" given their linkage to motor/daily activities functioning. See <b>Interactive Supplement</b>.4/18 items were endorsed by >90% of neurologists as <b>clinically relevant in early-stage Parkinson's</b> (\"highly relevant\").Evidence from neurologists was supportive of 6/18 items in terms of their <b>usefulness for capturing disease progression</b> (\"highly useful\").Neurologist feedback suggested <b>response option distinction/assessment specificity</b> is inconsistent across items.Together, qualitative evidence endorsed the value of items 3.3 Rigidity, 3.4 Finger tapping, 3.5 Hand movements, 3.6 Pronation-supination, 3.7 Toe tapping, and 3.8 Leg agility across all four appraisal components.ConclusionsA subset of limb-related rigidity/bradykinesia items may be most clinically meaningful for detecting changes in early-stage Parkinson's. Consolidation of quantitative data with evidence from this large qualitative sample will inform final decision-making for a primary efficacy outcome measure in DMT pivotal trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1223-1240"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13442678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148592314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality rate, main causes of death and factors associated with higher mortality hazard in late stage Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Kristina Rosqvist","doi":"10.1177/1877718X261463369","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X261463369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundA cohort of 107 patients in late stage Parkinson's disease (PD) was followed for a decade.ObjectiveTo assess mortality rate, main causes of death and factors associated with higher mortality hazard.MethodsLate stage PD was defined as Hoehn and Yahr IV-V in \"on\" or ≤ 50% independency in activities of daily living (ADL). Medical records and mortality records were used to obtain data on mortality.ResultsAfter three years from baseline, 52 (54%) of the participants were alive, after five years 30 (31%) and after seven years 14 (15%). The most common main cause of death was aspiration pneumonia (34%), followed by sepsis (16%), unspecified pneumonia (13%), ileus (5%) and Covid-19 (5%). Baseline variables significantly associated with higher mortality hazard were worse ADL independency (<i>P</i> < 0.001), worse Hoehn and Yahr stage (<i>P</i> < 0.001), worse motor function (<i>P</i> < 0.001), worse cognition (<i>P</i> < 0.001) higher age (<i>P</i> = 0.005), worse perceptual problems/hallucinations (<i>P</i> = 0.020) and having moved to a nursing home (<i>P</i> = 0.021). In a multivariable model, worse motor function (<i>P</i> = 0.001), worse depressive symptoms (<i>P</i> = 0.023) and worse cognition (<i>P</i> = 0.042).ConclusionsThe present end-of-life data provide enhanced knowledge on factors associated with higher mortality hazard in late stage PD. As aspiration pneumonia is the most common cause of death in PD worldwide and swallowing difficulties with the risk of aspiration are common in late stage PD, enhanced focus on prevention and treatment is essential. This may contribute to a better understanding of and care for late stage PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1275-1283"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148338821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic sleep staging and atonia detection in RBD using single-channel chin EMG.","authors":"Hans Van Gorp, Jaap F Van Der Aar, Ruud Jg Van Sloun, Angelique Pijpers, Pedro Fonseca, Sebastiaan Overeem, Merel M Van Gilst","doi":"10.1177/1877718X261468531","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X261468531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Study ObjectivesThe diagnosis of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is of clinical interest, as there is a high rate of future conversion to Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. The clinical standard for diagnosis of RBD relies on human scoring of REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) via polysomnography, which is labor-intensive, costly, and unsuitable for long-term monitoring. Existing (semi-)automatic detection methods often depend on prior manual annotation of REM or suffer from low REM classification performance in this population. We here propose a fully automated system using only a single-channel chin electromyography (EMG) for both REM scoring and RSWA quantification.MethodsWe analyzed 485 polysomnographic recordings, including 30 recordings of subjects with RBD. Using the recently introduced factorized score-based diffusion model, we automatically scored REM epochs based on single-channel chin EMG data, and subsequently quantified RSWA using the REM atonia index from literature.ResultsThe proposed system demonstrated strong performance in REM scoring in both subjects with and without RBD (REM sensitivity ≥0.80, specificity ≥0.97, positive predictive value ≥0.81). The REM atonia index derived from automatic scoring showed strong agreement with manually scored data, with minimal bias (≤0.03), narrow limits of agreement (≤0.13), and strong linear correlation (Peason's r ≥ 0.88).ConclusionsFully automated RSWA quantification using single-channel chin EMG is feasible and performs comparable to semi-automatic methods that rely on human sleep stage scoring based on polysomnography. This single-sensor approach can improve RBD screening accessibility, particularly in ambulatory settings, and facilitate long term monitoring of RSWA.Plain language summary titleA new way to detect sleep problems linked to Parkinson's risk using just one chin sensor.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1324-1335"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13438777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148664044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rodent models and accompanying in vitro strategies for studying the etiology and therapy of Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Kristina Lau, Tiago F Outeiro, Franziska Richter","doi":"10.1177/1877718X261463389","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X261463389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lack of disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) places a severe burden on patients, their caregivers and aging societies. While the incomplete knowledge of underlying causes and pathophysiology remains a major bottleneck towards the development of rational therapies, there have been important advances in our understanding of neurodegenerative processes. Here, animal models have contributed substantially by allowing researchers to decipher PD-relevant pathology and the development of corresponding behavioral signs, which enabled development and refinement of treatment options. Without animal models, hypotheses of mechanisms underlying the development of motor symptoms after dopamine depletion, dyskinesia as side effects, the impact of diverse environmental neurotoxins, or the formation of alpha-synuclein pathology and spreading could not have been conclusively tested. Likewise, novel technologies are enabling the use of patient derived tissues for generating in vitro models that further enhance our understanding of mechanisms and of the effects of specific genetic modifications and their role in neurodegeneration. However, animal models are, as of yet, still required to model a fully functional central nervous system connected to the immune system and peripheral organs, which are impacted by the diversity of PD pathology and symptoms. Here, we provide an overview of key contributions of animal models, their ongoing role in PD research, and how this research can be enhanced by the concomitant use of advanced in vitro systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1074-1093"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13554544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148436905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}