Journal of Parkinson's disease最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing the diagnostic potential of electroretinography in Parkinson's disease: A review of protocol and cohort criteria.","authors":"Victoria Soto Linan, Marc Hébert, Martin Lévesque","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251331863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X251331863","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electroretinography has emerged as a promising tool for identifying retinal functional anomalies in major psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, positioning it as a potential biomarker of monoaminergic dysfunction. However, despite its potential, electroretinography studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) over the past decades have been inconsistent, largely due to variations in research methodologies. These limitations diminish its potential and hinder the association between retinal electrophysiological responses and PD neuropathology. To address this challenge, this review examines the most relevant sources of data variability and reduced reproducibility in electroretinography studies aimed at detecting a retinal functional signature characteristic of PD. We propose the consolidation of four key protocol factors and five cohort criteria to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of electroretinography in PD biomarker research. As electroretinography protocols are adapted from their clinical origins for research purposes, we argue that careful attention must be given to electrode type and placement, as well as to factors like age, sex, disease duration and severity, medication intake, psychiatric conditions, and comorbidities in cohort selection to ensure reproducible results. Suggesting that past inconsistencies in these areas may explain the variability in reported results and contribute to the lack of consensus on which electroretinography parameters comprise a disease signature in PD, we ultimately offer recommendations to improve the utility of electroretinography techniques as early biomarkers for PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":"15 4","pages":"694-709"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mild cognitive impairment is not predictive of dementia up to 15 years after subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Sine Fjeldhøj, Birgitte Liang Chen Thomsen, Palle Møller Pedersen, Steen Rusborg Jensen, Anders Clausen, Merete Karlsborg, Bo Jespersen, Ove Ketil Bergdal, Annemette Løkkegaard","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251334049","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X251334049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundCognitive impairment and dementia are common findings in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the long-term effects of subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on cognition remain unclear.ObjectiveWe report short- and long-term effects of STN-DBS on cognition in PD.MethodsWe analyzed neuropsychological data before STN-DBS surgery, 3-month post-surgery, 1-year post-surgery and in a long-term follow-up (8-15 years post-surgery) to examine the effects of STN-DBS on cognition.Results81 patients with a mean disease duration of 13.0 years were examined before surgery. 50.6% were identified with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), having a mean disease duration of 14.2 years. Pre-surgical PD-MCI was not associated with clinically diagnosed dementia (PD-D) before death or before long-term follow-up (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.3-2.2, p = 0.714), but disease duration at the time of surgery was associated with development of PD-D (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.3, p = 0.005). Verbal fluency declined significantly 3 months after surgery, while other domains remained unaffected. In neuropsychological testing at long-term follow-up (N = 29), global cognitive impairment or dementia was found in 19 patients. The presence of depressive symptoms before surgery was associated to PD-D at long-term follow-up. Death before long-term follow-up was more common in patients with pre-surgical MCI than in patients with normal cognition.ConclusionsInfluence on cognition was described in a short- and long-term follow-up study up to 15 years after STN-DBS surgery in PD. Disease duration, but not pre-surgical MCI was associated with development of dementia. Impaired verbal fluency was observed both in a short- and long-term follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"879-891"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-specific progression of Parkinson's disease: A longitudinal mixed-models analysis.","authors":"Anne-Marie Hanff, Christopher McCrum, Armin Rauschenberger, Gloria A Aguayo, Claire Pauly, Sonja R Jónsdóttir, Olena Tsurkalenko, Maurice P Zeegers, Anja K Leist, Rejko Krüger","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251339201","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X251339201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundDespite its relevance, the clinical progression of motor- and non-motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly described and understood, particularly in relation to sex-specific differences in clinical progression.ObjectiveIdentification of differential aspects in disease progression in men and women with PD.MethodsLinear mixed-model analyses of 802 people with typical PD from the Luxembourg Parkinson's study's prospective cohort (median time of follow-up = three years). We estimated the effect of time and its moderation by sex (alpha ≤ 0.05), including confidence intervals, for the following outcomes: MDS-UPDRS I-IV, Starkstein Apathy Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Sniffin' sticks, bodily discomfort, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder questionnaire, PD Sleep Scale (PDSS), Munich Dysphagia Test-PD, Functional Mobility Composite Score, and the MDS-based tremor and postural instability and gait disturbances scale. In addition, the marginal means illustrated the symptoms' trajectories in men and women. Men and women had similar age.ResultsOverall, we observed a slower progression (interaction effect) in women compared to men, especially for MoCA (-0.159, 95%CI [-0.272, -0.046], p = 0.006), PDSS (-0.716, 95%CI [-1.229, -0.203], p = 0.006), PIGD (0.133, 95%CI [0.025 0.241], p = 0.016), and MDS-UPDRS II (0.346, 95%CI [0.120, 0.572], p = 0.003). The finding for MDS-UPDRS II was significant (FWER of 5%) after adjustment for multiple comparisons (Bonferroni-Holm).ConclusionsNext to the further exploration of sex-specific progression, interventions, proactive monitoring and communication strategies tailored to the symptoms progression and needs of men and women need to be developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"805-818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between neuropsychological profile and regional brain FDG uptake in progressive supranuclear palsy.","authors":"Johanna Doll-Lee, Martin Klietz, Stephan Greten, Bruno Kopp, Georg Berding, Matthias Brendel, Ida Wilkens, Sabrina Katzdobler, Johannes Levin, Adrian Danek, Sophia Rogozinski, Günter Höglinger, Monika Pötter-Nerger, Carsten Buhmann, Ralph Buchert, Florian Wegner","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251343080","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X251343080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundProgressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare neurodegenerative movement disorder clinically characterized by falls, axial rigidity, vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, bradykinesia, and cognitive decline. There is a relative lack of studies on the functional neuroimaging correlates of cognitive impairment in PSP.ObjectiveThis study investigated the relationship between regional cerebral glucose metabolism as assessed by static ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) with global scaling and the profile of cognitive performance according to the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) test battery in a sample of PSP patients representative of clinical practice.Methods22 PSP patients from three tertiary movement disorder centers with CERAD testing and FDG-PET in close proximity were included retrospectively. Neuropsychological test performance was assessed for correlation with FDG uptake on a voxel-by-voxel basis with cluster-level correction for multiple testing, separately for each subtest.ResultsIn comparison to matched healthy controls, PSP patients showed reduced FDG uptake in the left inferior frontal gyrus and right angular gyrus. Reduced overall cognitive performance according to Montreal Cognitive Assessment was associated with reduced FDG uptake in the right frontal eye field. Word list learning correlated with FDG uptake in the left frontal eye field, while language fluency was linked to FDG uptake in the bilateral premotor and supplementary motor areas.ConclusionsReduction of FDG uptake in PSP primarily affects frontal brain regions and is linked to the performance in specific cognitive domains. These findings may have implications for the interpretation of FDG-PET to support the etiological diagnosis of PSP.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"904-912"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of theta burst stimulation on the Parkinsonian gait disorder and cortical gait-network activity.","authors":"Janina Dutke, Jonas Gehlenborg, Miriam Heise, Wolfgang Hamel, Christian Gerloff, Götz Thomalla, Tim Magnus, Andreas K Engel, Christian Ke Moll, Alessandro Gulberti, Monika Pötter-Nerger","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251320941","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X251320941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundThe Parkinsonian gait disorder and freezing of gait (FoG) are challenging symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD).ObjectiveTo assess the effect of subthalamic theta burst deep brain stimulation (TBS-DBS) on the Parkinsonian gait performance in real-world conditions and cortical activity indexed by mobile EEG.MethodsIn this monocentric, randomised, double-blind, short-term study, 12 age-matched controls (11 male, age 59 ± 8 years) and 15 PD participants (14 male, age 62 ± 9 years, disease duration 15 ± 6 years) with subthalamic stimulation (76 ± 39 months) were assessed with clinical scores (FoG-Course, MDS-UPDRS) and a standardized gait course simulating everyday life situations. Three DBS algorithms were applied in a randomized order with intertrial waiting periods of 30 min: (1) OFF-DBS; (2) cDBS; (3) TBS-DBS (interburst frequency 5 Hz, intraburst frequency 200 Hz) with regular medication. During the standardized gait course a mobile, 24-channel EEG system and 6 wearable axial kinematic sensors were used.ResultsThe primary outcome, the relative change of FoG-Course by DBS, was not superior with TBS-DBS compared to cDBS in the entire sample. Seven of fifteen PD participants rated subjectively TBS-DBS equal or better than cDBS (\"TBS-preference group\"). EEG recordings revealed movement-induced alpha and beta suppression in premotor and motor cortex in both cDBS and TBS-DBS conditions in PD with slightly different patterns between the DBS modes.ConclusionsIn this pilot trial, TBS-DBS showed benefits in the subjective perception of gait in a subgroup of PD patients accompanied by specific cortical network changes. TBS-DBS merits further investigation in future larger cohort studies with longer observation periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"843-857"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-year practice effects predict long-term cognitive outcomes in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Sofía Avila Pérez, Vincent Koppelmans, Kevin M Duff, Marit Fl Ruitenberg","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251339585","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X251339585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Predicting which individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) will develop cognitive deficits is challenging, but important towards selecting those individuals at higher risk of progression for personalized early intervention and enriching samples for clinical trials of disease modifying agents. <b>Objective:</b> To examine whether practice effects on cognitive tests across one-year are predictive of eventual cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia (PDD) in individuals with PD. <b>Methods:</b> Individuals with PD (<i>n</i> = 549) from the PPMI database who were cognitively intact at baseline were included for analysis. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was administered at baseline and during annual follow-up visits over at least five years to determine if participants remained intact (MoCA ≥ 26) or developed CI (MoCA ≤ 25) or dementia (MoCA ≤ 21). Participants also completed a neuropsychological battery at baseline and again after a one-year interval. Practice effects on the cognitive tests across one-year were quantified with standardized regression-based change scores using PPMI data from cognitively intact subjects without PD. <b>Results:</b> Based on MoCA scores, 39% of patients developed CI and 10% developed PDD during the study. Linear regressions revealed smaller practice effects across one year in people with PD than in controls. Within the PD group, Cox regression analyses showed that smaller practice effects on tests of various cognitive domains were associated with an increased risk for CI. For PDD, only practice effects on a measure of processing speed significantly predicted cognitive outcomes. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings demonstrate that practice effects have prognostic value in long-term cognitive outcomes in PD. This has important implications for clinical care and research, as one-year practice effects could help identify individuals at risk for CI and PDD and enrich samples for future clinical trials. Limitations of the present study pertain to the classification of cognitive impairment on the basis of a screening instrument (i.e., the MoCA) without evidence of the absence/presence of functional impairment, and the clinical utility of the one-year interval.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"858-867"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances of transcranial electrical stimulation in healthy aging and Parkinson's disease: Effects on dual tasking.","authors":"Martina Putzolu, Alessandro Botta, Carola Cosentino, Susanna Mezzarobba, Gaia Bonassi, Elisa Ravizzotti, Sara Terranova, Giovanna Lagravinese, Elisa Pelosin, Laura Avanzino","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251327758","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X251327758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dual tasking involves the simultaneous execution of two actions. In the context of healthy aging and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) engagement in dual tasking frequently results in impaired gait or upper limb performance, thereby affecting functional independence. Transcranial electrical stimulation is a non-invasive technique able to modulate brain activity, which might represent a potential tool for reducing dual task interference. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the most recent findings about the use of transcranial electrical stimulation in improving dual tasking in the elderly and people with PD, including considerations about the optimal stimulation parameters. Differences in terms of stimulation protocols emerged across the included studies. Among transcranial electrical stimulation techniques, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was the most frequently employed. Currently, using tDCS to target dorsolateral prefrontal cortex either alone or in a multi-site fashion, along with a concurrent complex task, appears to be the most promising method for reducing dual task interference. Nevertheless, the lack of control over interindividual variability, the heterogeneity in outcome measures assessing dual tasking, and the variations in protocol elements like the frequency and the number of sessions prevented us from drawing definitive conclusions about the best paradigm.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"677-693"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservative iron chelation for VAC14: Two-year clinical-radiological follow-up.","authors":"Thomas Ollivier, David Devos, Gregory Kuchcinski, Luc Defebvre, Vincent Huin, Eugenie Mutez","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251331820","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X251331820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a distinct lack of consensus on the most effective treatments for neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. This is due to the rarity of the disease, its phenotypic variability, and the multiplicity of pathophysiological mechanisms. Our team has already proposed the use of conservative iron chelation in cases of neuroferritinopathy, with interesting results. However, no mention has yet been made of the treatment of parkinsonism-dystonia related to <i>VAC14</i> gene mutations. The case reported here illustrates clinical stability after 2 years of conservative iron chelation, with an improvement in radiological images.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"925-928"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pregnancy and delivery in women with Parkinson's disease: A case series.","authors":"Willanka M Kapelle, Annelien M Oosterbaan, Gaia Patane, Capucine Piat, Khaled E Ghoniem, Emanuele Camerucci, Pierpaolo Turcano, James H Bower, Rodolfo Savica","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251316161","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X251316161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive degenerative disease affecting people at any age; however, it is generally more prevalent in older age groups. Younger individuals, especially women, are facing significant challenges that pertain to pregnancy. Unfortunately, the available information is limited and supported mostly by anecdotical experience.ObjectiveTo gain insight into the interaction between early-onset PD and pregnancy.MethodsWe report on a case series of women, diagnosed with PD, that underwent pregnancy to explore the disease catachrestic, natural history, and different challenges associated with these unique group of people.ResultsWe identified a total of 9 participants who met our inclusion criteria, who had gone through a total of 12 pregnancies after onset of PD motor symptoms. In 10 out of 12 pregnancies, participants did not use any PD medication; throughout 1 pregnancy, a participant used pramipexole and throughout 1 pregnancy, a participant used levodopa/carbidopa.ConclusionsOur study supports the importance of further multicentric studies on pregnant women with PD to prospectively collect data on complications, birth outcomes, lactation, and PD severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"913-918"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dementia risk prediction in early Parkinson's disease: Validation and genetic integration of the Montreal Parkinson risk of dementia scale (MoPaRDS).","authors":"Aleksandra A Szwedo, Ingvild Dalen, Rachael A Lawson, Alison J Yarnall, Kenn Freddy Pedersen, Angus D Macleod, Carl E Counsell, David Bäckström, Lars Forsgren, Marta Camacho, Caroline H Williams-Gray, Ole-Bjørn Tysnes, Guido Alves, Jodi Maple-Grødem","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251329857","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1877718X251329857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundPrediction models for dementia in Parkinson disease (PD) are needed to better identify high-risk patients, but existing risk models often lack validation in early-stage PD, when prognosis is most challenging.ObjectiveThis study aims to validate the Montreal Parkinson Risk of Dementia Scale (MoPaRDS) in six population-based cohorts of newly diagnosed PD and to evaluate if incorporating genetic factors (<i>GBA1</i> and <i>APOE-ε4</i>) enhances its performance.MethodsWe calculated MoPaRDS scores for 1108 newly diagnosed PD patients, and MoPaRDS + <i>GBA1 </i>+ <i>APOE</i> for the 941 patients with complete genetic data. We assessed the scores' performance in predicting dementia diagnosed over 10 years using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.ResultsOf the 1108 patients (mean age 69.5 ± 10.0 years; 61.0% men), 350 (31.6%) developed dementia. The area under the time-dependent ROC curve (AUC) was 0.79 for MoPaRDS and 0.80 for MoPaRDS + <i>GBA1 </i>+ <i>APOE.</i> Subdividing patients based on their MoPaRDS scores revealed annual observed risks of PDD of 39.4% (n = 8; high risk-), 11.4% (n = 176; intermediate risk-), and 5.0% (n = 942; low risk-group). With the suggested cutoff of ≥4, MoPaRDS had a sensitivity of 21.7% and specificity of 94.9%. Including the genetic items improved the sensitivity to 36.4% while maintaining comparable performance for specificity (91.5%).ConclusionsMoPaRDS demonstrates high specificity but limited sensitivity in early PD, highlighting that a one-size-fits-all approach is inadequate for predicting dementia risk in PD across different disease stages. Integrating genetic items increases sensitivity and identifies more newly diagnosed patients at higher risk of dementia, and may be a useful approach to assist dementia risk assessment in early-stage PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"868-878"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}