{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Parkinsonian Hand or Clinician's Eye? Finger Tap Bradykinesia Interrater Reliability for 21 Movement Disorder Experts\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251329129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X251329129","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1877718X251329129"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Predicting motor function improvement following deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for Parkinson's disease based on STN-T2MRI radiomics.","authors":"Zhenke Li, Jinxing Sun, Haopeng Lin, Qianqian Wu, Junheng Jia, Xing Guo, Weiguo Li","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251319697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X251319697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings for neural nuclei are an important reference for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and target localization in deep brain stimulation (DBS). The MRI characteristics of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in PD patients are heterogeneous and may be indicative of differing levels of motor dysfunction in these individuals.ObjectiveTo investigate whether the radiological characteristics of the STN on preoperative T2-MRI can assist in predicting motor function improvement in PD patients following STN-DBS through radiomics.Methods137 patients with good improvement (Good) and 72 patients with poor improvement (Poor) were enrolled. T2-MRI images of the STN were used to extract radiomics features. Three machine learning models were used to classify the patients according to their radiomics features. Finally, the performance and clinical benefits of the models (radiomics model, clinical model, and clinical-radiomics model) were evaluated by calibration curve, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA).ResultsThe logistic regression and support vector machine models optimally distinguished Good and Poor, with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.844 and 0.853, respectively. The ROC curve, calibration curves, and DCA demonstrated that the integrated clinical-radiomics model had the highest clinical benefit among all models tested, in the test set (accuracy 0.876 and AUC 0.937).ConclusionsThe combined model incorporating the radiomics features of the STN and clinical features predicted motor function improvement following STN-DBS for PD well and may provide a noninvasive and effective approach for evaluating surgical indications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1877718X251319697"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonardo Rigon, Francesco Bove, Alessandro Izzo, Nicola Montano, Livia Brusa, Rocco Cerroni, Alessandro De Biase, Lazzaro di Biase, Giorgio Quintino D'Alessandris, Danilo Genovese, Pasquale Maria Pecoraro, Antonella Peppe, Marina Rizzo, Alessandro Stefani, Antonio Suppa, Anna Rita Bentivoglio, Paolo Calabresi, Carla Piano
{"title":"Concordance between imaging and clinical based STN-DBS programming improves motor outcomes of directional stimulation in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Leonardo Rigon, Francesco Bove, Alessandro Izzo, Nicola Montano, Livia Brusa, Rocco Cerroni, Alessandro De Biase, Lazzaro di Biase, Giorgio Quintino D'Alessandris, Danilo Genovese, Pasquale Maria Pecoraro, Antonella Peppe, Marina Rizzo, Alessandro Stefani, Antonio Suppa, Anna Rita Bentivoglio, Paolo Calabresi, Carla Piano","doi":"10.1177/1877718X241305725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X241305725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundAdvances in STN-DBS technology, among which directional stimulation, improved Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment efficacy, while increasing the clinical programming complexity. Lead localization software may aid the stimulation contact selection process.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the concordance between imaging-suggested (IGP) and conventional-programming (CP) selected stimulation contacts one year after surgery and its impact on motor outcomes.MethodsSixty-four PD patients with bilateral STN-DBS were enrolled. Lead localization was reconstructed with Brainlab<sup>TM</sup> software. For each electrode, the vertical contact level and, when applicable, the directionality predicted by the lead reconstruction software to be the most effective were established and compared to the stimulation parameters clinically activated one-year post-surgery. IGP/CP concordance ratio was calculated for both stimulation level and directional contacts. Post-operative modifications of PD motor symptoms severity were compared among groups of concordant and discordant IGP/CP programming.ResultsOne-year post-surgery, IGP/CP concordance was 80% for active stimulation vertical contact level and 51% for directionality. No significant difference in motor outcomes was found between IGP/CP concordant and discordant patients for contact level activation, whereas patients with concordant IGP/CP active directional stimulation (c-Direction) showed superior motor outcomes at one-year follow-up than those discordant (d-Direction) (UPDRS-III stimulation-induced improvement: c-Direction = -25.66 ± 13.74 vs. d-Direction = -12.54 ± 11.86; p = 0.011).ConclusionsVisual reconstruction software correctly predicted the most clinically effective stimulation contact levels in most patients. Imaging therefore facilitates classic STN-DBS clinical programming while assuring similar outcomes. Moreover, better motor outcomes were reached by patients with concordant IGP/CP directional parameters, suggesting that visualization can represent an added value in particular for directional stimulation programming.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1877718X241305725"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrating virtual reality into multidisciplinary care for Parkinson's disease: A narrative review.","authors":"Daniela Pimenta Silva, Filipa Pona-Ferreira, Ricardo Cacho, Beatriz Santos, Teresa Lobo, Raquel Bouça-Machado, Joaquim J Ferreira","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251323916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X251323916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms, significantly impacting patients' functionality and quality of life. Clinical exercise, as part of a multidisciplinary approach, is gaining a crucial role in PD management. Goal-based exercises, combining physical activity with cognitive tasks, external feedback and cues, motor sequencing strategies and dual-tasking may enhance motor learning processes and guide physiotherapy programs.Virtual reality (VR) and exergaming have also emerged as promising tools in PD rehabilitation, offering challenging activities in multisensory environments. They provide intensive and repetitive training, augmented feedback, and tailored exercises in highly interactive and enriched environments. Clinical studies have presented promising results in people with PD, supported by neuroimaging studies showing distinct brain activation patterns post-VR training. However, heterogeneity in study design and lack of standardized characterization of VR systems hinder further application in PD rehabilitation.In this review, we appraise the distinguishing features between different VR systems, highlight VR-related motor and cognitive training in PD and explore how VR interventions are aligned with principles of neuroplasticity and motor learning in PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1877718X251323916"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mirjam Wolfschlag, Gustav Cedergren Weber, Jonathan Timpka, Daniel Weintraub, Per Odin, Anders Håkansson
{"title":"Recognition, management, and patient perspectives of impulsive-compulsive disorders in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Mirjam Wolfschlag, Gustav Cedergren Weber, Jonathan Timpka, Daniel Weintraub, Per Odin, Anders Håkansson","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251323922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X251323922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundImpulsive-compulsive disorders (ICDs) are commonly acknowledged as side effects of dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). While many large-scale studies have focused on prevalences and high-risk treatments, little is known about practical management of ICDs in clinical care and patients' experiences.ObjectiveTo investigate how ICDs are recognized in clinical PD care, clinical features of patients with ICDs, and how patients are impacted by their ICD.MethodsQuestionnaires were sent to all patients who reported ICD symptoms in the Swedish quality register for PD in Skåne County (n = 170) and patients' medical records were screened for mention of ICDs. Core subjects were communication between clinician and patient, course and management of ICDs, and impact on different life domains.ResultsDespite sufficient awareness of the ICD risk during PD treatment, there was limited communication between clinical care staff and patients regarding ICDs. Only 49% of patients had reported their ICD as part of clinical care, and only 14% had been asked about it. Additionally, collaboration with psychiatry was rare (12%). ICD severity increased over time with ongoing PD treatment, and most patients reported a mild to moderate impact of their ICD on close relationships, family, mental and physical health.ConclusionsThis study identified insufficient communication about ICDs as part of clinical care in PD and a very limited involvement of mental health services. Thus, to improve prevention and treatment, ICDs should be recognized, monitored and treated more systematically in routine clinical care, and collaboration with mental health services should be increased.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1877718X251323922"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luigi Borzì, Florenc Demrozi, Ruggero Angelo Bacchin, Cristian Turetta, Luis Sigcha, Domiziana Rinaldi, Giuliana Fazzina, Giulio Balestro, Alessandro Picelli, Graziano Pravadelli, Gabriella Olmo, Stefano Tamburin, Leonardo Lopiano, Carlo Alberto Artusi
{"title":"Freezing of gait detection: The effect of sensor type, position, activities, datasets, and machine learning model.","authors":"Luigi Borzì, Florenc Demrozi, Ruggero Angelo Bacchin, Cristian Turetta, Luis Sigcha, Domiziana Rinaldi, Giuliana Fazzina, Giulio Balestro, Alessandro Picelli, Graziano Pravadelli, Gabriella Olmo, Stefano Tamburin, Leonardo Lopiano, Carlo Alberto Artusi","doi":"10.1177/1877718X241302766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X241302766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundFreezing of gait (FoG) is a complex, frequent, and disabling motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Wearable technology has the potential to improve FoG assessment by providing objective, quantitative, and continuous monitoring.ObjectiveThis study aims to develop a robust FoG detection algorithm that can be embedded in a simple and unobtrusive wearable sensor system and can lead to a reliable unsupervised home assessment.MethodsTwenty-two subjects with PD and FoG were enrolled, equipped with four inertial modules on the ankles, back, and wrist, and asked to perform different tasks. Feature-driven and data-driven machine learning approaches were implemented, optimized, and evaluated. Further testing was conducted on two external datasets including a total of 545 FoG episodes.ResultsSixteen subjects experienced FoG, providing a total number of 101 FoG events. Results demonstrated that a single sensor on the ankle, with an adequate algorithm of data analysis based on machine learning, can provide a non-invasive approach for accurate FoG detection. The model proved robust on the independent datasets, with 88-95% FoG episodes correctly detected. Interestingly, while FoG can be easily discriminated from walking, static positions, and postural transitions, turning represents a significant challenge. The high number of false alarms still represents the main limitation of the FoG recognition algorithms.ConclusionsThe collected dataset includes data from different sensors at different body positions. This, together with detailed labeling of tasks, activities, FoG episodes and their severity, can be a significant contribution to research on automatic FoG detection and characterization.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1877718X241302766"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seeding amplification assay: Limitations and insights for enhanced clinical and research applications.","authors":"Ilham Y Abdi, Sara A Hashish, Omar A El-Agnaf","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251325124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X251325124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accurate diagnosis of synucleinopathies-neurodegenerative diseases marked by misfolded α-synuclein protein aggregates, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy-remains a critical challenge. Conventional clinical criteria, frequently verified only through postmortem examination, results in diagnostic delays that impede timely intervention. Seeding amplification assay (SAA) has emerged as a promising diagnostic tool, offering high sensitivity for detecting α-synuclein aggregates even in early disease stages. While SAA enables early diagnosis by amplifying misfolded α-synuclein in biological samples, several barriers exist, including a lack of assay standardization, technical complexity, and difficulty differentiating among synucleinopathies. Additionally, the current SAA is primarily qualitative, limiting their ability to correlate with disease severity or progression. This review addresses these limitations by examining pre-analytical and analytical factors influencing SAA performance and exploring emerging quantitative approaches. Recent advancements include the integration of SAA with quantitative methodologies, which hold promise for enhanced diagnostic accuracy and clinical applicability. SAA's potential as a diagnostic and monitoring tool is significant and can be further improved by validation in longitudinal studies. The clinical implementation of SAA could revolutionize the early detection and management of synucleinopathies, ultimately improving patient outcomes through earlier diagnosis and tailored therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1877718X251325124"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143537327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthony Nuber-Champier, Philippe Voruz, Ioana Constantin, Alexandre Cionca, Julie A Péron
{"title":"Cerebrospinal ceramides and cognition as a function of striatal asymmetry in early stage of Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Anthony Nuber-Champier, Philippe Voruz, Ioana Constantin, Alexandre Cionca, Julie A Péron","doi":"10.1177/1877718X251319242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X251319242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by heterogeneous clinical phenotypes that may be influenced by the asymmetry of striatal denervation. The alpha-Synuclein Origin site and Connectome (SOC) model proposes that different disease onset patterns-\"body first\" versus \"brain first\"-affect symptom development and cognitive decline.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to explore the relationship between striatal denervation asymmetry, ceramide metabolism, and cognitive performance in early-stage PD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from 329 patients with PD at baseline, categorized by the type of putamen denervation asymmetry predominance at baseline, along with data from 167 healthy controls. We performed generalized linear mixed models introducing ceramides levels and cognitive performance as discriminating factors. Spearman correlations were used to highlight the relationship between cognition and ceramides.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings revealed that patients with asymmetric striatal denervation exhibited higher concentrations of C18:0 ceramides compared to both symmetric patients and healthy controls. Moreover, patients with symmetric denervation demonstrated greater cognitive impairment than those with right or left asymmetry.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study highlights the importance of striatal denervation asymmetry in influencing ceramide metabolism and cognitive function in early-stage PD. These findings suggest that specific ceramide profiles may serve as metabolic markers to distinguish clinical phenotypes, providing insights into disease progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1877718X251319242"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143537326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martina Mancini, Jeffrey M Hausdorff, Elisa Pelosin, Paolo Bonato, Richard Camicioli, Terry D Ellis, Jochen Klucken, Larry Gifford, Alfonso Fasano, Alice Nieuwboer, Catherine Kopil, Katharina Klapper, Leslie Kirsch, David T Dexter, Rosie Fuest, Vicki Miller, Angelica Asis, Martijn Ltm Müller, Diane Stephenson, Anat Mirelman
{"title":"A framework to standardize gait study protocols in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Martina Mancini, Jeffrey M Hausdorff, Elisa Pelosin, Paolo Bonato, Richard Camicioli, Terry D Ellis, Jochen Klucken, Larry Gifford, Alfonso Fasano, Alice Nieuwboer, Catherine Kopil, Katharina Klapper, Leslie Kirsch, David T Dexter, Rosie Fuest, Vicki Miller, Angelica Asis, Martijn Ltm Müller, Diane Stephenson, Anat Mirelman","doi":"10.1177/1877718X241305626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X241305626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Research over the past twenty years has shown that gait outcomes have a high sensitivity for diagnosing Parkinson's disease (PD), for detecting the effects of interventions, and for monitoring disease progression, even in early disease. However, the lack of standardization in protocols and reported gait measures is impeding data aggregation across study sites and contributes to heterogeneity in the results, thus limiting the adoption of gait outcomes in clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To provide recommendations for a minimum set of gait measures to be adopted in projects evaluating people with PD to enhance standardization across the field.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Gait Advisors Leading Outcomes for Parkinson's (GALOP) committee is an advisory committee for the MJFF. Based on a five-step approach, GALOP generated recommendations for standardizing protocols that assess quantitative gait measures, following expert consensus on best practices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Built on the literature and consensus amongst experts, we recommend a minimum set of meta-data to accompany gait protocols and a minimum gait assessment protocol to be performed at a comfortable speed. Suggestions on challenging testing are provided.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To support and empower the scientific community, we have generated recommendations to collect and share gait data gathered from people with PD using an open data repository. Standardizing gait protocols and outcomes in PD has the potential of accelerating research and clinical trials, harmonizing protocols across study sites, fostering collaborations, and in the long run, improving patient care and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1877718X241305626"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143501908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge E Quintero, Monica J Chau, John T Slevin, Lisa Koehl, Julie A Gurwell, Elizabeth Wallace, Richard J Kryscio, Riham El Khouli, Amelia J Anderson-Mooney, Frederick A Schmitt, Greg A Gerhardt, Craig G van Horne
{"title":"Two-year feasibility and safety of open-label autologous peripheral nerve tissue implantation during deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Jorge E Quintero, Monica J Chau, John T Slevin, Lisa Koehl, Julie A Gurwell, Elizabeth Wallace, Richard J Kryscio, Riham El Khouli, Amelia J Anderson-Mooney, Frederick A Schmitt, Greg A Gerhardt, Craig G van Horne","doi":"10.1177/1877718X241312409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X241312409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a loss of functioning neurons in the substantia nigra. Two options exist when encountering damaged neurons: replace or support. We implemented a strategy of using autologous peripheral nerve tissue, in a reparative state, to provide a collection of neurorestorative support to unhealthy neurons with the goal of modifying the motor progression of PD.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Report on two-year compliance feasibility, safety, and clinical experience of combining this delivery at the time of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants with PD undergoing open-label peripheral nerve tissue implantation to the substantia nigra at the time of DBS surgery were followed from pre-surgery to two years after surgery through clinical evaluations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventeen of 18 participants who underwent the procedure completed the 2-year study visits. No study-related serious adverse events occurred.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The trial met its primary endpoints of feasibility and safety. We were able to practicably and safely implant participants and have participants comply with 2-year visits and exams. Adverse events related to study participation were deemed manageable by participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":16660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parkinson's disease","volume":" ","pages":"1877718X241312409"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143501848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}