Journal of Neuroendocrinology最新文献

{"title":"The effects of feminization hormone therapy on the brain of transgender women: A hypothesis.","authors":"Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza, Carme Uribe, Alberto Marcos, Rosa Fernández, Eduardo Pásaro, Mª Cruz Rodríguez Del Cerro, Sarah M Burke, Antonio Guillamon","doi":"10.1111/jne.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is a medical treatment used to help transgender individuals align their physical appearance with their gender identity. GAHT in transgender women (TW) has been found to lead to a reduction in brain tissue with an expansion of the ventricles. We discuss an animal model studying the effects of GAHT that suggests dehydration of brain tissue and an alteration in the relative concentration of brain metabolites. We hypothesize that estradiol, acting on astrocytes, alters cerebral blood flow, water metabolism, and metabolite concentration and argue that these changes could explain the higher risk of stroke observed in GAHT-treated TW compared to untreated cisgender men. Future studies should clarify the mechanisms underlying the brain tissue changes induced by GAHT.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70026"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early testosterone exposure during development advances myelination and affects neurogenesis of the vocal control motor path in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata).","authors":"Adriana Diez, Kevin G Young, Scott A MacDougall-Shackleton","doi":"10.1111/jne.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Birdsong learning and production is mediated through a vocal control circuit that exhibits ubiquitous and profound sex differences. In zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) only males sing, and sex differences in both neuroanatomy and myelination of this circuit emerge during the first 3 months of life as song learning is taking place. Song crystallization occurs at the onset of sexual maturity, at a time when neuron recruitment to the vocal control region HVC is reduced and the myelination of the projection from HVC to the motor nucleus RA (robust nucleus of arcopallium) rapidly develops. Prior work demonstrated that experimental testosterone treatment early in song development disrupted song learning, potentially by leading to premature song crystallization, but the effects of testosterone on neurogenesis and myelination of the vocal control system are little studied. We implanted male zebra finches with blank or testosterone pellets around Day 35 at the onset of the sensorimotor phase of song development. We examined the effects of early testosterone treatment on song development, myelination, and neurogenesis (doublecortin labeled cells) of the motor path of the vocal control circuit (HVC to RA). We also quantified singing consistency at two ages in adulthood. Testosterone treatment accelerated changes in myelin within HVC and in the projection from HVC to RA and accelerated age-related changes in doublecortin-labeled cells in HVC. Song and syllable stereotypy increased with age, but we did not detect an effect of hormone treatment. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the testosterone exposure during development initiates processes that normally occur at sexual maturity, including changes in neurogenesis and myelination of the motor control path of the vocal control system.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70022"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corticosteroid-regulated gene transcription in SH-SY5Y-derived neurons: Insights into the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor-mediated response.","authors":"Justina F Lugenbühl, Clara Snijders, Cameron D Pernia, Marina Soliva Estruch, Gunter Kenis, Nikolaos P Daskalakis","doi":"10.1111/jne.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are debilitating stress-related psychiatric disorders that can develop following exposure to traumatic events or chronic stress in some individuals. The neurobiological processes leading to disease remain largely unknown. Among others, these disorders are characterized by a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). This leads to altered downstream corticosteroid-induced gene expression. In vitro models are promising tools to investigate specific neurobiological underpinnings of the stress response in the brain. Here, we investigated the suitability of SH-SY5Y-derived neurons as a cost-efficient system to study the role of GR and MR in the neuronal stress response. SH-SY5Y-derived neurons were characterized, exposed to corticosteroids, and analyzed on transcriptomic and proteomic levels. We show that (i) these neurons express sufficient and seemingly functional GR and MR to allow the study of corticosteroid-induced transcription, (ii) three corticosteroids cortisol, dexamethasone, and aldosterone, induced similar transcriptomic effects, (iii) the antagonist spironolactone mildly attenuated the effects of dexamethasone in FKBP5, DUSP1, and SUPV3L1. Mifepristone did not significantly alter the effect of aldosterone. (iv) Integrating transcriptomic alterations of these corticosteroid-exposed neurons with those of iPSC-derived neurons exposed to dexamethasone showed concordant corticosteroid-induced effects in the two in vitro systems. To determine translational validity, we compared the gene expression in these neurons with the transcriptome of postmortem brain samples from individuals with PTSD and MDD, yielding stronger negative correlations of corticosteroid effects in SH-SY5Y-derived neurons with PTSD signatures than with MDD signatures. Upon further refinement and validation, SH-SY5Y-derived neurons may serve as a simplistic tool to study neuronal corticosteroid-induced gene expression and the implicated molecular networks around GR and MR. Strengthening our insight into these receptors' functions improves our understanding of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is commonly altered in stress-related psychiatric disorders such as PTSD and MDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70021"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal regulation of Tsh-β, Dio2, Dio3, and GnRH-I mRNA expressions in Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus) under natural conditions.","authors":"Bidisha Kataki, Anand S Dixit","doi":"10.1111/jne.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seasonal transitions in avian reproductive cycles are governed by neuroendocrine adaptability. The molecular mechanisms behind seasonal regulation are still not fully understood in many species and remain an important area of ongoing research. Despite recognizing the importance of regulatory genes, gaps persist in comprehending the exact molecular processes that control the transitions between different reproductive phases. We investigated the expression patterns of Tsh-β (Thyroid-stimulating hormone subunit beta), Dio2 (Iodothyronine deiodinase 2), Dio3 (Iodothyronine deiodinase 3), and GnRH-I (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone I) mRNAs in regulating reproduction in both sexes of the Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus). Adult tree sparrows (n = 4 for each sex) were procured from the wild, and mRNA expression of Tsh-β, Dio2, Dio3, and GnRH-I, along with gonadal size and body weight, was examined on a monthly basis for 1 year. Results revealed distinct annual cycles of Tsh-β, Dio2, Dio3, and GnRH-I mRNA expression and gonadal size in both sexes. Significantly higher expressions of Tsh-β, Dio2, and GnRH-I mRNA were observed during the breeding phase (April-May), while Dio3 expression was reported higher during the non-breeding phase. The synchronization in the pattern of increase in the Tsh-β, Dio2, and GnRH-I during the breeding phase is associated with gonadal growth, suggesting their potential involvement in regulating seasonal reproduction in tree sparrows. Thus, the control of the reproductive cycle in tree sparrows involves the actions of Tsh-β and Dio2/Dio3 leading to the activation and deactivation of GnRH-I via the HPG (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal) axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70023"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive chemoanatomical mapping, and the gonadal regulation, of seven kisspeptin neuronal populations in the mouse brain.","authors":"Vito S Hernández, Mario A Zetter, Oscar R Hernández-Pérez, Rafael Hernández-González, Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo, Robert P Millar, Lee E Eiden, Limei Zhang","doi":"10.1111/jne.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kisspeptinergic signaling is well-established as crucial for the regulation of reproduction, but its potential broader role in brain function is less understood. This study investigates the distribution and chemotyping of kisspeptin-expressing neurons within the mouse brain. RNAscope single, dual, and multiplex in situ hybridization methods were used to assess kisspeptin mRNA (Kiss1) expression and its co-expression with other neuropeptides, excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter markers, and sex steroid receptors in wild-type intact and gonadectomized young adult mice. Seven distinct kisspeptin neuronal chemotypes were characterized, including two novel kisspeptin-expressing groups described for the first time, that is, the Kiss1 population in the ventral premammillary nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Kiss1 mRNA was also observed to localize in both somatic and dendritic compartments of hypothalamic neurons. High androgen receptor expression and changes in medial amygdala and septo-hypothalamic Kiss1 expression following GDX in males, but not in females, suggest a role for androgen receptors in regulating kisspeptin signaling. This study provides a detailed chemoanatomical map of kisspeptin-expressing neurons, highlighting their potential functional diversity. The discovery of a new kisspeptin-expressing group and gonadectomy-induced changes in Kiss1 expression patterns suggest broader roles for kisspeptin in brain functions beyond those of reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70019"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypotheses in light detection by vertebrate ancient opsin in the bird brain.","authors":"Tyler J Stevenson, Timothy A Liddle, Simone L Meddle, Jonathan H Pérez, Stuart N Peirson, Russell G Foster, Gaurav Majumdar","doi":"10.1111/jne.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extra-retinal photoreception is common across fish and avian species. In birds, the hypothalamus contains non-visual photoreceptors that detect light and regulate multiple endocrine systems. To date, light-dependent control of seasonal reproduction is one of the most well-studied systems that require deep brain photoreception. However, the precise photoreceptor(s) that detect light and the neuroendocrine connection between opsin-expressing cells and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH1) system remain poorly defined. In the past couple of decades, two opsin molecules have been proposed to link light detection with seasonal reproduction in birds: neuropsin (Opn5) and vertebrate ancient opsin (VA opsin). Only VA opsin is expressed in GnRH1 cells and has an absorption spectrum that matches the action spectrum of the avian photoperiodic reproductive response. This perspective describes how the annual change in daylength, referred to as photoperiod, regulates the neuroendocrine control of seasonal reproduction. The opsin genes are then outlined, and the cellular phototransduction cascade is described, highlighting the common feature of hyperpolarization in response to light stimulation. We then discuss the latest evidence using short-hairpin RNA to temporarily knock down VA opsin and Opn5 on transcripts involved in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. Based on emerging data, we outline three theoretical scenarios in which VA opsin might regulate GnRH1 synthesis and release in birds. The models proposed provide a series of testable hypotheses that can be used to improve our understanding of avian light detection by VA opsin or other opsin-expressing cells in the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70020"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kisspeptin fiber and receptor distribution analysis suggests its potential role in central sensorial processing and behavioral state control.","authors":"Limei Zhang, Vito Salvador Hernández, Mario Alberto Zetter, Oscar Rene Hernández-Pérez, Rafael Hernández-González, Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo, Lee E Eiden, Robert P Millar","doi":"10.1111/jne.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kisspeptin (KP) signaling in the brain is defined by the anatomical distribution of KP-producing neurons, their fibers, receptors, and connectivity. Technological advances have prompted a re-evaluation of these chemoanatomical aspects, originally studied in the early years after the discovery of KP and its receptor Kiss1r. Previously, we characterized (Hernández et al. bioRxiv 2024) seven KP neuronal populations in the mouse brain at the mRNA level, including two novel populations, and examined their response to gonadectomy. In this study, we mapped KP fiber distribution in rats and mice using immunohistochemistry under intact as well as short- and long-term post-gonadectomy conditions. Kiss1r mRNA expression was examined via RNAscope, in relation to vesicular GABA transporter (Slc32a1) in whole mouse brain, and to KP and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Slc17a6), Kiss1, and Slc32a1 in hypothalamic RP3V and arcuate regions. We identified KP fibers in 118 brain regions, primarily in extra-hypothalamic areas associated with sensorial processing and behavioral state control. KP-immunoreactive fiber density and distribution were largely unchanged by gonadectomy. Kiss1r was expressed prominently in sensorial and state control regions such as the septal nuclei, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, locus coeruleus, hippocampal layers, thalamic nuclei, and cerebellar structures. Co-expression of Kiss1r and Kiss1 was observed in hypothalamic neurons, suggesting both autocrine and paracrine KP signaling mechanisms. These findings enhance our understanding of KP signaling beyond reproductive functions, particularly in sensorial processing and behavioral state regulation. This study opens new avenues for investigating KP's role in controlling complex physiological processes, including those unrelated to reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70007"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with somatostatin analogs beyond gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","authors":"Giulia Santo,&nbsp;Gianpaolo di Santo,&nbsp;Francesco Cicone,&nbsp;Irene Virgolini","doi":"10.1111/jne.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>First isolated by Brazeau et al. in 1972, somatostatin (SST) is a neuropeptide known for regulating various signaling pathways through its specific cell surface receptors. Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) comprise a family of five G protein-coupled receptors that are widely distributed across the human body and are expressed by various tumor types. The growing understanding of their clinical potential led to the introduction of both cold and radiolabeled somatostatin analogs (SSAs), which have revolutionized the management of several cancers, especially neuroendocrine tumors. As a direct consequence, advances in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) over the last 30 years led to the approval of ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE for the treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNETs). Theoretically, any cancer patients whose tumors express SSTR, as demonstrated in vivo through SSTR-based molecular imaging, could be candidates for PRRT, especially those with limited treatment options. However, evidence on the efficacy of PRRT in non-GEPNET SSTR-expressing tumors is limited, and mainly derived from small retrospective studies. Given the limited therapeutic options for advanced/metastatic patients, there is a clear need for randomized trials to formally approve PRRT with SSAs for patients who may benefit from this treatment, particularly in certain types of neuroendocrine neoplasms such as lung carcinoids, paragangliomas, and meningiomas, where high rates of disease control (up to 80%) can be achieved. In addition, emerging evidence supports the potential of combination therapies, alpha emitters, and non-SSTR-based radionuclide therapy in tumors beyond GEPNET. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of PRRT's role in cancers beyond GEPNET, exploring new possibilities and future directions for most SSTR highly expressing tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prostaglandin synthesis mediates the suppression of arcuate Kiss1 neuron activation and pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion during immune/inflammatory stress in female mice.","authors":"Rodrigo A Carrasco, Jessica Jang, Jacklyn Jung, Richard B McCosh, Michael J Kreisman, Kellie M Breen","doi":"10.1111/jne.70004","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stress induces a series of compensatory mechanisms with the objective of restoration or adaptation of physiological function. A common casualty of the response to stress is impaired reproduction via the inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion; however, how stressors convey LH inhibition remains unclear and may be dependent on stress type. Immune/inflammatory stress, modeled with peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, induces a systemic inflammatory response which may contrast with the neural mechanisms employed by psychosocial stressors. We examined the suppressive effect of LPS versus psychosocial stress, modeled with restraint, on pulsatile LH secretion and investigated the neural mechanisms underlying LPS-induced LH suppression in ovariectomized (OVX) female mice. We observed that both LPS and restraint significantly suppressed mean LH concentrations; however, the dynamics of pulse suppression displayed stress-type dependency. LPS induced a reduction in both LH pulse frequency and amplitude, whereas restraint suppressed LH pulse frequency without compromising pulse amplitude. Next, we investigated the mediatory role of immune/inflammatory signaling for LPS to impair LH secretion and upstream arcuate Kiss1 cell function. Peripheral administration of flurbiprofen, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, blocked the suppressive effect of LPS on LH pulse frequency and amplitude. Interestingly, flurbiprofen only partially prevented the suppressive effect of LPS on arcuate Kiss1 cell activity, as measured by c-Fos expression. These data demonstrate that immune/inflammatory stress inhibits the activity of the LH pulse generator, in part, via a prostaglandin-dependent pathway and supports the role of differential neural mechanisms mediating LH pulse suppression during stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective changes in vasopressin neurons and astrocytes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Prader-Willi syndrome subjects.","authors":"Felipe Correa-da-Silva, Jari B Berkhout, Pim Schouten, Margje Sinnema, Constance T R M Stumpel, Leopold M G Curfs, Charlotte Höybye, Ahmed Mahfouz, Onno C Meijer, Alberto M Pereira, Eric Fliers, Dick F Swaab, Andries Kalsbeek, Chun-Xia Yi","doi":"10.1111/jne.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) hosts the central circadian pacemaker and regulates daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. The SCN is composed of peptidergic neuron populations expressing arginine vasopressin (AVP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), as well as glial cells. Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) commonly experience circadian disturbances, which are particularly evident in their sleep/wake patterns. Using publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data, we assessed the cell-type specificity of PWS-causative genes in murine SCN, which revealed the differential presence of PWS-related genes in glial and neural subpopulations. We then investigated neurons and glial cells in the SCN using immunohistochemistry in the postmortem hypothalami of PWS subjects and matched controls. We profiled neural populations characterized by AVP and VIP, astroglia characterized by glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), and microglia marked by ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2). Our analysis revealed an increased total number, neuronal density, and relative staining intensity of AVP-containing neurons in the PWS compared to controls while VIP-containing cells were unaltered. In contrast, GFAP-expressing astroglial cells were significantly lower in PWS subjects. Moreover, we did not detect any differences in microglia between PWS subjects and controls. Collectively, our findings show that PWS selectively affects AVP-containing neurons and GFAP-expressing astrocytes in the SCN. As each of these cell populations can affect the daily rhythmicity of the SCN biological clock machinery, the disruption of these cells may contribute to the circadian disturbances in patients with PWS.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70015"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}