Journal of Neuroendocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Challenges in diagnosing paraneoplastic isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: Insights from cancer histology and human leukocyte antigen analysis.","authors":"Shin Urai, Yasunori Fujita, Hironori Bando, Maki Kanzawa, Masaaki Yamamoto, Hidenori Fukuoka, Genzo Iguchi, Wataru Ogawa, Yutaka Takahashi","doi":"10.1111/jne.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles in individuals with tumors that ectopically express adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), resulting in paraneoplastic isolated ACTH deficiency (IAD), remain elusive, primarily because of the scarcity of reported cases. In this study, we endeavored to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying paraneoplastic IAD, a novel subtype of autoimmune hypophysitis. We specifically examined the histological characteristics of ACTH-expressing cells in cancer tissues of one patient and investigated the prevalence of shared HLA alleles across three patients diagnosed with paraneoplastic IAD. We analyzed the histological features of prostate-cancer tissues, including ectopic ACTH expression, in a patient with paraneoplastic IAD. In addition, we investigated common HLA alleles and estimated haplotypes among this patient and two others with paraneoplastic IAD on which we previously reported. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed ACTH-positive cells in only one of four tissue samples. Ectopic ACTH expression was limited to areas of relatively high-grade prostate cancer, with cellular cords and cribriform glands that exhibited nuclear hyperchromatism. HLA typing revealed shared class II alleles and haplotypes, including DRB4*01:03, among the three cases. This study provides novel histological insights and highlights the commonality of HLA class II alleles in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of paraneoplastic IAD, potentially aiding the identification of new cases and our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"White paper on best practices for translational research in neuroendocrine neoplasms.","authors":"Jerome Cros, Oriol Casanovas, Justo P Castaño, Talya Dayton, Alejandro Garcia Alvarez, Benjamin Gibert, Michele Simbolo, Timon Vandamme, Mauro Cives, Ilaria Marinoni","doi":"10.1111/jne.70072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Basic and translational investigations play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). In this white paper by the Basic and Translational Research Group of the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society, we discuss the qualities and drawbacks of current disease models and propose good practices for integrating state-of-the-art technologies including bulk and single-cell genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in contemporary NEN research. We also provide insights on how to properly handle tissue samples (particularly when starting material is limited) and discuss technical hints of relevance when planning liquid biopsy or tumor immunology studies. Future translational studies of NENs will benefit from centralized biologic material biobanking, research design planning in the context of multi-expertise committees, as well as experimental protocol optimization and sharing across the NEN scientific community.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70072"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144731801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive utility of placental hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis biomarkers and infant neurodevelopment.","authors":"Ludmila N Bakhireva, Xingya Ma, Alexandria Wiesel, Jean R Lowe, Rajani Rai, Elizabeth Solomon, Joanne Weinberg, Melissa H Roberts","doi":"10.1111/jne.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70071","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol use remains common in pregnancy with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) associated with a plethora of adverse outcomes, including impaired emotional regulation and stress reactivity. Prior preclinical studies and emerging clinical evidence indicate that PAE affects the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis via the maternal-fetal interface in the placenta; however, little is known about the effect of these alterations on neurodevelopmental outcomes. We earlier reported on the effect of PAE and maternal stress on HPA axis biomarkers in placenta and umbilical cord (UC) blood; in the current study, we examined the effect of HPA axis biomarkers on infant neurodevelopmental outcomes at 6-9 months of term-equivalent age. Participants in the Ethanol, Neurodevelopment, Infant and Child Health (ENRICH-2) prospective cohort were followed from the second trimester of pregnancy until infants were 6-9 months of term-equivalent age. Maternal alcohol use was assessed through prospective interviews and a battery of ethanol biomarkers; maternal stress, by a Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Placenta and UC blood specimens were collected shortly after birth, flash frozen, and analyzed for mRNA and protein expression of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (pCRH), hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 (HSD11B1, HSD11B2) and corresponding proteins (11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2), and Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 Group C Member 1-alpha (NR3C1-α) and corresponding glucocorticoid receptor alpha. UC plasma cortisol and cortisone levels were measured with ELISA. Bayley Scales of Infant Development, fourth edition (BSID-4; Motor, Language, Cognitive scores) and Infant Behavior Questionnaire Revised (IBQ-R; Surgency, Orienting/Regulation, Negative Affect) assessed neurodevelopment at 6-9 months of term-equivalent age. Pearson correlation was used to examine associations between placental HPA axis biomarkers and neurodevelopmental outcomes overall and after stratification by group (Alcohol/Control). Multivariable linear regression assessed the independent effect of placental biomarkers and Alcohol * biomarker interactions on infant outcomes after adjusting for Alcohol and maternal stress. Participants (32 Alcohol and 68 Controls) were comparable in sociodemographic characteristics. Activation of the placental HPA axis was correlated with a decrease in BSID-4 scores among Controls and an increase in IBQ-R scores (Surgency and Negative Affect) among Alcohol participants. In multivariable analyses, the HSD11B2/HSD11B1 ratio was associated with a decrease in Cognitive scores, and the Alcohol * pCRH interaction was associated with a decrease in Orienting/Regulation and an increase in Surgency and Negative Affect (all p's &lt; .05), after adjusting for Alcohol and PSS. A significant independent effect of PSS was also observed on infant motor skills, Orienting/Regulation, and Negative Affect. This is the first clinical study to characterize the role of place","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70071"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the link between dopamine dysregulation and eating disorders: A narrative review.","authors":"Zoaib Habib Tharwani, Sean Kaisser Shaeen, Komal Zahid, Shahzaib Ahmed, Rania Naqrashi, Amir Murtaza, Sanila Mughal, Muhammad Hasanain, Muhammad Umair Anjum, Mohammed Mahmmoud Fadelallah Eljack, Syeda Wardah Zaidi","doi":"10.1111/jne.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of eating disorders (ED), such as anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorders, is on the rise, and it is imperative to explore the pathophysiological aspects and associations of these disorders to provide better and precise treatment. Dopamine is an essential hormone and a neurotransmitter involved in an array of processes and pathways. Disruption of any of the dopamine pathways can lead to diseases such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, schizophrenia, or anhedonia. The mesolimbic pathway of dopamine has a special association with the feeding behavior of a person, and disruption of this pathway has been shown to be associated with ED. In this article, we comprehensively assess the relation between dopamine and ED and discuss the clinical implications involving the pharmacological associations of drugs influencing dopamine levels and their impact on the treatment of ED.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70070"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive experience influences the effects of Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 on gut microbiota and hippocampal plasticity in female rats.","authors":"Jodi L Pawluski, Khadidja Kacimi, Cai Zhang, Laetitia Guillot, Aliocha Lo Guidice, Thierry D Charlier, Joseph S Lonstein","doi":"10.1111/jne.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is increasing interest in the role of probiotics in supporting maternal well-being throughout female reproduction. However, it remains largely unknown whether the brain of a female with reproductive experience responds differently to probiotics compared to females without reproductive experience. Reproduction involves remarkable neuroplasticity; therefore, we hypothesized that reproducing females are particularly susceptible to the effects of probiotic treatment. Groups of early pregnant or age-matched virgin female Long-Evans rats were administered the probiotic, Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001), in their drinking water or given untreated water for 30 days. To measure changes in gut microbiota, fecal samples were taken regularly. Brains were analyzed at the end of treatment to quantify hippocampal cells containing the neurogenesis marker doublecortin, the synaptic marker synaptophysin, and the microglial activation marker Iba1. For dams, an offspring retrieval test was performed. Main findings show that HN001 administration lowers Bacteroidota abundance in the gut regardless of reproductive experience. In HN001-treated dams there was an increase in the number of times offspring were carried and this was negatively correlated with Bacteroidota abundance in the dam's gut. HN001-treated dams also had more immature neurons in the hippocampus and more thick-type microglial cells in the dorsal hippocampus compared to control dams. HN001-treated females, regardless of reproductive experience, had lower density of synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the CA1, and more thick-type microglia cells in the ventral hippocampus, compared to control females. These results indicate that the probiotic, HN001, alters female rat maternal behavior, plasticity in the hippocampus, and the gut microbiota abundance, with some effects being influenced by reproductive experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70068"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144690562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress alters hypothalamic gene expression in adolescent male Golden hamsters.","authors":"Kevin M Moran, Tyler M Milewski, James P Curley, Yvon Delville","doi":"10.1111/jne.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), a two-week exposure to chronic social stress in adolescence causes acceleration of agonistic behavior, enhanced adult aggression, impaired waiting impulsivity, and higher food intake, body fat, and long-term increased body weight. In adult rodents, stress is accompanied by widespread alterations in gene expression in the brain. As stress is a potent modulator of both gene expression and behavior, the present research investigated possible mechanistic-related transcriptomic changes in the lateral, dorsomedial, and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus caused by adolescent stress using RNA Tag-sequencing, as these areas are involved in the regulation of metabolic and motivated behaviors. In each region, there were approximately 250 genes with higher expression compared to controls and 250 genes with lower expression. Many of the most significantly affected genes have been associated with metabolism and sex hormone function. For example, in the lateral hypothalamus, melanocortin 3 receptor, growth hormone releasing factor, both involved in metabolic processes, and neuropeptide VF precursor, involved in growth hormone inhibitory hormone production, were among the most increased in expression in stressed subjects. In the dorsomedial hypothalamus, neuropeptide W, involved in feeding cessation, was significantly decreased in expression in stressed animals. Across both regions, G-protein coupled receptor 50, involved in thermoregulation, sleep, and sex-related mood disorders, was significantly altered, but in opposite directions. In the arcuate nucleus, a number of blood brain barrier- and inflammation-related genes were altered as well. Furthermore, there were consistent patterns of genetic ensembles identified through gene ontology analysis and weighted gene correlation network analysis that were altered across each region. Many of these involved roles in RNA processing, DNA methylation, myelination, and synaptic organization. These findings reinforce prior behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic changes observed in this developmental model, and help guide future directions of research related to the negative consequences of early life stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70067"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disrupted circadian rhythms and opioid-mediated adverse effects: Bidirectional relationship and putative mechanisms.","authors":"Nasrin Mehranfard, Maedeh Ghasemi, Ehsan Saboory","doi":"10.1111/jne.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies have shown a link between disrupted circadian rhythms and the development of chronic opioid-induced negative effects. Both animal and human studies show a significant bidirectional relationship between the circadian system and opioid effects. Opioids can perturb circadian rhythms, and perturbation of the circadian rhythms can aggravate opioid-mediated adverse effects. These bidirectional interactions may attenuate the outcomes of long-term opioid therapy when not considered. A better understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying these interactions may be essential for more effective management of opioid-induced adverse effects. This review highlights the association between circadian rhythms and opioid-induced hyperalgesia, dependence, and withdrawal, and the possible role of the dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and noradrenergic systems, redox state, and stress in this association. We also highlight the existence of an interaction between other rhythmic biological processes, including the sleep-wake cycle as well as melatonin and glucocorticoid rhythms on the circadian and opioid systems and their possible effects on opioid-related negative effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70065"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144575690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms: A multicenter retrospective study.","authors":"Nikolaos Lazaridis, Alessandro Rimondi, Rocio Chacchi-Cahuin, Arnaud Lemmers, Deborah Costa, Ana-Maria Bucalau, Dalvinder Mandair, Sunil Gupta, Marcel Tantau, Mathieu Pioche, Jérôme Rivory, João Santos-Antunes, Margarida Marques, Felipe Ramos Zabala, Federico Barbaro, Pedro Pimentel-Nunes, Hugo Uchima, Eduardo Albeniz, Mario Dinis-Ribeiro, Guido Costamagna, Cristiano Spada, Michael Bourke, Martyn Caplin, Christos Toumpanakis, Edward J Despott, Alberto Murino","doi":"10.1111/jne.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been reported as a feasible and effective treatment for Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors (G-NETs). However, most of the experience comes from retrospective tertiary centers in Eastern Asia. Data coming from western centers are lacking. This is a retrospective study, including patients who underwent endoscopic resection of G-NETs by ESD between 2010 and 2020 in Western Centers. Important clinical variables such as demographic, size, type, presence of lymphovascular invasion or distant metastasis, completeness of the endoscopic resection, recurrence, and procedure-related complications were recorded. Seventy-three ESD procedures on G-NETs from 69 patients from 11 centers were included. Median G-NETs size on endoscopy was 12 mm (IQR 10-15). Case mix accounted for 83.6% type 1, 15.1% type 3, and 1.4% type 2. En-bloc resection was possible in 69 procedure 94.5%, R0 resection rate stood at 79.5%. Five patients (7.2%) were referred for additional surgical intervention. One case of perforation was reported (1.4%), treated endoscopically. Three patients (4.4%) had evidence of recurrence during follow-up. ESD is an effective and safe treatment for G-NETs in western centers.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70064"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144575691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controversies in NEN: An ENETS Position Statement on nutritional support in neuroendocrine neoplasms.","authors":"Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg, Johannes Hofland, Stephanie Alband, Yasmin Chotai de Lima, Adina Croitoru, Wanda Geilvoet, Peter Igaz, Beata Kos-Kudła, Guenter J Krejs, Alessandro Laviano, Francesco Panzuto, Anguraj Sadanandam, Ana Paula Santos, Staffan Welin, Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan","doi":"10.1111/jne.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) themselves and also their treatment may cause malnutrition, inducing changes in physiological behaviour and eventually leading to increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Malnutrition is a common, under-recognised and under-treated condition in patients with NEN, and there are limited data available on the role of optimising nutrition in this setting. There are no formal evidence-based European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) guidelines on nutrition evaluation and management in patients with NEN to date. This manuscript was initiated during the 2024 ENETS Advisory Board meeting by using an expert panel consensus methodology and specific structured questions, which were identified and addressed through a structured review of the literature. The manuscript aims to identify the presence of specific nutrient deficits and define unmet needs and controversies regarding nutrition and NEN in a succinct manner, to promote collaborative and multidisciplinary research in the field, and to offer practical guidance in terms of how to assess malnutrition and dietary interventions by means of formulating a structured questionnaire.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70062"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144497339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid lesions of neuroendocrine origin? Thinking of a \"polka-dotted\" zebra! Case series from three Italian referral centers and review of the literature.","authors":"Tiziana Feola, Alessia Cozzolino, Federica Grillo, Maria Francesca Birtolo, Irene Aini, Erika Messina, Roberto Minotta, Alessia Filice, Isabella Zanata, Paola Razzore, Manila Rubino, Andrea M Isidori, Annamaria Colao, Antongiulio Faggiano, Elisa Giannetta","doi":"10.1111/jne.70061","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) may metastasize very rarely to the thyroid. The current paper aims at identifying peculiar thyroid nodule's features that could prompt their diagnosis and analyzing therapeutic approach and patient's outcome.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A case series of three patients have been collected from three Italian referral centers. Moreover, we performed a keyword based PUBMED search, using relevant keywords.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included in the review 27 papers and 33 cases have been identified. Patients' age ranged from 17 to 85 years (mean age: 55.8 ± 14.2 years), 14 males, 42.4%. The majority of cases (48.5%) originated from a thoracic NEN. Median time to diagnosis from the primary tumor was 48 months (range 1-252 months). At ultrasound, they were generally hypoechoic nodules with irregular margins. The diagnosis was made by fine-niddle aspiration in the majority of cases, followed by nuclear medicine imaging. At immunohistochemistry, chromogranin A and synaptophysin were expressed in almost all of them, with negative calcitonin and thyroid transcription factor-1. Surgery or systemic treatment were needed according to primary tumor, disease stage, and patients' general condition. Prognosis was variable, better if primary tumor origin was thoracic.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Thyroid metastases from NENs should be considered in the diagnostic work-up of suspicious thyroid nodules in patients with a positive medical history of previous NEN, mainly of thoracic origin. Immunohistochemistry is the key diagnostic tool for their identification. A prompt and correct diagnosis is mandatory because of its crucial prognostic and therapeutic implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"e70061"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}