Journal of Neuroendocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Serotonergic neurons are involved in the counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia","authors":"Hugo Martin,&nbsp;Adeline Coursan,&nbsp;Justine Lallement,&nbsp;Mathieu Di Miceli,&nbsp;Janany Kandiah,&nbsp;Ilyès Raho,&nbsp;Jasmine Buttler,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Guilloux,&nbsp;Philippe De Deurwaerdere,&nbsp;Sophie Layé,&nbsp;Vanessa H. Routh,&nbsp;Bruno P. Guiard,&nbsp;Christophe Magnan,&nbsp;Céline Cruciani-Guglielmacci,&nbsp;Xavier Fioramonti","doi":"10.1111/jne.13344","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.13344","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Intensive insulin therapy provides optimal glycemic control in patients with diabetes. However, intensive insulin therapy causes so-called iatrogenic hypoglycemia as a major adverse effect. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) has been described as the primary brain area initiating the counter-regulatory response (CRR). Nevertheless, the VMH receives projections from other brain areas which could participate in the regulation of the CRR. In particular, studies suggest a potential role of the serotonin (5-HT) network. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the contribution of 5-HT neurons in CRR control.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Complementary approaches have been used to test this hypothesis in quantifying the level of 5-HT in several brain areas by HPLC in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, measuring the electrical activity of dorsal raphe (DR) 5-HT neurons in response to insulin or decreased glucose level by patch-clamp electrophysiology; and measuring the CRR hormone glucagon as an index of the CRR to the modulation of the activity of 5-HT neurons using pharmacological or pharmacogenetic approaches.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>HPLC measurements show that the 5HIAA/5HT ratio is increased in several brain regions including the VMH in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings show that insulin, but not decreased glucose level, increases the firing frequency of DR 5-HT neurons in the DR. In vivo, both the pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT neurons by intraperitoneal injection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT or the chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons reduce glucagon secretion, suggesting an impaired CRR.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Taken together, these data highlight a new neuronal network involved in the regulation of the CRR. In particular, this study shows that DR 5-HT neurons detect iatrogenic hypoglycemia in response to the increased insulin level and may play an important role in the regulation of CRR.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49678539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in peptide modulation in systems physiology","authors":"Lee E. Eiden,&nbsp;David Grattan,&nbsp;Xiao-Dong Wang,&nbsp;Limei Zhang","doi":"10.1111/jne.13345","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.13345","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41236128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved health-related quality of life during peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in patients with neuroendocrine tumours","authors":"Katarina Edfeldt,&nbsp;Per Hellman,&nbsp;Dan Granberg,&nbsp;Pernilla Lagergren,&nbsp;Espen Thiis-Evensen,&nbsp;Anders Sundin,&nbsp;Camilla Andersson","doi":"10.1111/jne.13342","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.13342","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) can arise in different locations in the body, and may give rise to hormonal symptoms, which amongst other factors may affect patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Up to four cycles of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) have been shown effective for symptom alleviation and prolonging progression-free survival. The aim of this study was to assess the patient's perspective regarding changes in their HRQoL during PRRT. HRQoL was assessed using the questionnaires for cancer in general, EORTC QLQ-C30, and the gastrointestinal NET-specifically EORTC QLQ-GINET21. Patients with NET (<i>n</i> = 204) rated their HRQoL before PRRT cycles one and four. The medical records of patients were reviewed and their HRQoL was compared to a matched reference population (<i>n</i> = 4910). HRQoL was found to improve during PRRT in aspects of global quality of life; role, social, and emotional functioning, and multiple symptom relief. Potential risk groups for worse HRQoL during PRRT were patients with overweight (BMI &gt;25) who completed four cycles of PRRT and older patients (&gt;65 years old). In conclusion, we found that PRRT improves HRQoL in patients with NETs. The results of this study may be used to improve person-centred care.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.13342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41131329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of membrane estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the rapid regulation of male sexual behavior","authors":"Catherine de Bournonville,&nbsp;Philippine Lemoine,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Foidart,&nbsp;Jean-François Arnal,&nbsp;Françoise Lenfant,&nbsp;Charlotte A. Cornil","doi":"10.1111/jne.13341","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.13341","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The activation of male sexual behavior depends on brain estrogen synthesis. Estrogens act through nuclear and membrane receptors producing effects within hours/days or seconds/minutes, respectively. In mice, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the main estrogen receptor (ER) controlling the activation of male sexual behavior. Although neuroestrogens rapidly modulate mouse sexual behavior, it is not known whether these effects involve membrane ERα (mERα). This study combines two complementary approaches to address this question. C451A-ERα mice carry an ERα that cannot signal at the membrane, while estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen acting as an agonist on nuclear ERα but as an antagonist on membrane ERα. In wild-type males, E4 decreased the number of mounts and intromissions after 10 min. In C451A-ERα males, E4 also altered sexual performance but after 30 min. E4 did not affect time spent near the female in both wild-type and C451A-ERα mice. However, regardless of genotype, the aromatase inhibitor 1,4,6-Androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD) decreased both sexual performance and the time spent near the female after 10 and 30 min, confirming the key role of aromatization in the rapid control of sexual behavior and motivation. In conclusion, the shift in timing at which the effect of E4 is observed in mice lacking mERα suggests a role for mERα in the regulation of rapid effects of neuroestrogens on sexual performance, thus providing the first demonstration that E4 acts as an antagonist of a mER in the brain. The persisting effect of ATD on behavior in C451A-ERα mice also suggests the implication of another ER.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41119886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitric oxide synthase contributes to the maintenance of LTP in the oxytocin–mRFP1 neuron of the rat hypothalamus","authors":"Takanori Matsuura,&nbsp;Makoto Kawasaki,&nbsp;Hitoshi Suzuki,&nbsp;Teruaki Fujitani,&nbsp;Kazuhiko Baba,&nbsp;Haruki Nishimura,&nbsp;Naofumi Ikeda,&nbsp;Yoshiaki Yamanaka,&nbsp;Manabu Tsukamoto,&nbsp;Yosuke Yoshimi,&nbsp;Hideo Ohnishi,&nbsp;Yoichi Ueta,&nbsp;Akinori Sakai","doi":"10.1111/jne.13340","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.13340","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Oxytocin (OXT) is a neuropeptide hormone that plays a critical role in nociception. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a major form of synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Recently, LTP has been reported in the hypothalamus; however, data on LTP in hypothalamic OXT-ergic neurons are unclear. Furthermore, the signaling pathways for hypothalamic OXT-ergic neuronal LTP and its physiological significance remain unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the induction of hypothalamic OXT-ergic neuronal LTP and its synaptic mechanism using OXT-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 transgenic rats to visualize and record from OXT-ergic neurons. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) OXT-ergic neuronal LTP induced by the pairing protocol was dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Furthermore, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is required to maintain the LTP regardless of the NMDARs. In addition, hypothalamic OXT-ergic neuronal LTP was not induced in the adjuvant arthritis rat model but increased excitatory postsynaptic currents were detected. LTP in hypothalamic OXT-ergic neurons in the PVN in the presence of NOS may be involved in neuronal changes during OXT synthesis in chronic inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.13340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41130250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intranasal oxytocin does not change partner preference in female titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus), but intranasal vasopressin decreases it","authors":"Pauline Zablocki-Thomas,&nbsp;Allison Lau,&nbsp;Lynea Witczak,&nbsp;Madison Dufek,&nbsp;Amber Wright,&nbsp;Logan Savidge,&nbsp;John Paulus,&nbsp;Alexander Baxter,&nbsp;Chloe Karaskiewicz,&nbsp;Adele M. H. Seelke,&nbsp;Sara M. Freeman,&nbsp;Emilio Ferrer,&nbsp;Karen L. Bales","doi":"10.1111/jne.13339","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.13339","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Strong social bonds are critical to human health; however, the mechanisms by which social bonds are formed and maintained are still being elucidated. The neurohormones oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) are considered likely candidates. Primate females, both human and nonhuman, remain understudied populations. Here, we conducted a pharmacological study coupled with a behavioral partner preference test (PPT) to better understand the mechanistic basis of attachment in adult female titi monkeys (<i>Plecturocebus cupreus</i>). This pair-bonding species shares a conserved form of oxytocin with humans and is an excellent model organism to study the neural basis of social bonding. We performed intranasal administration of three doses of oxytocin (IN-OT), two doses of vasopressin (IN-AVP), one dose of an oxytocin antagonist (IN-OTA) and one dose of a saline treatment. We found that compared to the saline control, the IN-AVP treatment (lower dose, 40 IU/kg) decreased the time spent in proximity to the partner and increased lip-smacking toward the stranger. We found no effects of IN-OT or IN-OTA manipulation on partner preference. In contrast, low-dose IN-AVP weakened the partner preference in female titi monkeys.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10286226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ICN 2022: Meeting up again and celebrating neuroendocrinology with the international community","authors":"Julian Mercer","doi":"10.1111/jne.13338","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.13338","url":null,"abstract":"The 10th International Congress of Neuroendocrinology (ICN) took place from the 7 to 10th August 2022 at the Scottish Events Campus in Glasgow, Scotland. The meeting, sponsored by the International Neuroendocrine Federation (INF), incorporated the Annual Meetings of the British Society for Neuroendocrinology (BSN), the French Society of NeuroEndocrinology (SNE), Hypothalamic Neuroscience and Neuroendocrinology Australasia (HNNA), and the Pan-American Neuroendocrine Society (PANS). Since the previous ICN in Toronto in 2018, many aspects of our everyday (scientific) lives had changed, and the COVID pandemic had resulted in the cancelation or postponement of many planned scientific meetings, or their move to online only. As a result of the different phases of the global pandemic and variant circulation, for many delegates in Glasgow this was their first face-to-face international meeting in over two years. Others had made the most of travel opening up again by also taking the opportunity to attend either or both of the RegPep24 or Kisspeptin 2022 satellite meetings, or the International Symposium of Avian Endocrinology, held just before ICN. It is noteworthy that all three of these accompanying meetings were supported financially by Journal of Neuroendocrinology, as was the 7th International Meeting on the Neuroscience of Parenting, held earlier in the summer, output from which was published in the July 2023 issue of the Journal. For ICN itself, the Programme Organising Committee, chaired by Suzanne Dickson of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and with representatives of all the constituent society members of the INF, assembled a full schedule of plenary talks and symposia. These invited talks were spread over the four days of the meeting and comprised a careful balance of speaker profiles, experience and geography, which has been a strong feature of previous ICN meetings. Although the meeting was planned as face-to-face by the local organisers, headed excellently by Neil Evans and Michelle Bellingham of the University of Glasgow, one eye had to be kept trained on the evolving global pandemic, which was an everpresent during much of the detailed planning process. Come the summer of 2022, travel was still difficult in some parts of the world, and these continuing issues prevented some invited speakers from attending the meeting, with some electing to deliver their talks remotely, while others were forced to withdraw and had to be replaced at short notice. Special thanks go to those international colleagues who stepped in, often at the last moment, to allow a full programme to proceed. Despite the problems experienced in the aftermath of COVID, the programme contained nine plenary speakers and 16 symposia, covering the themes of reproduction, behaviour, metabolism, stress, fluid/sodium balance, timing/circadian, neurohypophysis and development. I am delighted that most of these themes are represented in this Special Issue of papers from the meetin","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.13338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10173407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACTH-secreting pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: A case-series","authors":"Taymeyah Al-Toubah,&nbsp;Eleonora Pelle,&nbsp;Julie Hallanger-Johnson,&nbsp;Mintallah Haider,&nbsp;Jonathan Strosberg","doi":"10.1111/jne.13336","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.13336","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (CS) occurs rarely in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Early recognition of symptoms is critical given the high morbidity and mortality associated with CS. A database of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) seen at the Moffitt Cancer Center between 1/2008 and 4/2022 was reviewed and cases of ectopic CS were identified. Information was extracted on tumor characteristics, clinical signs and symptoms, therapies, and outcomes. Thirteen cases were identified, ranging in age from 16 to 65 years at the initial time of diagnosis (median 42). Twelve of 13 patients had metastatic tumors at presentation. All were well-differentiated at diagnosis although two were described as transformed to poorly differentiated on rebiopsy. A total of 4 patients also experienced Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Three patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy to manage uncontrolled CS. Median overall survival of was 56 months from the time of initial cancer diagnosis but only 18 months from diagnosis of CS. Our study showed that ectopic CS is a highly morbid condition when occurring in pancreatic NENs and is associated with aggressive disease. Bilateral adrenalectomy can be considered for syndrome control. To our knowledge, this is the largest institutional case-series of ACTH-secreting metastatic pancreatic NEN.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10189673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexually dimorphic oxytocin receptor-expressing (OXTR) neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) in the postpartum female mouse are involved in maternal behavior","authors":"Kaustubh Sharma,&nbsp;Armita A. Govar,&nbsp;Bandana Ghimire,&nbsp;Katsuhiko Nishimori,&nbsp;Elizabeth Hammock,&nbsp;Ryoichi Teruyama","doi":"10.1111/jne.13337","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.13337","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Maternal care is crucial for the survival and development of offspring. Oxytocin modulates maternal behavior by binding to oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) in various parts of the brain. Previously, we showed that OXTRs are expressed in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of female, but not male mice. Because the AVPV is involved in the regulation of maternal behavior and oxytocin enhances its induction, this finding leads to the hypothesis that the female specific population of OXTR neurons in the AVPV regulates maternal behavior. To address this hypothesis, OXTR-Venus reporter mice were used to assess if expression levels of OXTR in the AVPV are changed during the postpartum period. The total number of OXTR-Venus neurons was significantly greater in postpartum dams compared to virgin females. To assess efferent projections of the AVPV-OXTR neurons, a Cre-dependent fluorescent protein (tdTomato) expressing a viral vector was injected into one side of the AVPV of female OXTR-Cre mice. Fibers expressing tdTomato were found in hypothalamic areas containing oxytocin neurons (the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) and the midbrain areas (the ventral tegmental area and periaqueductal gray) that are involved in the regulation of maternal motivation. To assess if activity of the AVPV-OXTR neurons is involved in the regulation of maternal behaviors, a chemogenetic approach was employed. Specific inhibition of activity of AVPV-OXTR neurons completely abolished pup retrieval and nest building behaviors. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that AVPV-OXTR neurons in postpartum female mice constitute an important node in the neural circuitry that regulates maternal behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.13337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41105897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) 2023 guidance paper for appendiceal neuroendocrine tumours (aNET)","authors":"Gregory Kaltsas,&nbsp;Thomas Walter,&nbsp;Ulrich Knigge,&nbsp;Christos Toumpanakis,&nbsp;Ana P. Santos,&nbsp;Nehara Begum,&nbsp;Ulrich F. Pape,&nbsp;Marco Volante,&nbsp;Andrea Frilling,&nbsp;Anne Couvelard","doi":"10.1111/jne.13332","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.13332","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of the present guidance paper is to update the previous ENETS guidelines on well differentiated appendiceal neuroendocrine tumours (NET), providing practical guidance for the diagnosis and management of appendiceal NET (aNET); poorly differentiated neoplasms are dealt with in a separate guidance paper. This paper is structured on a question-answer format in order to also address controversial issues and areas where uncertainty regarding the management and follow-up of aNET exists. All recommendations are offered on the basis of the best available evidence, along with the authors' experiences in managing these neoplasms. Each recommendation for treatment will provide a level of evidence and grade of recommendation as per the GRADE system (adapted in Infectious Disease Society of United States Public Health Service grading system).</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10177732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}