{"title":"PMOS NBTI analysis of a 45nm CMOS-SOI process with nitrided gate dielectric","authors":"K. Geoghegan, J. Siddiqui, Todd R. Weatherford","doi":"10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468955","url":null,"abstract":"As a consequence of the semiconductor industry chasing Moore's Law, device scaling and changes to the transistor's material system has introduced significant emerging reliability concerns which have the potential for drastically shortening device and hence product lifetimes. Given that semiconductor technologies leveraged for analog and mixed-signal designs in military and aerospace systems tend to lag behind industry, the extent and potential ramifications of the impending reliability problem has yet to be fully appreciated by the respective communities. Radiation effects and extended operating conditions, commonplace in military and aerospace systems, exacerbate the situation. In this paper, the initial results and analysis of the reliability concern of Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) in p-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductors (PMOS) devices fabricated in a 45nm CMOS-SOI process will be presented. In addition, the prospect of ionizing space-radiation on PMOS NBTI device reliability will be introduced progressing to the topic of further proposed research, PMOS NBTI in an ionizing radiation environment.","PeriodicalId":165120,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121829351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Capulong, B. Briggs, S. Bishop, M. Hovish, R. Matyi, N. Cady
{"title":"Effect of crystallinity on endurance and switching behavior of HfOx-based resistive memory devices","authors":"J. Capulong, B. Briggs, S. Bishop, M. Hovish, R. Matyi, N. Cady","doi":"10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468907","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares the resistive switching properties of crystalline and amorphous HfOx thin-film resistive memory devices (RMDs), which were fabricated by physical vapor deposition films using two different O2 partial pressures. The crystallinity of the two HfOx samples was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ni/HfOx/Cu devices fabricated from both 50 nm thick amorphous and crystalline HfOx films exhibited consistent bipolar switching. Average electroforming voltage for the crystalline and amorphous weare <;20 V and <;11 V, respectively. Both devices showed similar average set (Vset) and reset (Vreset) voltages of -2.25 V and 0.35 V, respectively, independent of electrode size and current compliance. Preliminary endurance data shows that the amorphous device shows the better endurance (14,300 cycles) compared to that of the crystalline device (102,000 cycles), which is at about an order of magnitude higher than the endurance of the crystalline device. Switching uniformity for both devices showeds similar trends with dispersions (standard deviation/mean ratio) of about 30% for Vset and Vreset.","PeriodicalId":165120,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116678064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimized data assessment for hot carrier and Fowler-Nordheim stresses on thick MOS gate oxides with plasma process induced charging damage","authors":"A. Martin, A. Koten, M. Schwerd","doi":"10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468927","url":null,"abstract":"In this work experimental data of thick MOS gate oxides (25 nm) of a state of the art 90 nm technology are assessed for degradation from plasma induced charging (PID). It is demonstrated that the type of stress measurement and the data analysis approach are crucial for the interpretation of the experimental data and for lifetime estimation. Two PID stress measurements are compared: hot carrier stress and Fowler-Nordheim stress. Different data analysis concepts illustrate that the usual technique can give misleading analysis results, just calculating the drift of MOS transistor parameters. It is shown that the type of PID protection for MOS transistor test structures plays a significant role in the misinterpretation of MOS device data.","PeriodicalId":165120,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128386650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-k MOSFET performance degradation by plasma process-induced charging damage — Impacts on device parameter variation","authors":"K. Eriguchi, M. Kamei, Y. Takao, K. Ono","doi":"10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468925","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss plasma charging damage (PCD) to high-k gate dielectrics, in particular, the threshold voltage shift (ΔVth) in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The PCD induced by the antenna effect is focused on, and ΔVth and its variation are estimated for MOSFETs treated by various plasma processes. The direction of threshold voltage shift in damaged high-k MOSFETs was found to depend on the amount of damage, i.e., the polarity itself results in \"negative\" or \"positive\" as the charging damage varies. We demonstrate a model prediction based on both the power-law dependence of ΔVth on the antenna ratio r (= exposed metal interconnect area/gate area) and the r distribution deduced from an interconnect-length distribution function (ILDF) in a large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit. Then, we simulate the variation in ΔVth [σ(ΔVth)]. PCD to high-k dielectrics may lead to a considerable contribution to MOSFET-parameter fluctuations.","PeriodicalId":165120,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126236303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Degraeve, A. Fantini, Y. Chen, S. Clima, B. Govoreanu, L. Goux, D. Wouters, P. Roussel, G. Kar, G. Pourtois, S. Cosemans, G. Groeseneken, M. Jurczak, L. Altimime
{"title":"Reliability of low current filamentary HfO2 RRAM discussed in the framework of the hourglass SET/RESET model","authors":"R. Degraeve, A. Fantini, Y. Chen, S. Clima, B. Govoreanu, L. Goux, D. Wouters, P. Roussel, G. Kar, G. Pourtois, S. Cosemans, G. Groeseneken, M. Jurczak, L. Altimime","doi":"10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468904","url":null,"abstract":"We review our recent work on modeling of low current filamentary switching in amorphous HfO2 RRAM. The conduction is controlled by the width of the constriction, determining the electron transmission. The set and reset processes are modeled as a dynamic flow between two oxygen vacancy reservoirs connected by a narrow constriction. Reset is described as a dynamic balance between an upward and downward vacancy flow, while the set process is modeled as an unbalanced filament growth bounded by the external compliance. In the framework of this model, we discuss the intrinsic instabilities of narrow filamentary conduction that give rise to a series of reliability issue such as disturb and endurance. We explore some possible routes for improving the reliability.","PeriodicalId":165120,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129983546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kupke, S. Knebel, G. Roll, S. Slesazeck, T. Mikolajick, G. Krause, G. Kurz
{"title":"OFF-state induced threshold voltage relaxation after PBTI stress","authors":"S. Kupke, S. Knebel, G. Roll, S. Slesazeck, T. Mikolajick, G. Krause, G. Kurz","doi":"10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468928","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of different relaxation biases on positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) recovery is investigated. The threshold voltage (Vth) relaxation after stress is found to be accelerated by OFF-state bias in comparison to zero volt recovery. 2D device simulations evidence an increase in the drain side channel potential as well as an increase in the minimum potential for short channel devices. The relaxation effect is attributed to an enhanced detrapping of charge carriers by the drain-gate electrical field and becomes significant for short channel device below 0.1 μm length.","PeriodicalId":165120,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report","volume":"122 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128354376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison between gate oxide lifetime models with Rseries and trapping effect correction in the FN-regime","authors":"A. Aal","doi":"10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468929","url":null,"abstract":"This work analyzes the effect of stress parameter (i.e. E-field) correction on accurate reliability projections of SiO2 based gate dielectrics. Considered are oxide thicknesses in the non-ballistic FN dominated range, only. Irrespective of which underlying dielectric degradation mechanism is actually responsible for failure, here, an empirical approach is chosen that focuses on the stress, test and reliability assessment metric. Empirical or physically justified lifetime models depend on the outcome of well-designed stress tests. However, when adjustable stress parameters such as electrical field or indirect parameters such as dissipated energy at the anode side are affected by the degradation process itself, the goodness-of-fit to measured data is under question. Charge trapping is such an effect - it interferes with applied bias. As a result, the effective stress field to the material or the delivered energy to the anode is altered while it is constant or clearly defined assumed. Changing the viewpoint from a macroscopic to a microscopic view of inner material effects can help to consider a more suitable metric for material assessment. Following this principle, common gate oxide lifetime models are being reviewed and compared by adjusting the applied bias to the effectively acting stress bias within the material stack. As a result, competing lifetime models change their goodness-of-fit rank order. The inferred process indirectly qualifies as a selection tool to pick a more suitable lifetime model for a processed gate material. In addition the results point to possible mistakes in time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) data acquisition that can influence the view on today's three most competing lifetime models.","PeriodicalId":165120,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121490457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ha, Hyunsuk Chun, Hyuniun Choi, Bo-In Noh, J. Park
{"title":"Effects of Ag content on electromigration of Sn-Ag solder bumps in C4 package","authors":"S. Ha, Hyunsuk Chun, Hyuniun Choi, Bo-In Noh, J. Park","doi":"10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468938","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effect of Ag content (1.8 & 2.3 wt.%) on the electromigration lifetimes and microstructure evolution of Sn-Ag solder bumps were investigated at highly accelerated electromigration test conditions. Electromigration of solder joint under high current stressing has been an important concern of the reliabilities in solder joint system, since the higher device density and increasing power of flip chip package. The size of the bumps is reduced continuously, causing rapid increase in the current density passing through the bumps. During the high current stressing in solder joints, electromigration failure of the Sn-1.8Ag solder bumps occurred with large consumption of Ni under bump metallization (UBM) and void formation at the cathode side of the solder bump. The electromigration reliability of Sn-2.3Ag solder bumps was superior to that of Sn-1.8Ag solder bumps due to its slow consumption of solder joint and much longer lifetime.","PeriodicalId":165120,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report","volume":"178 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114057699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DRAM operating states and burn in","authors":"W. Ellis, G. Yip, J. Hong","doi":"10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468941","url":null,"abstract":"Observation of system level DRAM operations can provide insights for developing improved reliability screens such as burn-in. We instrumented a dual rank 4GB RDIMM to probe command bus traffic from the memory controller to the DRAMs on a server mother board. Internal DRAM operating states are derived by analyzing the command bus traffic. Analysis showed that when the controller uses an open page policy with bank interleaving, the active idle state can become the dominant bias configuration in activated arrays. This result can be applied to the development of an efficient burn in stress.","PeriodicalId":165120,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126107696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of copper and aluminum power metallization on the negative bias temperature instability","authors":"R. Stradiotto, G. Pobegen, M. Nelhiebel","doi":"10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IIRW.2012.6468922","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations on degradation mechanisms have great importance regarding device reliability. Deeper understanding of the NBTI is one of the crucial issues for MOSFET manufacturing. This also includes studying possible consequences of individual steps during fabrication on the device performance. The present work shows that a back end of line process like metallization can have a strong impact on oxide reliability. Investigations on devices with copper and aluminum power metallization are performed and compared. Results indicate different properties at the oxide - semiconductor interface, which cause different levels of degradation through NBTI after application of a certain stress. Devices with aluminum metallization are affected by more severe degradation than devices with copper, especially concerning defects with long emission time constants.","PeriodicalId":165120,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130238569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}