Journal of Nepal Health Research Council最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Outcome of Pars Plana Vitrectomy in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.","authors":"Raba Thapa, Sanjita Sharma, Eli Pradhan, Sushma Duwal, Govinda Paudyal","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness among people with diabetes. The study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and outcome of pars plana vitrectomy in Proliferative diabetic retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective study was conducted from September 2019 to December 2021 among consecutive cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy who underwent pars plana vitrectomy at a tertiary eye care center. Study was conducted after ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee. Detailed systemic and ocular history, visual acuity, ocular findings under mydriasis, surgical procedures, and outcome following pars plana vitrectomy were recorded. Cases were followed up regularly until one year after the pars plana vitrectomy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total of 83 cases (89 eyes) of proliferative diabetic retinopathy were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 53 years ±9.7 SD, ranging from 26 years to 72 years. Males comprised of 62.7% cases. Type two diabetes comprised of 94% of cases. Indications for pars plana vitrectomy were; mixed vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment (38.2%), non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage (38.1%), and tractional retinal detachment only (24.7%). Pre-operative intra-vitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor was given in 78.65% eyes and pan retinal photocoagulation in 58.42% eyes. The anatomical success was achieved in 95.5% eyes, visual improvement in 68.54%, static in 14.6% and worsened in 16.86% of eyes. About 15.7% of eyes had some form of post- operative complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vitreous hemorrhage with tractional retinal detachment, persistent vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment involving macula were the common indication of pars plana vitrectomy among cases of Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Anatomical success and visual acuity improvement can be achieved in majority of the eyes following PPV in Proliferative diabetic retinopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"157-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feeding Practices of Infants and Young Children in Pokhara Metropolitan City.","authors":"Varsha Manandhar, Baidehi Upadhyaya, Smriti Manandhar, Alisha Manandhar, Amrita Ghimire","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>For children to grow and develop normally, appropriate feeding practices are essential, especially in the first two years of their lives. These practices can vary depending on the different sociodemographic factors. This study aims to study the feeding practices of infants and young children in different wards of Pokhara Metropolitan City.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted and 280 mothers of infants and young children 0-23 months of age were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were entered and cleaned in Ms-Excel and then exported to SPSS version 21.0 for statistical analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to find the association of feeding practices with different independent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 32.3% of children 0-5 months of age were found to be appropriately breastfed, and 41.8% of children 6-23 months of age were found to have appropriate complementary feeding practices. Children delivered by normal vaginal delivery (AOR 18.118, p < 0.01, 95% CI 3.831 - 85.689) were more likely to have appropriate breastfeeding practices than those delivered by caesarean section. Children of birth order two or more (AOR 2.226, p = 0.016, 95% CI 1.171 - 4.620) and living in nuclear families (AOR 2.488, p = 0.013, 95% CI 1.120 - 5.116) were found to have appropriate complementary feeding practices.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study concludes that the feeding practices of the majority of the infants and young children in Pokhara are not adequate as per the WHO and UNICEF standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"114-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Analysis of Safe Abortion Road Map in Nepal.","authors":"Jagadishwor Ghimire, Sanju Maharjan, Pratikshya Kattel, Deeb Shrestha Dangol, Bibek Kumar Lal, Nisha Joshi, Gauri Pradhan Shrestha, Archana Suwal, Ojasbi Bhattarai, Suruchi Shahi, Manish Gautam, Navaraj Bhattarai, Suresh Mehata, Bhogendra Raj Dotel, Sujan Karki","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4947","DOIUrl":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Abortion was legalized by the 2002 Muluki Ain to combat the surging rates of maternal mortality and morbidity. By 2021, the Maternal Mortality Rate plummeted to 151 from 539 in 1996. The decline in the abortion-related maternal mortality attributes to the implication of progressive abortion policies that includes expanded safe abortion services introduction of medical abortion, constitutional recognition of abortion, the mandates by Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Rights Act, and free-of-cost abortion services in government health facilities. This review study delves into exploring the contemporary abortion policies and its implications on women's access to safe abortion services as well as the factors that affect the access.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study incorporates findings from extensive desk review of abortion services in Nepal.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 2021 safe abortion services Program Implementation Guideline aims to expand safe abortion sites; however, the Nepal's challenging geography ensues its inequitable distribution, especially in mountainous area. Policy provisions on information and financial accessibility to abortion are well navigated by the Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Rights Act and regulation but consistent to sporadic gaps in its implementation were comprehended in this study. This paper further discussed the Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Rights Act's regressive mandate of 28-week gestational limit at any condition and the role of gender in abortion decision-making under the pretext of factors influencing safe abortion services.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The review study recommends strategies: improving capacity for abortion services under federalism, combating stigma, improving the private sector's readiness, and building a resilient health system.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"199-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perception and Willingness Regarding Organ Transplantation/donation among Medical Students of Maharajgunj Medical Campus: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Amit Sharma Bhattarai, Bidur Adhikari, Deepak Raj Joshi, Alisha Yadav, Pankaj Joshi, Bashu Dev Parajuli, Megha Koirala, Kushal Jung Karki, Krishna Prasad Subedi, Gentle Sunder Shrestha, Anil Shrestha, Shreejana Singh","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Organ transplant is the procedure of replacing a failing or damaged organ with a functioning one. Positive attitude and awareness about donation are a must for donor organs to be available. This study explored the level of knowledge, perception and willingness regarding organ donation among medical students in Nepal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 180 medical students using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used, and Pearson correlation was applied to examine the relationship between knowledge and perception of organ transplantation. Independent samples t-test and ANOVA was used to compare scores among year of study and gender.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated that 86.1% of participants were aware of the need for organ donation, and 83.3% knew that both living and deceased individuals could be donors. While 93.9% believed in the need for effective laws, 72.8% perceived risks for donors. However, only 74.4% were willing to donate their organs, though 91.7% expressed willingness to promote organ donation among friends and family. Participants showed a positive perception towards organ donation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite a high level of awareness and knowledge regarding organ donation, participants exhibited a lower level of willingness to donate organs. Perceived risks for donors and a lack of robust laws and regulations presented significant barriers. Nevertheless, an inclination to promote organ donation was observed. This underlines the need for enhanced education and policy reform to increase organ donation rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"192-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Cavitary Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Complication of Pulmonary Tuberculosis.","authors":"Bishal Tiwari, Sudeep Adhikari, Manoj Ghimire, Suraj Singh, Amir Kafle","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4344","DOIUrl":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary Aspergillosis is a fungal infection of the lungs that can lead to invasive disease and the formation of cavities, especially in the immunocompromised population. The most common clinical features are no symptoms at all to fever, cough, nondescript chest discomfort, trivial hemoptysis, and shortness of breath. Most patients respond well to Itraconazole therapy. Pulmonary Tuberculosis is one of the conditions that can lead to Aspergillosis, especially in cavities that are formed by Mycobacteria; both often manifest with similar clinical features and lead to diagnostic error. We present a case of a 28-year-old male diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis who developed symptoms of persistent cough, hemoptysis, increasing fatigue, and weight loss despite compliance with antitubercular therapy. Ultimately diagnosis of Cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis was made on clinical, laboratory, and radiological grounds. In a patient presenting with worsening symptoms of tuberculosis, there should be a suspicion of aspergillosis, necessitating the performance of standard fungal infection investigations. Keywords: Immunocompromise iosts; lung cavity; pulmonary aspergillosis; tuberculosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"205-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Sonographic Findings with Diagnostic Mammography.","authors":"Birendra Raj Joshi, Bishnu Paudel, Anamika Jha","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breast cancer is the leading female cancer worldwide with a high mortality rate. Early detection of the suspicious lesion is crucial for better prognosis. Higher breast density decreases the sensitivity of mammogram. Ultrasound can differentiate between cystic and solid masses and further characterize these as benign or possibly malignant. Our objective was to compare the findings of sonography with diagnostic mammography.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross sectional study including 125 females who underwent diagnostic mammogram in a tertiary care center. The mammograms were evaluated and the patients were scanned by ultrasound and categorized as per ACR- BIRADS category. The findings of diagnostic mammography were compared with that of ultrasonography using SPSS version 25.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The heterogeneously dense breast in diagnostic mammography corresponded to the heterogenous- fibroglandular breast in ultrasonography. In majority, ultrasound increased the BIRADS category for the lesion than designated by the diagnostic mammography. It was particularly useful for category 0 and 3 lesions which were indeterminate and required further imaging.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ultrasound was useful in evaluation of dense breasts with ACR-BIRADS 0 and 3 in diagnostic mammogram. For category 3 and 4 in diagnostic mammogram, ultrasound showed category 1 or 2 lesions which aided to alleviate patient anxiety and avoid unnecessary biopsies. With emerging technological advances in ultrasound, it can used as a powerful tool for breast lesion detection and patient management.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"87-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation Between Radiological Grading and Clinical Scoring in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients.","authors":"Kshitiz Sapkota, Sandesh Gautam, Prajjwol Luitel, Radhika Sapkota, Sabin Pokharel","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Osteoarthritis is characterized by mechanical joint abnormalities, primarily involving articular cartilage and subchondral bone degradation. Diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis relies on American College of Rheumatology criteria, and severity assessment utilizes the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score and Kellgren and Lawrence grading. Despite reported associations, discrepancies persist in the correlation between Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and Kellgren and Lawrence grade.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Trauma Centre, over six months with consecutive convenience sampling. Demographic and clinico-radiological data were collected. Mean, SD and correlation coefficient was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Consecutive convenient sampling yielded 80 participants meeting American College of Rheumatology criteria, aged 52-81 years, predominantly female (67.50%). Significant positive correlations were identified between age, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score, and KL grade. Results showed most cases with Kellgren and Lawrence grade III and strong correlations (r=0.73, p=0.00) between total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores and Kellgren and Lawrence grading. Notably, pain, stiffness and physical functions individually exhibited a significant possitive correlation with Kellgren and Lawrence grading. The study affirms age-related influences on osteoarthritis, emphasizes female predilection, and underscores the importance of assessing both clinical and radiological parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, this study supports Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index efficacy in dynamic disease assessment and management, especially in settings where radiological examinations may be impractical, thus establishing Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index as a versatile tool for systematic monitoring and intervention in knee osteoarthritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"175-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoscopic Drainage of Pancreatic Pseudocysts: Clinical Profile and Outcome Analysis.","authors":"Ram Bahadur Gurung, Pasand Sharma, Prakash Sapkota, Ashish Shrestha, Pramita Shrestha","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pancreatic pseudocyst is a complication of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Although surgery considered the gold standard, there is a rapid shift towards endoscopic treatment owing to its therapeutic outcome and minimal invasive involvement. This study aims to present the clinical profile and outcome analysis of the endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts in Dhulikhel Hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective review of all patients who were diagnosed with pancreatic pseudocyst between January 2015 and December 2018 in Dhulikhel Hospital. The retrospective data were on patient characteristics, etiology, location of the cyst, other clinical characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 51 patients and the average age of the patients in this study was 39 years and among them 62.7% were female. The mean size of pseudocyst was 7.89 cm, and the average days of hospital stay was 13.64. The most common etiology was idiopathic and more than half of the patient's cyst was in head and/or body, 15 and 36 underwent conservative and therapeutic management respectively. The technical success rate was at 94% and reported increased pancreatic pseudocyst in Dhulikhel Hospital from 2015-18.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study findings highlight the increased trend of pancreatitis pseudocyst as a complication of acute or chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic drainage of pseudocyst with plastic stent is an established method of managing it. However, pancreatic pseudocyst even larger than 6 cm can undergo spontaneous resolution.Hence, conservative management should be considered first.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"101-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Prophylactics Antibiotics in Clean Head and Neck Surgery in a Tertiary Care Center of Nepal: A Prospective Comparative Study.","authors":"Deepak Paudel, Anil Bikram Karki, Amod Shrestha","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Surgical site infections are well recognized complications of any surgical procedures. In head and neck surgeries, prophylactic antibiotics are commonly used to prevent Surgical site infections, in contaminated and clean contaminated procedures. Guidelines advised against routine antibiotics use in clean surgeries, but in our setting, non-compliance is frequent, resulting excessive antibiotics use. Objective of the study was to compare the Surgical site infections rate between prophylactics antibiotics group and no antibiotics group in clean head and neck surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>It was a prospective comparative study conducted at a tertiary care centre of eastern Nepal. Patients were assigned to two groups, one receiving prophylactic antibiotics and another receiving no antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 131 patients, 66 received prophylactic antibiotics and 65 did not. Thyroidectomy was the most common surgery. The surgical site infection rate was 6.06% in antibiotic group and 7.69% in no antibiotic group, the difference was not significant (p=0.744). The risk reduction of surgical site infection with use of antibiotics was 0.0163 and number need to treat was calculated to be 61.35 About 3% of the patients who were administered antibiotics experienced adverse drug reactions. Factors, such as gender, amount of blood loss, smoking, placement of drains had no significant impact on Surgical site infections rate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prophylactics antibiotics does not offer substantial advantages in preventing surgical site infections and are not advised for such procedures. Moreover, their use increases the financial burden and risk of adverse drug reactions to the patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"169-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Youth Suicide in Nepal: A Growing Concern.","authors":"Sudip Paudel, Alok Atreya","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Nepal, suicidal behaviour among adolescents is a growing concern, and the country has been in the grip of a major mental health disaster for many years. The issue must be addressed immediately, and there must be urgent and concerted action by state institutions, healthcare practitioners, and society. Official statistics show the increased rates of completed suicide, whereas those cases that attempted suicide and survived the event remain unaccounted for. The fortunate suicide victims, who were timely rescued, resuscitated, and survived; in the recent years as witnessed at a tertiary hospital in the western region of Nepal, depict a grim picture of suicidality among youths, particularly among teenagers and young adults. The authors recognize the urgent need to tackle and address the problem of youth suicide in the country. Keywords: Cultural factors; mental health crisis; Nepal; risk-taking behaviour; suicide prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"209-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}