Ram Chandra Adhikari, Mahesh Shah, Werner Kempf, Anil Kumar Jha
{"title":"Cutaneous Lymphoma in a Tertiary Skin Hospital and Referral Centre in Nepal.","authors":"Ram Chandra Adhikari, Mahesh Shah, Werner Kempf, Anil Kumar Jha","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Primary cutaneous lymphomas are a distinct group of rare lymphoid neoplasms with absence of extracutaneous lymphomas at the time of presentation. They are rare in Nepal and no data on cutaneous lymphoma have been published from this country till date.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 15 cases of cutaneous lymphomas retrieved from the records of department of Dermatopathology, DI Skin Hospital and Referral Centre, Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal. Patients were diagnosed according to the current WHO classification for cutaneous lymphoma.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 15 cases were studied with median age of 45 years (range: 22 to 81 years) and male to female ratio of 1.5:1. Primary cutaneous lymphomas constituted 13 cases out of 15 and the most common type of cutaneous lymphoma was mycosis fungoides and variants 5 (33%), followed by CD30 positive primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma constituting 2 (13%). T-cell cutaneous lymphoma constituted 13 (87%) and B-cell cutaneous lymphoma 2 (13%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas were more frequent than cutaneous B-cell lymphomas in Nepalese patients. Mycosis fungoides and variants are commonest type of primary cutaneous lymphomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"123-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alok Atreya, Bina Acharya, Purushottam Prasad Yadav, Ritesh G Menezes, Samata Nepal
{"title":"Evaluation of Errors on Death Certificates.","authors":"Alok Atreya, Bina Acharya, Purushottam Prasad Yadav, Ritesh G Menezes, Samata Nepal","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Death certificates provide vital data for disease surveillance and health policy. However, errors are common globally, undermining data reliability. This study analyzed prevalence and types of errors in death certificates at a tertiary hospital in Nepal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study reviewed all death certificates issued at Lumbini Medical College, Nepal from April 2020 to April 2022. Certificates were assessed for errors including improper sequencing, absent time intervals, abbreviations, illegible writing, and inaccurate immediate, antecedent, and underlying causes of death as per international guidelines. Errors were classified as major or minor.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 139 certificates, none were error-free. The most common error was incorrectly or incompletely filling the immediate cause of death (77.7%). Other errors included absent time of death (17.3%), abbreviations (57.6%), illegible writing (22.3%), and omitting the hospital stamp/medical council registration number (8.6%). Based on international criteria, 76.3% had minor errors, 23% had both major and minor errors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study found a high rate of errors in death certification at a tertiary hospital in Nepal, undermining data accuracy. Regular training and monitoring with feedback are recommended to improve certification practices. Accurate cause-of-death data is vital for healthcare policy and decision-making in Nepal.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"150-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Humoral Response Following Vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and/or Sinopharm, BBIBP-CorV: Correspondence.","authors":"Hinpetch Daungsupawong, Viroj Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>n/a.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for Universal screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Abha Shrestha, Rajani Shakya, Rabina Shrestha, Sulata Karki, Seema Das, Priya Shrestha, Anisha Rai, Saroj Thapa, Abha Shrestha, Biraj Karmacharya","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus increased almost 30% in many countries, including underdeveloped countries and same in Nepal. Hospital-based studies in Nepal reported Gestational Diabetes Mellitus cases, with prevalence 2.48% in 2010 to 4.47% in 2019 emphasising on necessity of universal screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>As part of implementation of Electronic Decision support System for Antenatal Care, in formative study clinical vignettes on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus case presented to six healthcare providers ( Incharges, Auxiliary Nurse, Midwives and Lab Assistants) from 3 primary healthcare facilities in Kavre and Dolakha districts, Nepal from October-December 2019. 19 Auxiliary Nurse, Midwives from 19 HCF of 4 districts (Kavre, Dolakha, Sindhuli, and Sindhupalchok, including where clinical vignette were applied trained to perform Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for 4 hours. In-depth Interviews conducted with 16 Auxiliary Nurse, Midwives (8 trained and 8 peer coached from selected 4 HCF to explore their perception and experiences of conducting Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and continuing it for future. Clinical vigenttes compared with PEN protocol and IDIs analyzed thematically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 4/6 HCPs made probable diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. 217 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test performed, 24 found to have Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. In-depth Interviews showed Auxiliary Nurse, Midwives enthusiasts on implementing tests for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and to continue what has been learnt in training. Some challenges; clients hesitate to stay 2 hours at facilities due to unavailability of transport and household work. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test trained Auxiliary Nurse, Midwives seem more confident in counselling and conducting Oral Glucose Tolerance Test than those peer coached.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Administering Oral Glucose Tolerance Test seemed feasible in HCF settings despite some challenges. Training and continuing logistics supply from municipality level seems promising.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"135-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Publication Status of Theses among Post-graduate Students in Nursing from Institute of Medicine.","authors":"Pratima Khatri, Bigya Chapagain, Mohan Raj Sharma","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Publication of the research work done during the master's program is highly desirable. However, there is a paucity of data on the number of publications, especially from low-income countries. The objective was to find out the status of the publication of the theses of post-graduate students in Nursing from the Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Nepal from 2015-2019.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional analytical design with a structured interview via telephone was done for data collection. Independent variables were age, marital status, current work status, current working organization, type of research, year of graduation, and facilitators and barriers to publication, whereas dependent was the publication status of the thesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two hundred five (76.2%) out of 269 participated in the study. The age group ranged from 27 to 50 years (mean ± SD = 36.6±4.8). The majority 89.3% were married. Currently working in academic institutions was 51.7%. One hundred ninety-eight (96.6%) respondents performed a cross-sectional descriptive study. Only 2.9% of studies were cross-sectional analytical and 0.5% were qualitative. Seventy-five (36.6%) respondents published their theses. Twenty-seven (36.0%) were published in PubMed-indexed journals. The most common facilitator for publication was academic satisfaction [59 out of 75(78.7%)] followed by encouragement from supervisors 52.0% and peers 40.0%, whereas the commonest barrier to publication was lack of interest [80 out of 124 (64.5%)] followed by lack of confidence 51.6%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the results, more than one-third of the participants published their theses in national and international journals including those indexed in PubMed. Provision of university research grants, development of publication culture among post-graduate students, and making a provision of academic publication before degree awards should be encouraged for more academic publication.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"96-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deeb Shrestha Dangol, Nisha Gyawali, Bibek Kumar Lal, Nisha Kumari Joshi, Sujan Karki, Kritee Lamichhane, Parash Prasad Phuyal, Shipra Joshi, Jagadishwor Ghimire, Bill Powell, Jina Dhillon, Anna Lynam
{"title":"Service Readiness for Safe Abortion Services.","authors":"Deeb Shrestha Dangol, Nisha Gyawali, Bibek Kumar Lal, Nisha Kumari Joshi, Sujan Karki, Kritee Lamichhane, Parash Prasad Phuyal, Shipra Joshi, Jagadishwor Ghimire, Bill Powell, Jina Dhillon, Anna Lynam","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong> Health service readiness is a prerequisite to accessing quality services. This study analyzes the readiness of health facilities in Nepal to provide comprehensive abortion services by focusing on the availability and quality of care. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, and a multi-stage sampling approach was used to select health facilities. A total of 767 health facilities were surveyed from 30 Municipalities across the country. Results: In a study of 767 health facilities surveyed, only 223 (29%) offered abortion services. Among them, 92% offered medical abortion, 48% provided manual vacuum aspiration, 18% offered dilation and evacuation and 18% offered medical induction. Approximately 7% of health facilities lacked trained providers yet still provided services and 29% of health facilities providing abortion services were not compliant with legal requirements. Interestingly, 13% of these facilities lacked short-acting contraceptives. Conclusions: Most health facilities in Nepal lack readiness for Safe Abortion Services (SAS), failing to meet minimum criteria, including to provide abortion legally. Urgent collaborative efforts among policymakers, administrators, and healthcare providers are needed to align with Nepal's Sustainable Development Goals and address gaps in safe abortion service availability. This includes policy updates, strengthening Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), and ensuring comprehensive SAS implementation and financing as part of essential health services.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"80-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Service Readiness of Primary Health Care Facilities for Non-Communicable Diseases Management.","authors":"Yam Prasad Sharma, Hari Prasad Kaphle, Niranjan Shrestha, Jagat Prasad Upadhyay, Sujan Poudel","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>NCDs prevalence and associated risk factors impacts on the burden of disease and premature mortality. Effective NCD service delivery requires well equipped facilities with trained providers and resources. Evaluating readiness and its determinant is crucial for enhancing NCD management. The study examines readiness in primary health care facilities for managing non-communicable disease in Syangja district.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional research was conducted among 117 Primary health care facility health workers in Nepal's Syangja District. The data was collected through face-to-face interviews using modified WHO-SARA tool. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the relationship between NCD readiness and its associated factors and multivariable logistic regression was utilized to determine the strength of the correlation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 6 percent of the healthcare facilities in Syangja district had developed the system for readiness against non-communicable diseases. The mean percentage scores for service-specific domains ranged from 40% to 58%, indicating variations in readiness across different domains mainly contributed by basic amenities and training. Approximately 80.3% of health facilities received support from the local government, while equipment or commodities support was provided to the third- quarter of the health facilities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Total service readiness was very low in the diagnostic and medicine facilities of Syangja. It demonstrates that there is a discrepancy between the present situation of the incremental trend of NCDs and the related level of service preparedness in primary health care settings. The development of the service readiness mechanism is imperative considering the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Syangja.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"142-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Choroidal Thickness Measurement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients with or Without Ocular Manifestation.","authors":"Prajita Khadka, Ranju Kharel Sitaula, Sanjeeb Kumar Mishra, Saket Jha, Srijana Lamichhane, Parash Gyawali, Aayush Chandan","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4903","DOIUrl":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a multi-systemic disease that has a high morbidity rate. Choroids usually have a distinct structural makeup in different systemic disorders which makes it easier to be used as a potential tool for the study of disease activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was an observational cross-sectional prospective study with a total of 51 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients and 51 normal controls were included. The choroidal thickness values were determined using the Spectralis Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography instrument (Heidelberg Engineering).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the mean subfoveal, nasal, and temporal choroidal thickness in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients with ocular manifestations had thinner choroidal thickness compared to normal controls with p<0.001, p=0.008, and p<0.001, respectively. On the other hand, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients without ocular manifestations had relatively thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness compared to normal controls (p<0.001) but nasal and temporal choroidal thickness were not statistically significant (p=0.264 and p=0.347 respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggested that choroidal thickness measurement may serve as an indicator of disease activity and prognosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients, as well as a potential tool to predict the occurrence of ocular manifestations. Thinning of the choroid may be associated with factors such as decreased blood flow leading to atrophy or chronic inflammation, while thickening of the choroid may indicate active stage of the disease and the possibility of severe ocular manifestations in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"130-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shiva R Adhikari, Kapil Pokharel, Khagendra Katuwal, Dilli Ram Upreti, Naveen Adhikari, Nirmal K Raut
{"title":"Interconnectedness of Health and Economy in Post-COVID-19: A Systems Thinking Approach to Synergies, Trade-Offs, and Policy Responses in Nepal.","authors":"Shiva R Adhikari, Kapil Pokharel, Khagendra Katuwal, Dilli Ram Upreti, Naveen Adhikari, Nirmal K Raut","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study addresses the economic challenges posed by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with a specific focus on Nepal. Employing a Systems Thinking approach, the study develops a comprehensive model that integrates macroeconomic interventions, exploring the trade-offs and synergies among various economic sectors. The interconnectedness of health, economic, and policy domains highlights the need for a holistic understanding of the pandemic's effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An exploratory research design was used. The model introduces three primary subsystems-import, local demand, and local production-illustrating their interdependence. The causal loop diagram depicts the implications of fiscal and monetary policies on the economy, emphasizing the synergy and trade-offs resulting from policy interventions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings reveal the significant economic impact of the pandemic on Nepal, leading to its negative growth rate in FY 2020/21, the first time Nepal has experienced this in the last two decades. The results show that both intended and unintended consequences are observed following the adoption of fiscal and monetary policy that aimed at minimizing the spread of virus suggesting a complex nature of relationship among the policy variables. The fiscal policy induced negative consequences on the increasing loan, slow revenue growth, while positive feedbacks are observed on increased investment opportunities, and boosting of local economy. The monetary measures yielded unintended consequences on the rising land prices, surge in share market.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study concludes by emphasizing the crucial role of informed policymaking in navigating the complex landscape, offering insights for creating a resilient and sustainable post-pandemic future.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"180-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Obstetric Characteristics and Functional Outcomes in Women with Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury.","authors":"Shree Prasad Adhikari, Sandesh Poudel, Sapana Amatya Baidhya, Manisha Yadav","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obstetric anal sphincter injury is a complication of vaginal delivery, if left untreated, causes significant maternal morbidities; urinary problems and fecal/ flatus incontinence. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and describe the obstetric characteristics and functional outcomes of women who had vaginal delivery at Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital Nepal and sustained Obstetric anal sphincter injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective descriptive study included women who had vaginal delivery, irrespective of parity, in the labor room or birthing unit of Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital from April 2018 to September 2020, and sustained Grade III or IV Obstetric anal sphincter injury after 28 weeks period of gestation. Maternal characteristics, obstetric details and perineal status after vaginal delivery were noted after review of hospital records. The patients were further inquired via telephone for their current status of fecal and/or urinary incontinence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence of OASI was 106 (0.33%) among 31, 786 Nepalese women with vaginal birth over a 2-year period. The mean age women with Obstetric anal sphincter injury was 24.6 ± 4.3 years and 45(52.9%) cases belonged to Janajati ethnicity. Fifty two (61.2 %) were primipara and 77 (90.6%) had spontaneous vaginal deliveries. Episiotomy was not performed on most of the patients (63, 74.1%). Problems with flatus holding, stool holding and urine holding was reported by 28.3%, 13.2% and 22.6% women respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The incidence of Obstetric anal sphincter injury among Nepalese women with vaginal birth over a 2-year period was 0.33%, which was lower than other South Asian studies. Grade III Obstetric anal sphincter injury was the frequent most type. The injuries were more common in women with Janajati ethnicity, primipara and women who did not have episiotomy. Problems with flatus holding and urine holding were present in almost one-fourth of the women with Obstetric anal sphincter injury at follow up.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"73-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}