Journal of Nepal Health Research Council最新文献

{"title":"RE: Serotype of Dengue Virus Causing Dengue Outbreak in Kathmandu.","authors":"Hinpetch Daungsupawong, Viroj Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.5417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.5417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>n/a.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"24 1","pages":"189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Anemia among Adolescent Girls in Rural Nepal.","authors":"Tulsi Ram Bhandari, Nawaraj Chapagain, Shishir Paudel, Amar Nagila, Sushil Panta, Jenny Ojha, Yoko Oda Thapa, Hiroko Sakai","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.4632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.4632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescence is a period of rapid growth and increased nutritional requirements, making girls in low- and middle-income countries, such as Nepal, vulnerable to iron deficiency anemia. In rural areas of Nepal, menstrual blood loss, poor diet, and socio-cultural barriers all increase this risk. Despite national programs, anemia remains a major public health concern, affecting cognition, immunity, and future reproductive health. This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of nutritional status, including anemia, in adolescent girls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted from July to August 2024, with 501 adolescent girls aged 10 to 19 years, using a census method in Annapurna Rural Municipality, Kaski, Nepal. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews, anthropometric assessments, and blood tests. BMI-for-age z-scores (BAZ) were computed using WHO Anthro-Plus, and anemia was categorized based on laboratory-established ferritin guidelines. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the ????2 test, and logistic regression (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Considering ferritin (< 40.7 ng/mL) and hemoglobin (?12 g/dL), the prevalence of anemia was found to be 67.6% and (?12 g/dL), respectively. Maternal education, family type, and parental marital status were found to be significantly associated with anemia (p<0.05). Similarly, ethnicity, maternal education, and family type were found statistically associated with nutritional status (p <0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study highlighted a concerning magnitude of anemia among adolescent girls in rural Nepal, with two-thirds being anaemic. The findings underscore that nutritional deficiencies are not merely biological issues but are deeply rooted in social and educational determinants such as maternal education, family structure, and ethnicity. Addressing this challenge requires a comprehensive approach such as strengthening nutrition education, promoting iron-rich diets, ensuring regular screening, and enhancing maternal awareness through community and school-based programs to effectively reduce anemia and improve adolescent health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Health Outcomes in Nepalese Women After Mitral Valve Replacement.","authors":"Dikshya Joshi, Anushruti Shrestha, Smriti Mahaju Bajracharya, Apurb Sharma","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.4765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.4765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effects of anticoagulation on maternal health in patients with prosthetic valves remain understudied. Our study aims to assess maternal health post-mitral valve replacement (MVR), pregnancy-related complications, maternal mortality, coagulation issues, and fetal and neonatal outcomes post-MVR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This exploratory retrospective study, conducted from 2017-2020, included female patients of reproductive age who underwent MVR. Eligible participants were identified from hospital records, and pregnancy-related maternal outcomes were ascertained through review of medical records and a single cross-sectional telephone follow-up conducted between June and August 2023. Data on childbirth, abortion, anticoagulation management, and related complications were collected. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 474 female patients of childbearing age who underwent MVR, 380 responded to our survey. Of these, 18 cases (4.73%) involved pregnancy post-MVR. All pregnant patients were on anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy, with no maternal deaths reported. However, one patient experienced heart failure post-delivery. Bleeding was the most common complication, occurring in 5/18 pregnancies (27.7%). Seven pregnancies resulted in live births (38.8%), with one low birth weight infant. There were no congenital anomalies, but there was one intrauterine fetal death at 7 months and 2 spontaneous abortions. Seven pregnancies were electively terminated, though the reasons were not studied. One pregnancy was ongoing at the time of the study. All but one delivery occurred under medical supervision, with most patients following a warfarin-to-heparin regimen.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this cohort, 4.73% of women experienced pregnancies post-MVR, with anticoagulation posing significant challenges. The low rate of maternal and fetal complications suggests a need for further research, particularly regarding the high rate of elective terminations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"24 1","pages":"35-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148812197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified Shanfield Ureteric Reimplantation with or Without Ureteric Tailoring in Primary Obstructive Megaureter.","authors":"Suman Bikram Adhikari, Surendra Bikram Adhikari, Mridul Prasad Joshi, Bal Mukunda Basnet, Priyanka Sah, Amar Rupakheti, Kajal Singh Yadav, Susan Upreti, Bipin Nepal","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.4728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.4728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obstructive megaureter is one of the leading cause of renal failure. If not resolve on time, surgical correction is necessary. Excision of stricture part and ureteric reimplantation is procedure of choice. Modified shanfield technique is one of the surgical procedures for ureteric reimplantation with good outcome. Those with huge megaureter, excisional tapering of distal ureter to facilitate ureteric reimplantation is mandatory. The objective of this study was to evaluate and assess the outcome of modified shanfield procedure in children with obstructive megaureter.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review of all patients with obstructive megaureter who underwent modified shanfield ureteric reimplantation with or without ureteric tailoring between April 2022 to March 2024 was done. The following were recorded for each patient: age, sex, laterality, ureteral diameter, operative time, hospital stay, outcome and complications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study consisted of 16 paediatric patients (6 boys and 10 girls) who underwent modified shanfield ureteric reimplantation with or without ureteric tailoring with a mean age of 47 months(12 months to 132 months). Left side repair was performed in 10 patients (62.5%). Mean operative time was 118 minutes. The mean length of hospital was 6.65 days (5- 9 days). None of the patients developed major complications including vesicoureteric reflux or stricture but three cases had febrile urinary tract infection. Follow up ultrasound and Di-ethylene triamine-penta-acetic acid (DTPA) scan was obtained after 6 months postoperatively, which showed improved renal function in DTPA in 14 patients (93.4%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Modified shanfield ureteric reimplantation is also an alternative procedure for ureteric reimplantation because of its easiness, quick and good outcome. Its implication in paediatric age group is also safe. For better outcome, patient selection and refinement technique should be pursued.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"24 1","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148812777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disrespect and Abuse During Childbirth and Its Determinants among Women Delivering in Healthcare Facilities.","authors":"Pooja Bhandari Subedi, Sagar Parajuli, Kusumsheela Bhatta, Sabina Lamichhane, Sunita Sharma, Sharada Paudel","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.5138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.5138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Providing respectful maternity care can enhance the maternal and child health outcomes by fostering the trust and positive relationships between healthcare providers and mothers. The objective of this study was to assess the status of disrespect and abuse during childbirth and its determinants among women delivering in healthcare facilities and its determinants in Pokhara, Nepal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 290 women in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal. Respondents were enrolled using a simple random sampling approach. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed based on Bowser and Hill's seven domains of disrespect and abuse during childbirth. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the respondents, 69.0% delivered in government hospitals. Complications for the baby during labor were reported by 5.2% of women. 62.4% of the respondents reported that they experienced at least one form of disrespect and abuse during childbirth at the hospital. Among women who experienced disrespect and abuse, the most prevalent category was non-consented care (49.7%), followed by physical abuse (35.2%). No variables were significantly associated with disrespect and abuse during childbirth in the bivariate and multivariate analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The status of disrespect and abuse during childbirth was high. These findings highlight the need for systemic improvements within maternity care services, including strengthened provider accountability and promotion of respectful maternity care practices across all health facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"24 1","pages":"116-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Proportion and Genotype Distribution among Reproductive age Women of a Hilly District of Nepal.","authors":"Rajesh Kumar Gupta, Kopila Shrestha, Bhawna Bhandari, Binod Manandhar, Krishna Das Manandhar","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.5135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.5135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a leading cause of cervical cancer, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with limited access to preventive services. This study was aimed to assess high-risk HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among reproductive-age women in Palpa district of Nepal and compare them with demographic and clinical data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A small, community based, non-probability convenience sampling approach was used for data collection in which cervical swabs were collected from 2,331 women aged 20 to 45 years from Rampur and Rambha municipalities of Palpa district, who attended the health camps organized from 7th February 2025 to 7th October 2025, after obtaining ethical approval from the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Nepal. Out of 2,331 cervical swab samples, 2,024 swab samples were only processed due to pre-analytical errors for HPV DNA detection using the Nucleic Acid Extraction Kit and genotypes identified through RT-PCR using the Human Papillomavirus Nucleic Acid Amplification Test Kit.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HPV positivity among participants were found to be 3.5%. Other HPV genotype (non 16/18) were most frequently observed among HPV positive participant 35(49.3%), followed by HPV 16 genotype (29.5%) and HPV 18 (16.9%). The women between 35-40 years age group had the highest proportion of HPV positive cases (36 cases). The logistic regression between HPV infection and the presence of cervical lesions yielded an odds ratio of 2.999, indicating that women with cervical lesions were nearly three times more likely to have HPV infection than those without lesions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study showed low HPV positive proportion rate, with non-16/18 genotypes predominating. Women aged 35-40 years had the highest HPV positivity, and HPV infection was found to be more common among women with cervical lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"24 1","pages":"109-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Attitude on Ethical Conduct of Clinical Research Among Nurses Working in the University Hospital of Nepal.","authors":"Shreejana Singh, Deepak Raj Joshi, Ajanta Maharjan, Pratima Khatri, Bhibhooti Shahi, Manisha Chapagai, Bimala Parajuli, Mohan Raj Sharma","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.4992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.4992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nurses are pivotal in primary healthcare and often serve as the first point of patient contact. Delivering evidence-based care is essential for ensuring high-quality services. Clinical research in hospital settings provides the evidence base that supports such care. This study aimed to assess nurses' knowledge of clinical research ethics and their attitudes toward conducting research at a university hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A pretested semi-structured questionnaire, developed from literature and expert input, was used to collect data on demographics, research knowledge, and attitudes toward ethical conduct of clinical research among 279 nurses at the University Hospital. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee, and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test and ANOVA) in SPSS version 26.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most respondents were aged 26-30 years, held bachelor's degrees, and lacked formal research training, though over half had prior research experience. Knowledge of clinical research, particularly ethics and trial procedures, was high, and attitudes were largely positive. Misconceptions persisted regarding vulnerable populations, the use of placebos, and blinding. Knowledge and attitude scores were significantly associated with education and research experience, while nearly all nurses acknowledged the necessity of clinical trials (98.9%) and ethical guidelines (93.5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nurses demonstrated strong knowledge of research ethics and positive attitudes toward clinical research, though gaps in specific ethical concepts highlight the need for enhanced formal training to strengthen their confidence and readiness for ethical research engagement.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"24 1","pages":"80-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Minimum Service Standards and Patient Satisfaction in Outpatient Departments of Nepal's Government Hospitals.","authors":"Janardan Pathak, Abigail Knoble, Md Kashim Shah, Rabindra Bhandari, Archana Amatya, Ruma Rajbhandari","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.4913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.4913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nepal's Minimum Service Standards (MSS) tool assesses structural readiness of government hospitals but its relationship to patient satisfaction is unknown. We evaluated how well MSS scores correspond to outpatient satisfaction and patient reported gaps in the quality of services.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional mixed-methods study utilized 839 patient satisfaction surveys conducted from July 2021 to May 2024 across 57 government hospitals, then linked responses to retrospective hospital-level MSS scores. Overall satisfaction was modeled with an ordinal mixed-effects logistic regression with hospital-level random intercepts. For qualitative insights, six hospitals were purposely sampled for six focus group discussions with OPD staff and six interviews with hospital leaders. Transcripts underwent thematic content analysis, and quantitative and qualitative findings were triangulated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Each 1% rise in OPD MSS score increased satisfaction odds by 3% (OR?1.03, 95?%?CI?1.02-1.05; p?<?0.001), with variable effects below a 50?% MSS threshold. Key gaps in privacy, human resources, and patient counseling were identified across hospitals, regardless of their MSS score, highlighting areas where the MSS tool does not fully correlate to patient experience. Less frequently reported problems (privacy, staff behaviour, and counselling) had the greatest effect on patient satisfaction, whereas more frequently cited problems (cleanliness, waiting times, cost, and medicine availability) had smaller effects. Qualitative findings revealed that hospitals with higher MSS scores had better management systems, stronger leadership, and improved team support, contributing to a more conducive working environment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The MSS tool effectively reflects readiness in tangible aspects like cleanliness and equipment but fails to reflect gaps in privacy, human resources, and medicine availability. Addressing these misalignments is crucial to ensure that the MSS tool effectively addresses quality of care.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"24 1","pages":"49-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Menopausal Symptoms Among Women.","authors":"Rama Paudel, Dilip Kc, Jeevan Gyawali, Bhim Chauhan, Agnimshwor Dahal, Astha Thapa, Jay Bhushan Jha","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.5025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.5025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Menopause is the transitional change in women from the reproductive to non-reproductive stage, a phenomenon unique to women. A variety of symptoms are present as part of this transition, brought by changes in female reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone. These symptoms include a range of physical symptoms of hot flushes, night sweats, irregular menstruation to depression, and insomnia. This study aimed to find out the menopausal symptoms and its associated factors among women in Dhorpatan Municipality, Baglung, Nepal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among menopausal women of three wards of Dhorpatan Municipality between the months of Chaitra and Bhadra, after approval from the Institutional Review Committee. A simple random sampling was used. This study involves 266 women who are willing to participate in the study and have given written consent.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 266 respondents, 52.3% were aware of their symptoms. Among those with menopausal symptoms, 25.9% experience hot flashes, 74.1% have sweating, 29.5% report vaginal dryness, 38.1% mention heart discomfort, 37.4% face anxiety, and 19.4% deal with depressive mood during menopause. Education, marital status, number of children, regular physical exercise, and utilization of health services were the factors that were significantly associated with menopausal symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>About half of the respondents experienced menopausal symptoms, with most common being sweating, heart discomfort, anxiety, vaginal dryness, hot flashes and depression. Education, physical activity, and use of health services were linked to these symptoms. Local authorities should organize regular health camps, and women should be encouraged to discuss their issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"24 1","pages":"87-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine for Sedation in Children.","authors":"Mona Sharma, Swagat Gongal, Bijesh Yadav, Ashish Lal Shrestha, Saurya Dhungel","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.5040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v24i01.5040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Preoperative sedation in children is necessary as it is a common source of distress, potentially leading to difficult induction. Intranasal dexmedetomidine bypasses hepatic metabolism and has good availability. It is non invasive, easy with minimal respiratory depression. This study aimed to observe safety, efficacy, sedation level and parental separation score following a fixed dose of 1.5 mcg/kg Methods: A cross sectional study design was conducted among 43 children posted for elective surgeries. After informed consent and assent were obtained, intranasal DEX 1.5mcg/kg was administered. Satisfactory sedation was defined as a Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) score of ? 3, and satisfactory parental separation as a score of ? 2 on a 4-point scale. Physiological parameters (HR, RR, SPO2 were monitored for 30 minutes. Statistical analysis involved the use of SAS version 9.4.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Satisfactory sedation ? 3 was achieved in 93.0% of subjects by 30 minutes (95% CI: 80.9%-98.5%). Similarly, satisfactory parent-child separation ? 2 score was achieved in 93.0% of subjects. Mean heart rate progressively decreased from 107.12±14.20 at baseline to 85.47 ± 7.29 beats per minute at 30 minutes, which was well tolerated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intranasal DEX at a dose of 1.5 mcg/kg is safe and effective premedication for paediatric patients, which results in successful sedation with tolerated changes in vitals.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"24 1","pages":"95-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}