Journal of Nepal Health Research Council最新文献

{"title":"Sonography as an Adjunct to Digital Mammography in Patients with Dense Breasts.","authors":"Anamika Jha, Pradeep Raj Regmi, Huney Pradhan, Minaxi Thakur, Birendra Raj Joshi","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.4735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.4735","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dense breasts are associated with an increased risk of cancer and also mask lesions on mammograms. In our study, we evaluated the role of sonography as an adjunct to digital mammography in patients with dense breasts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sonography of 676 female patients with American College of Radiology category C or D mammographic density was done in this prospective cross-sectional analytical study in the Department of Radiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. The final imaging diagnosis was classified as per the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System categories. Tissue diagnosis was obtained in patients with sonographic category 3 solid lesions larger than 3 cm, category 4 and 5 lesions. The data were tabulated and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Service (SPSS) for Windows version 22.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Additional sonography confirmed all BIRADS 1 mammograms as normal or benign, 95.7 % (112) of inconclusive, and 82.8% (n=135) of BIRADS 3 ones as benign. It had higher sensitivity and negative predictive value (100%) than mammography with similar accuracy. Most patients (479, 70.9%) had diagnostic indications. There were 540 (79.9%) cases in ACR BIRADS category c. A final diagnosis of benign (316, 46.7%) was most common, followed by normal (293, 43.4%) and malignant (67, 9.9%). The majority of the malignant lesions were Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (59, 88%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Additional sonography confirmed mammography findings as normal, benign, or suspicious for malignancy, definitely described morphology and extent of mass, and also guided biopsy. It had higher sensitivity than mammography in dense breasts.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 4","pages":"670-677"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Perception Regarding Minimization Strategies.","authors":"Sailaja Ghimire, Sushmita Ghimire, Bishal Dahal Khatri, Sarala Neupane, Resu Agrawal Sagtani, Shambhu Prasad Upadhaya","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intimate Partner Violence refers to any behavior within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to those in the relationship. There are very serious health consequences in the health of women due to intimate partner violence. Thus, this study tries to explore the health effects of intimate partner violence and minimization strategies associated with it.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A phenomenological study design was used in the study. Interviews were conducted among eleven study participants. Interviews were done with the survivors of violence, female community health volunteers, health personnel, local leaders, and staff of the municipality working in the Judicial Committee. Interviews were transcribed and translated and thematic analysis was done.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Survivors of violence mainly faced three forms of violence (Physical, sexual, and emotional) resulting in various health effects. Complaints like headache, head injury, pain, and sores were physical health effects reported by women whereas complaints like stress and having suicidal thoughts were the mental health effects. Family taboos, poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, social norms, and tradition were found to be the factors associated with intimate partner violence while the minimization strategies included proper communication, mutual understanding among partners, and awareness about social and legal rights.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Effective communication and mutual understanding between husband and wife is key in reducing these health effects. In addition, in community level women empowerment is crucial for mitigating IPV.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 4","pages":"699-706"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lived Experiences of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients undergoing Haemodialysis in a Tertiary Hospital of Nepal.","authors":"Bimala Kumari Sah, Imran Khan, Ashesh Dhungana, Madhusudan Subedi, Rolina Dhital","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses significant global health challenges, including in Nepal, where the increasing need for hemodialysis are influencing patient's daily life. This study aimed to explore lived experiences of CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A qualitative, phenomenological research design was employed. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 hemodialysis patients at Bir Hospital from December, 2023 to January, 2024. Analysis followed Colaizzi's method, ensuring data quality through established credibility and transferability measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four major themes emerged: (i) Journey to receive hemodialysis (ii) Financial Constraints (iii) Psychosocial support (iv) Seeking for special health services. Patients perceived hemodialysis as a hope for existence but faced financial troubles and inadequate special and psychosocial support.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The lived experiences of the patients reflected both hope and challenges highlighting the need for improved health services and counseling in hemodialysis wards, along with enhanced governance in the healthcare system.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 4","pages":"738-743"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Anxiety and its Associated Factors among Secondary School Adolescents of Kathmandu Metropolitan, Nepal.","authors":"Dichhen Tamang, Tulsi Ram Bhandari","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.4755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.4755","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Social anxiety is an intense anxiety or fear of being judged, negatively evaluated, or rejected in a social situation. It often develops in early adolescence, which eventually grows up to adulthood, mostly without being diagnosed. This study assessed the prevalence and factors associated with social anxiety in secondary school adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>School-based cross-sectional study design was performed among secondary school adolescents of 10 schools in Kathmandu Metropolitan, Nepal. A total of 360 samples were obtained through multi-stage random sampling using the lottery method. A self-administered questionnaire was used as a data collection tool which included the Liebowitz social anxiety scale for children and adolescents. Data entry and analysis were done by using Epi Data and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of social anxiety was 39.7% which was higher in females. The study found that 33.3% of the participants were in the high-risk category. A strong association (p<.001) was seen between self-perception and social anxiety. Similarly, a significant relationship (p<.001) was found with social experience-related variables, which included: the experience of traumatic situations, and being discriminated against bullied.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A high prevalence of social anxiety among adolescents was seen. One-third of the participants were in the high-risk category, clearly stating that the diagnosed cases only represented the tip of the iceberg. School-based youth-friendly entertainment and engagement interventions considering their emotional and mental health, might be beneficial in dealing with it.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 4","pages":"678-683"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Compounds of Actinomycetes Isolated From Altitude Soils.","authors":"Sagar Aryal, Rameshwar Adhikari, Balmukunda Regmi, Dev Raj Joshi","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bacterial infection is a global threat due to antibiotic resistance. This demands the urgent need for novel antibiotics, and soil actinomycetes could be the potential candidate. The key objective of our study was to detect antibacterial compounds from selected actinomycetes species isolated from high-altitude soil samples.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three strains Streptomyces sp. 12923, Streptomyces sp. 13102, and Nocardia sp. 13105 were subjected to fermentation using International Streptomyces Project (ISP) 2 medium. Crude extracts of each isolate were recovered by Rotary evaporator. Crude extracts were fractionated in HPLC and fractions were collected in a 96-well plate to evaluate the antibacterial activity of each of the 19 fractions against a test organism E. coli BW25113. Crude extracts of three strains were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS for antibacterial compounds. The LC-MS/MS data were processed using Metabo Scape software and features were annotated using different libraries in the software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For Streptomyces sp. 12923, fractions of the crude extract with the lowest OD600 0.472, 0.484 showed higher antibacterial activity against E. coli BW25113T, while the inhibitory action against same test organism was shown better by fractions OD600 0.250, 0.329, and OD600 0.273, 0.326 for Streptomyces sp. 13102 and Nocardia sp. 13105, respectively. The antibacterial compounds detected included Mayamycin and Mayamycin B from Streptomyces sp. 12923, Nocardamine and Streptazone D from Streptomyces sp. 13102, and Nocardimicin B, 4-O-methylmelleolide, Spathullin B and Nannozinone B from Nocardia sp. 13105.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The identification of these compounds from high-altitude actinomycetes further strengthens the claim that actinomycetes are rich sources of bioactive compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 4","pages":"784-791"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidrug-Resistance and Biofilm Formation among Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Clinical Specimens.","authors":"Poonam Yadav, Shyam Kumar Mishra, Sreska Shrestha, Ranjit Sah, Junu Richhinbung Rai, Hari Prasad Kattel, Sangita Sharma, Mark Willcox","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.4694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.4694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a problematic pathogen due to its ability to become resistant to antibiotics and form biofilms. The aim of this study was to explore antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation, and examine any correlation between these in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the 750-bed Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital in Nepal. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were performed following American Society for Microbiology guidelines. Different β-lactamases were detected by standard phenotypic tests. The microtiter plate method was used to screen strains of their ability to form biofilms.  Results: Out of total 18,343 clinical samples processed, 4,249 (23.1%) showed bacterial growth. A. baumannii comprised of 4.7% of the total bacterial growth. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) was exhibited by 97.5% of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. All multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were resistant to cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, they were sensitive to polymyxins. Only few isolates showed sensitivity to sulbactam-containing antibiotics (15.4-29.2%), fluoroquinolones (1.0-7.2%), aminoglycosides (2.6-5.6%), and cotrimoxazole (4.1%). Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL), Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and AmpC production were found in 54.9%, 73.3%, 41.5% and 14.9% isolates, respectively. Among all tested isolates, 192 were able to produce biofilms, with 83.1% being classified as strong biofilm producers. Those strains that were resistant to gentamicin were more likely to produce biofilms (P<0.05). ESBL, MBL, KPC and AmpC were seen in 51.8%, 71.6%, 43.8% and 16.0% of strong biofilm producers respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>  Only polymyxins were effective against Acinetobacter baumannii. Carbapenemase producers were generally strong biofilm producers, and gentamicin resistant strains were more likely to produce biofilms. The findings of this study may help to understand antibiotic-resistance mechanisms and provide valuable information in the treatment of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 4","pages":"662-669"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Profile and Outcome of Delirium in Patients in The Semi-Closed Intensive Care Unit.","authors":"Niraj Kumar Keyal, Aang Dali Sherpa, Romi Kumar, Istiyaque Ansari","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Delirium is an underdiagnosed condition in the intensive care unit. This study was conducted to know clinical profile and outcome of delirium in patients in the mixed semi-closed intensive care unit of medical college.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective observational study was done in 284 patients of age≥18 years admitted for more than 24 hours in level three intensive care unit of tertiary care hospital for one year. The Confusion Assessment Method-ICU and Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale were used to diagnose and motor subtype delirium, respectively, Hyperactive delirium was defined as a persistent rating of +1 to +4 during all assessments. Hypoactive delirium was defined as a persistent rating of 0 to -3 during all assessments and mixed subtype was defined as present when the patients have rating of both hyperactive and hypoactive values. There was a checklist to assess risk factors. All data was transferred to the excel sheet and transferred to a statistical package for the social sciences-16. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability test were used to detect the difference between groups in the univariate analysis, as appropriate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 284 ICU admissions 109(38.4%) patients developed delirium. Mixed delirium was the most common motor subtype 39(35.7%) in this study. The mean duration of delirium was 3.69±4.06 days. APACHE II score, SOFA score, presence of co-morbidities, history of alcohol intake, presence of hypoxemia, presence of metabolic acidosis, and use of mechanical ventilation were identified as risk factors for delirium. Delirious patients had longer length of ICU stay (5.8 ±5.4 vs 4.2±4.3 days) and higher reintubation rate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>APACHE II score, SOFA score, presence of co-morbidities, history of alcohol intake, presence of hypoxemia, presence of metabolic acidosis, and use of mechanical ventilation were identified as risk factors for delirium in the intensive care unit patients that should be identified early to prevent complication such as longer length of ICU stay and higher reintubation rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 4","pages":"712-719"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Structured Counseling Program for Patients with Newly Diagnosed Essential Hypertension.","authors":"Anmol Purna Shrestha, Abha Shrestha, Roshana Shrestha, Robin Man Karmacharya, Chanda Thakur, Rashmi Shrestha, Nirish Vaidya, Biraj Man Karmacharya","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The burden of hypertension is high in our context. Poor adherence contributes to poor hypertension control. This pilot study aims to study the effect of structured counseling programs on antihypertensive therapy adherence and blood pressure control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is an effectiveness-implementation hybrid design type I- Quasi-experimental feasibility study. We recruited newly diagnosed hypertensive patients under antihypertensives with 50 each in the intervention and control group. We adapted existing guidelines to devise a structured counseling program. The intervention group underwent the counseling program. We called both groups after one month to assess the adherence and blood pressure control.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We recruited 100 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Twenty-two participants dropped out in the one-month follow-up visit. Among the remaining 78 individuals, 73 (94%) demonstrated good adherence. The post-intervention median (IQR) of medication adherence scores assessed with the Medication Adherence and Report Scale (MARS) in the intervention and control groups after one month was 50 (48-50) and 48 (43.5-50) respectively (p=0.015). The immediate knowledge score increased significantly in the intervention group after the structured counseling. Nevertheless, there was no significant change in systolic and diastolic pressure recordings in the intervention group one-month post-intervention when compared to that of the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this pilot study suggest that the structured counseling program should be tailored to local needs and should be compounded with regular follow-ups for reinforcement, drug reminders, and family and peer support along with a collaborative effort to ensure adherence and control.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 4","pages":"744-750"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare presentation of Eccrine Porocarcinoma.","authors":"Piyush Giri, Shrinkhala Pokhrel, Pratishtha Pandey, Karuna Khadka, Sushma Kunwar, Laxman Banstola, Narendra Vikram Gurung","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eccrine porocarcinoma is a tumor of the sweat gland that mostly develops from an existing benign eccrine poroma. It is a rare cutaneous malignancy with a high risk of metastasis and recurrence. Known to affect the elderly population in general with no gender discrepancy, it presents as an ulcerative mass commonly in the trunk or head/neck region. Definitive diagnosis is made by histopathological findings of peculiar pleomorphic cells with nuclear hyperchromasia and mitotic activity, surrounded by ductal lumen. The standard treatment is complete surgical excision with appropriate surgical margins; adequate work-ups to look for metastasis and timely follow ups for chances of recurrence. Here we report a case of an 82-year-old patient who presented at our department with a long-standing exophytic lesion in the head that rapidly started growing in the past few weeks. After excisional biopsy and histopathology, the diagnosis of Eccrine porocarcinoma was made. Keywords: Cutaneous; eccrine porocarcinoma; malignancy; rare.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 4","pages":"796-798"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colorectal Polyps in Young Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy.","authors":"Yuvaraj Bhusal, Bhupendra Kumar Basnet, Ramila Shrestha, Mukesh Sharma Poudel, Ajit Khanal, Nandu Silwal Poudyal, Manoj Kumar Shah, Dibas Khadka, Surendra Bhusal","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i04.5325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>More than 10 % of colorectal carcinoma occur in patients less than 50 years. Progression of a colorectal polyp to carcinoma may take 5 to 20 years. Implementing screening guidelines and removing such polyps would reduce the progression into carcinoma. The aim of the study was to find the prevalence, distribution and histological analysis of polyps in patients under 50 years undergoing colonoscopy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Single-center cross-sectional study of 254 consecutive patients less than 50 years who underwent colonoscopy were included in the study. Patients with prior diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, colonic polyp(s) or colorectal carcinoma were excluded. Basic demographic data (age, gender), history of smoking and alcohol consumption were recorded. Prevalence of polyps, their location, size and histological type were estimated. Categorical data were expressed as frequencies and percentages.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 254 patients who underwent colonoscopy, 63 had colorectal polyps. 39 (61.9 %) patients with polyp were males and 33 (52.38 %) patients were of 40-49 years age. Recto-sigmoid polyps were seen in 47 (74.6 %) patients. Regular heavy alcohol consumers and active smokers had higher odds of having polyps. Adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma were detected in 12 and 10 patients respectively. Ulcerated or excavated appearance strongly suggested carcinomatous histology (OR: 363.8, (CI: 16.04 - 8250.90). Similarly, polyp size 5 mm or more favored adenomatous polyp or carcinoma [(OR: 177.35, CI: 9.7 - 3229)].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prevalence of polyps in patients below 50 years age was 24.8 %. Most of the polyps were benign, diminutive (< 5 mm) and located in recto-sigmoid colon. One-third of the polyps were adenoma or adenocarcinoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 4","pages":"720-724"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}