Rima Heider Al Omari, Magdi E. A. Zaki, G. Padma Priya, Qusay Husam Aziz, Y. SASIKUMAR, Ahmed Aldulaimi, Renu Sharma, Sobhi M. Gomha, Nadia Sarhan
{"title":"Advances in Perovskite Quantum Dot Engineering for Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Biosensing of Cardiovascular Biomarkers","authors":"Rima Heider Al Omari, Magdi E. A. Zaki, G. Padma Priya, Qusay Husam Aziz, Y. SASIKUMAR, Ahmed Aldulaimi, Renu Sharma, Sobhi M. Gomha, Nadia Sarhan","doi":"10.1002/elan.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have emerged as a transformative class of nanomaterials for biosensing due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, including high photoluminescence quantum yield, tunable emission, and efficient charge transport. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the synthesis, surface engineering, and integration of PQDs for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers such as myoglobin, cholesterol, glutathione, and hypoxanthine. Emphasis is placed on strategies for improving aqueous stability, biocompatibility, and selectivity through encapsulation, ligand functionalization, and heterostructure formation with metal oxides and metal–organic frameworks. Comparative analyses demonstrate PQDs’ superior sensitivity and detection limits compared with traditional quantum dots, alongside discussions of challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and clinical translation. Future perspectives highlight lead-free PQDs, microfluidic integration, and data processing for real-time, multiplexed CVD diagnostics. This review represents an in-depth analysis unifying perovskite quantum dot design principles with their electrochemical and PEC biosensing applications for CVD detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rima Heider Al Omari, Magdi E. A. Zaki, G. Padma Priya, Qusay Husam Aziz, Y. SASIKUMAR, Ahmed Aldulaimi, Renu Sharma, Sobhi M. Gomha, Nadia Sarhan
{"title":"Advances in Perovskite Quantum Dot Engineering for Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Biosensing of Cardiovascular Biomarkers","authors":"Rima Heider Al Omari, Magdi E. A. Zaki, G. Padma Priya, Qusay Husam Aziz, Y. SASIKUMAR, Ahmed Aldulaimi, Renu Sharma, Sobhi M. Gomha, Nadia Sarhan","doi":"10.1002/elan.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have emerged as a transformative class of nanomaterials for biosensing due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, including high photoluminescence quantum yield, tunable emission, and efficient charge transport. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the synthesis, surface engineering, and integration of PQDs for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers such as myoglobin, cholesterol, glutathione, and hypoxanthine. Emphasis is placed on strategies for improving aqueous stability, biocompatibility, and selectivity through encapsulation, ligand functionalization, and heterostructure formation with metal oxides and metal–organic frameworks. Comparative analyses demonstrate PQDs’ superior sensitivity and detection limits compared with traditional quantum dots, alongside discussions of challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and clinical translation. Future perspectives highlight lead-free PQDs, microfluidic integration, and data processing for real-time, multiplexed CVD diagnostics. This review represents an in-depth analysis unifying perovskite quantum dot design principles with their electrochemical and PEC biosensing applications for CVD detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surface Functionalization of Glassy Carbon Electrodes via Electrografting of Aminobenzoic Acid: A Proof-of-Concept Study for Aptasensor Design","authors":"Cristina Corona-Elizarrarás, Cyrine Slim, Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás, Sophie Griveau, Silvia Gutiérrez Granados","doi":"10.1002/elan.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explores a carbon-based electrode alternative of conventional gold-thiolate monolayers for high-throughput biosensor development. We investigate the functionalization of glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) with aptamers to create biosensing interfaces. The modification process of carbon involves three main steps: (1) electrografting of 4-aminobenzoic acid (ABA) onto the electrode surface to introduce carboxyl (–COOH) groups, (2) –COOH groups activation using EDC/NHS chemistry, and (3) coupling 5<sup>′</sup>-amine-terminated aptamers for tobramycin (apt-TOB). Surface modification of the resulting GCE/ABA/aptamer was characterized rigorously using cyclic voltammetry (CV), water contact angle, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The obtained interface exhibits an exceptional surface coverage of ≈170 pmol cm<sup>−2</sup>, exceeding that of conventional gold-thiolate monolayers. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the impedimetric detection of tobramycin using the GCE/ABA/aptamer-modified electrodes. The range of detection achieved was 1 nM–10 μM and a LOD of 1 nM. This work aims to evaluate the feasibility of using ABA (via carbodiimide chemistry) as a linker for aptamer immobilization on GCE, like a practical alternative to gold for high-performance aptamer-based sensors in clinical, ambiental, and alimentary analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surface Functionalization of Glassy Carbon Electrodes via Electrografting of Aminobenzoic Acid: A Proof-of-Concept Study for Aptasensor Design","authors":"Cristina Corona-Elizarrarás, Cyrine Slim, Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás, Sophie Griveau, Silvia Gutiérrez Granados","doi":"10.1002/elan.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explores a carbon-based electrode alternative of conventional gold-thiolate monolayers for high-throughput biosensor development. We investigate the functionalization of glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) with aptamers to create biosensing interfaces. The modification process of carbon involves three main steps: (1) electrografting of 4-aminobenzoic acid (ABA) onto the electrode surface to introduce carboxyl (–COOH) groups, (2) –COOH groups activation using EDC/NHS chemistry, and (3) coupling 5<sup>′</sup>-amine-terminated aptamers for tobramycin (apt-TOB). Surface modification of the resulting GCE/ABA/aptamer was characterized rigorously using cyclic voltammetry (CV), water contact angle, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The obtained interface exhibits an exceptional surface coverage of ≈170 pmol cm<sup>−2</sup>, exceeding that of conventional gold-thiolate monolayers. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the impedimetric detection of tobramycin using the GCE/ABA/aptamer-modified electrodes. The range of detection achieved was 1 nM–10 μM and a LOD of 1 nM. This work aims to evaluate the feasibility of using ABA (via carbodiimide chemistry) as a linker for aptamer immobilization on GCE, like a practical alternative to gold for high-performance aptamer-based sensors in clinical, ambiental, and alimentary analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of Distribution of Relaxation Times and Equivalent Circuit Modeling for Biosensor Electrode Development","authors":"Resmond L. Reaño","doi":"10.1002/elan.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for electrode characterization and biosensor development has become challenging due to the overlapping or superimposed semicircles and features on the Nyquist plot and numerous possible equivalent circuits. This study aimed to apply an EIS analysis workflow consisting of data validation using the Kramers–Kronig Model, distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis, and equivalent circuit model (ECM) parameterization using the recently available pyDRTtools and the Python package “impedance.py”. The effect of modifying the electrode with a metal organic framework – Cu-BTC, graphite, and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) was studied by calculating the effective capacitance (<i>C</i><sub><i>eff</i></sub>) and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) from the ECM parameters. 60% Cu-BTC mixed with graphite (v/v) showed the highest increase in the <i>C</i><sub><i>eff</i></sub> and therefore the ECSA from 0.18 to 12.72 cm<sup>2</sup>. Electrodeposition of AuNP reduced this value to 0.31 cm<sup>2</sup> due to in-between particle agglomeration. The final hybrid nanomaterial was composed of DNA tagged with ferrocene and thiol, AuNP, and a 60% Cu-BTC and graphite mixture assembled on a glassy carbon electrode. DRT analysis was used to propose the data-driven ECMs. Based on the root mean square error of each model circuit and the percent standard error for each parameter, the transmission line model has the best fit mathematically. However, a Randles circuit with a constant phase element and a custom circuit composed of two RC in series between a resistor and a Warburg element are practical to use for further biosensor development using this electrode assembly.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of Distribution of Relaxation Times and Equivalent Circuit Modeling for Biosensor Electrode Development","authors":"Resmond L. Reaño","doi":"10.1002/elan.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for electrode characterization and biosensor development has become challenging due to the overlapping or superimposed semicircles and features on the Nyquist plot and numerous possible equivalent circuits. This study aimed to apply an EIS analysis workflow consisting of data validation using the Kramers–Kronig Model, distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis, and equivalent circuit model (ECM) parameterization using the recently available pyDRTtools and the Python package “impedance.py”. The effect of modifying the electrode with a metal organic framework – Cu-BTC, graphite, and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) was studied by calculating the effective capacitance (<i>C</i><sub><i>eff</i></sub>) and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) from the ECM parameters. 60% Cu-BTC mixed with graphite (v/v) showed the highest increase in the <i>C</i><sub><i>eff</i></sub> and therefore the ECSA from 0.18 to 12.72 cm<sup>2</sup>. Electrodeposition of AuNP reduced this value to 0.31 cm<sup>2</sup> due to in-between particle agglomeration. The final hybrid nanomaterial was composed of DNA tagged with ferrocene and thiol, AuNP, and a 60% Cu-BTC and graphite mixture assembled on a glassy carbon electrode. DRT analysis was used to propose the data-driven ECMs. Based on the root mean square error of each model circuit and the percent standard error for each parameter, the transmission line model has the best fit mathematically. However, a Randles circuit with a constant phase element and a custom circuit composed of two RC in series between a resistor and a Warburg element are practical to use for further biosensor development using this electrode assembly.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cover Picture: (Electroanalysis 12/2025)","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/elan.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cover picture provided by Dr. Elena Benito-Peña and Dr. Susana Campuzano. <i>Electroanalysis</i> covers all branches of electroanalytical chemistry, including both fundamental and application papers as well as reviews dealing with analytical voltammetry, potentiometry, new electrochemical sensors and detection schemes, nanoscale electrochemistry, advanced electromaterials, nanobioelectronics, point-of-care diagnostics, wearable sensors, and practical applications.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elan.70089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cover Picture: (Electroanalysis 12/2025)","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/elan.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cover picture provided by Dr. Elena Benito-Peña and Dr. Susana Campuzano. <i>Electroanalysis</i> covers all branches of electroanalytical chemistry, including both fundamental and application papers as well as reviews dealing with analytical voltammetry, potentiometry, new electrochemical sensors and detection schemes, nanoscale electrochemistry, advanced electromaterials, nanobioelectronics, point-of-care diagnostics, wearable sensors, and practical applications.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elan.70089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X. A. Leontyeva, N. A. Ivanova, G. M. Khussurova, D. S. Puzikova, A. K. Galeyeva
{"title":"Photoelectrochemical Performance of BiSI/Bi13S18I2 Thin Films Prepared via One-Step Chemical Bath Deposition","authors":"X. A. Leontyeva, N. A. Ivanova, G. M. Khussurova, D. S. Puzikova, A. K. Galeyeva","doi":"10.1002/elan.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thin films of the BiSI/Bi<sub>13</sub>S<sub>18</sub>I<sub>2</sub> semiconductor compound were synthesized via a simple chemical bath deposition method from solution. The deposition duration significantly affects the morphology, phase composition, and crystallinity of the resulting films. Optimized deposition conditions resulted in homogeneous microstructures with preferred crystallographic orientation and stable chemical composition, as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. Photoelectrochemical studies demonstrated that both the composition and pH of the electrolyte markedly influence the photocurrent density, charge transfer efficiency at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, and the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency. Comparative photoelectrochemical measurements in different electrolytes containing iodide (I<sup>−</sup>), sulfide (S<sup>2−</sup>), or their combination revealed the synergistic effect of redox-active species on the interfacial charge dynamics and overall device performance. A maximum photocurrent density of 350 μA/cm<sup>2</sup>, a charge transfer efficiency of ≈85%, and an incident photon-to-current efficiency of ≈52% were achieved under monochromatic illumination (<i>λ</i> = 465 nm, 10 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) in a mixed electrolyte containing 0.05 M KI and 0.05 M Na<sub>2</sub>S in 0.5 M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. These results confirm the promising potential of BiSI thin films as efficient photoanode materials for use in photoelectrochemical cells, visible-light-driven sensors, and other optoelectronic or solar energy conversion devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145581379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X. A. Leontyeva, N. A. Ivanova, G. M. Khussurova, D. S. Puzikova, A. K. Galeyeva
{"title":"Photoelectrochemical Performance of BiSI/Bi13S18I2 Thin Films Prepared via One-Step Chemical Bath Deposition","authors":"X. A. Leontyeva, N. A. Ivanova, G. M. Khussurova, D. S. Puzikova, A. K. Galeyeva","doi":"10.1002/elan.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thin films of the BiSI/Bi<sub>13</sub>S<sub>18</sub>I<sub>2</sub> semiconductor compound were synthesized via a simple chemical bath deposition method from solution. The deposition duration significantly affects the morphology, phase composition, and crystallinity of the resulting films. Optimized deposition conditions resulted in homogeneous microstructures with preferred crystallographic orientation and stable chemical composition, as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. Photoelectrochemical studies demonstrated that both the composition and pH of the electrolyte markedly influence the photocurrent density, charge transfer efficiency at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, and the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency. Comparative photoelectrochemical measurements in different electrolytes containing iodide (I<sup>−</sup>), sulfide (S<sup>2−</sup>), or their combination revealed the synergistic effect of redox-active species on the interfacial charge dynamics and overall device performance. A maximum photocurrent density of 350 μA/cm<sup>2</sup>, a charge transfer efficiency of ≈85%, and an incident photon-to-current efficiency of ≈52% were achieved under monochromatic illumination (<i>λ</i> = 465 nm, 10 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) in a mixed electrolyte containing 0.05 M KI and 0.05 M Na<sub>2</sub>S in 0.5 M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. These results confirm the promising potential of BiSI thin films as efficient photoanode materials for use in photoelectrochemical cells, visible-light-driven sensors, and other optoelectronic or solar energy conversion devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145581306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}