{"title":"Frequency-Dependent Electrical Response of Polystyrene Microparticle Suspensions on Coplanar Electrodes","authors":"Abdullah Abdulhameed, Yaqub Mahnashi","doi":"10.1002/elan.70194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70194","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The dielectric properties of microparticles, such as bacterial cells, are influenced by several internal factors, including the microparticle’s internal structure, size, and surface modification. These factors create a dielectric fingerprint for the microparticle, which can be exploited for detection using capacitance-based mechanisms. However, measuring small changes in capacitance due to the presence of specific microparticles in a microfluidic system remains challenging, as many external factors and physical phenomena can influence the measurement. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the capacitance variation of microparticle suspensions placed on top of coplanar electrodes across a wide range of frequencies. Polystyrene particles of sizes 0.29, 0.52, 1.35, 2.26, and 4.79 µm are suspended in distilled water at concentrations from 2.5 to 0.156 wt.%. The study concludes that capacitance spectra are mainly governed by electrode polarization, ionic conduction, and particle/water interfacial polarization at low frequencies and by the intrinsic bulk dielectric characteristic at higher and microwave frequencies. LCR measurements gave a strongly dispersive response, with the apparent capacitance decreasing from about 10–100 nF at 10 Hz to ~3–10 pF at 10 MHz. Increasing polystyrene concentration from 0.156 to 2.5 wt.% and decreasing particle size from 4.79 to 0.29 µm both increased the low- and mid-frequency loss response, yielding higher capacitance, lower resistance, phase angles closer to 0°, and dissipation-factor peaks of about 6–17 in the 10<sup>4</sup>–10<sup>6</sup> Hz range. The findings of this study help in understanding the capacitance measurement of samples containing suspended microparticles, including biosamples.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frequency-Dependent Electrical Response of Polystyrene Microparticle Suspensions on Coplanar Electrodes","authors":"Abdullah Abdulhameed, Yaqub Mahnashi","doi":"10.1002/elan.70194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70194","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The dielectric properties of microparticles, such as bacterial cells, are influenced by several internal factors, including the microparticle’s internal structure, size, and surface modification. These factors create a dielectric fingerprint for the microparticle, which can be exploited for detection using capacitance-based mechanisms. However, measuring small changes in capacitance due to the presence of specific microparticles in a microfluidic system remains challenging, as many external factors and physical phenomena can influence the measurement. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the capacitance variation of microparticle suspensions placed on top of coplanar electrodes across a wide range of frequencies. Polystyrene particles of sizes 0.29, 0.52, 1.35, 2.26, and 4.79 µm are suspended in distilled water at concentrations from 2.5 to 0.156 wt.%. The study concludes that capacitance spectra are mainly governed by electrode polarization, ionic conduction, and particle/water interfacial polarization at low frequencies and by the intrinsic bulk dielectric characteristic at higher and microwave frequencies. LCR measurements gave a strongly dispersive response, with the apparent capacitance decreasing from about 10–100 nF at 10 Hz to ~3–10 pF at 10 MHz. Increasing polystyrene concentration from 0.156 to 2.5 wt.% and decreasing particle size from 4.79 to 0.29 µm both increased the low- and mid-frequency loss response, yielding higher capacitance, lower resistance, phase angles closer to 0°, and dissipation-factor peaks of about 6–17 in the 10<sup>4</sup>–10<sup>6</sup> Hz range. The findings of this study help in understanding the capacitance measurement of samples containing suspended microparticles, including biosamples.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reagent-Free Detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand Based on a Complementary Response Multielectrode System","authors":"Yunlong Shi, Yunjie Liu, Xiongmin Cao, Guodong Jiang, Jian Gao, Xinyue Jiang","doi":"10.1002/elan.70193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid and reliable determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is critical for effective water quality management. This study developed a reagent-free multielectrode sensing system using complementary electrochemical responses for COD determination. The system integrated Pt, Au, C/CuO<sub>x</sub>, Co(OH)<sub>2</sub> and Zr(OH)<sub>4</sub> electrodes, each providing distinct surface and catalytic properties for broad-spectrum detection of carbohydrates, nitrogen-containing compounds, and alcohols. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) with principal component analysis confirmed unique electrochemical fingerprints for each compound class. Feature extraction via LASSO regression and modeling with XGBoost enabled accurate COD prediction in simulated and real water samples, yielding test-set average percentage relative errors of 5.12% and 6.31%, respectively. Results correlated well with the standard potassium dichromate method (APRE = 7.48%, <i>p</i> > 0.05). This approach offered a rapid, eco-friendly alternative for COD monitoring and demonstrates potential for dissolved organic matter (DOM) analysis and source tracking.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-Assembled Chitosan/Cu-β-Cyclodextrin Composites for Selective Electrochemical Identification of Phenylalanine Enantiomers","authors":"Hao Liang, Xuening Jin, Hebing Pei, Zunli Mo","doi":"10.1002/elan.70190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The enantioselective recognition of biomolecules such as amino acids has significant value in medicine, life sciences, agriculture, and other fields. In this study, a novel electrochemical chiral sensor, CS@Cu-β-CD/GCE, was successfully prepared by self-assembling Cu<sup>2+</sup> modified β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with chitosan (CS) and coating it onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). This method effectively addresses the agglomeration issues associated with CS while significantly enhancing the conductive properties of the material and increasing the number of chiral recognition sites. Experimental testing and structural analysis revealed that differentiated hydrogen bonding provides the driving force for molecular binding, while the confinement of the Cu-β-CD cavity and steric hindrance enable structure selection. At optimized testing conditions (30 s incubation, 25°C, pH = 6.0, 5.0 mM), it exhibited the peak current ratio (I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>L</sub>) of up to 2.25 for phenylalanine (Phe) isomers, outperforming most previously reported electrochemical sensors. Meanwhile, the CS@Cu-β-CD/GCE exhibits excellent stability (98.6% signal retention after 16 days of storage at 5°C), high enantiomeric selectivity for Phe, and good resistance to interference, can be developed for distinguishing racemic phenylalanine. This strategy provides a simple and efficient approach for electrochemical chiral identification of Phe enantiomers and holds wide-ranging application prospects in chiral sensing and drug analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-Assembled Chitosan/Cu-β-Cyclodextrin Composites for Selective Electrochemical Identification of Phenylalanine Enantiomers","authors":"Hao Liang, Xuening Jin, Hebing Pei, Zunli Mo","doi":"10.1002/elan.70190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The enantioselective recognition of biomolecules such as amino acids has significant value in medicine, life sciences, agriculture, and other fields. In this study, a novel electrochemical chiral sensor, CS@Cu-β-CD/GCE, was successfully prepared by self-assembling Cu<sup>2+</sup> modified β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with chitosan (CS) and coating it onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). This method effectively addresses the agglomeration issues associated with CS while significantly enhancing the conductive properties of the material and increasing the number of chiral recognition sites. Experimental testing and structural analysis revealed that differentiated hydrogen bonding provides the driving force for molecular binding, while the confinement of the Cu-β-CD cavity and steric hindrance enable structure selection. At optimized testing conditions (30 s incubation, 25°C, pH = 6.0, 5.0 mM), it exhibited the peak current ratio (I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>L</sub>) of up to 2.25 for phenylalanine (Phe) isomers, outperforming most previously reported electrochemical sensors. Meanwhile, the CS@Cu-β-CD/GCE exhibits excellent stability (98.6% signal retention after 16 days of storage at 5°C), high enantiomeric selectivity for Phe, and good resistance to interference, can be developed for distinguishing racemic phenylalanine. This strategy provides a simple and efficient approach for electrochemical chiral identification of Phe enantiomers and holds wide-ranging application prospects in chiral sensing and drug analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reagent-Free Detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand Based on a Complementary Response Multielectrode System","authors":"Yunlong Shi, Yunjie Liu, Xiongmin Cao, Guodong Jiang, Jian Gao, Xinyue Jiang","doi":"10.1002/elan.70193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid and reliable determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is critical for effective water quality management. This study developed a reagent-free multielectrode sensing system using complementary electrochemical responses for COD determination. The system integrated Pt, Au, C/CuO<sub>x</sub>, Co(OH)<sub>2</sub> and Zr(OH)<sub>4</sub> electrodes, each providing distinct surface and catalytic properties for broad-spectrum detection of carbohydrates, nitrogen-containing compounds, and alcohols. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) with principal component analysis confirmed unique electrochemical fingerprints for each compound class. Feature extraction via LASSO regression and modeling with XGBoost enabled accurate COD prediction in simulated and real water samples, yielding test-set average percentage relative errors of 5.12% and 6.31%, respectively. Results correlated well with the standard potassium dichromate method (APRE = 7.48%, <i>p</i> > 0.05). This approach offered a rapid, eco-friendly alternative for COD monitoring and demonstrates potential for dissolved organic matter (DOM) analysis and source tracking.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge Costa Silva-Filho, Maíra Maftoum-Costa, Talita Mazon
{"title":"Electroanalytical Transduction and Robustness Trade-Offs in Graphene-Based microRNA Biosensors: A System-Level Review","authors":"Jorge Costa Silva-Filho, Maíra Maftoum-Costa, Talita Mazon","doi":"10.1002/elan.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Graphene-based electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated exceptional sensitivity for microRNA detection, frequently achieving femtomolar to attomolar limits of detection under controlled conditions. However, their translation into clinically reliable devices remains limited by unresolved trade-offs between analytical sensitivity and operational robustness. This study hypothesizes that biosensor performance is governed not by the intrinsic properties of graphene alone, but by a system-level interplay between electroanalytical transduction, interfacial chemistry, signal amplification strategies, and device architecture. To investigate this, a structured literature review (2014–2025) was conducted using Methodi Ordinatio and ProcKnow-C, resulting in a curated portfolio of 13 experimental studies. The results show that ultra-low detection limits (10<sup>−15</sup>–10<sup>−18</sup> M) are typically achieved through multilayer architectures and enzymatic amplification, which introduce instability, signal drift, and reduced reproducibility. In contrast, simpler configurations such as label-free or nonenzymatic systems exhibit improved stability and reproducibility, albeit at the expense of sensitivity. A key contribution of this work is the identification of a systematic sensitivity–robustness trade-off, driven by factors including charge–transfer resistance modulation, probe immobilization density, matrix interference, and fabrication complexity. Notably, robustness metrics such as reusability, long-term stability, and performance in biological matrices are inconsistently reported, limiting cross-study comparability and hindering clinical translation. This review advances a system-level electroanalytical framework that shifts the design paradigm from sensitivity maximization toward integrated performance optimization. The proposed perspective provides actionable guidelines for developing graphene-based biosensors with improved reliability, scalability, and applicability in point-of-care diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge Costa Silva-Filho, Maíra Maftoum-Costa, Talita Mazon
{"title":"Electroanalytical Transduction and Robustness Trade-Offs in Graphene-Based microRNA Biosensors: A System-Level Review","authors":"Jorge Costa Silva-Filho, Maíra Maftoum-Costa, Talita Mazon","doi":"10.1002/elan.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Graphene-based electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated exceptional sensitivity for microRNA detection, frequently achieving femtomolar to attomolar limits of detection under controlled conditions. However, their translation into clinically reliable devices remains limited by unresolved trade-offs between analytical sensitivity and operational robustness. This study hypothesizes that biosensor performance is governed not by the intrinsic properties of graphene alone, but by a system-level interplay between electroanalytical transduction, interfacial chemistry, signal amplification strategies, and device architecture. To investigate this, a structured literature review (2014–2025) was conducted using Methodi Ordinatio and ProcKnow-C, resulting in a curated portfolio of 13 experimental studies. The results show that ultra-low detection limits (10<sup>−15</sup>–10<sup>−18</sup> M) are typically achieved through multilayer architectures and enzymatic amplification, which introduce instability, signal drift, and reduced reproducibility. In contrast, simpler configurations such as label-free or nonenzymatic systems exhibit improved stability and reproducibility, albeit at the expense of sensitivity. A key contribution of this work is the identification of a systematic sensitivity–robustness trade-off, driven by factors including charge–transfer resistance modulation, probe immobilization density, matrix interference, and fabrication complexity. Notably, robustness metrics such as reusability, long-term stability, and performance in biological matrices are inconsistently reported, limiting cross-study comparability and hindering clinical translation. This review advances a system-level electroanalytical framework that shifts the design paradigm from sensitivity maximization toward integrated performance optimization. The proposed perspective provides actionable guidelines for developing graphene-based biosensors with improved reliability, scalability, and applicability in point-of-care diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shiyou Yu, Jieyu Song, Xinyu Zhao, Ruiyan Xiang, Chong Tan
{"title":"MoS2/PPy Core–Shell Nanocomposite-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Detection of Chlorpyrifos","authors":"Shiyou Yu, Jieyu Song, Xinyu Zhao, Ruiyan Xiang, Chong Tan","doi":"10.1002/elan.70191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70191","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a MoS<sub>2</sub>/polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposite sensing film was constructed in situ on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface via chemical oxidative polymerization. The synergistic coupling of high-surface-area layered MoS<sub>2</sub> and conductive PPy not only significantly increased the effective electrochemical active area of the electrode but also generated multiple affinity interactions toward chlorpyrifos (CPF) molecules through the edge-active sites of MoS<sub>2</sub> and the <i>π</i>-conjugated structure of PPy, endowing the composite film with prominent adsorption-enrichment capability and excellent selectivity for CPF. Upon enrichment of CPF, the specific interactions between the organophosphate groups and the MoS<sub>2</sub>/PPy interface modulated the electron transfer kinetics of the composite film, producing quantifiable electrochemical signals proportional to the pesticide concentration. Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor achieved a low detection limit of 1.10 μg/L for CPF and exhibited outstanding anti-interference capability and favorable operational stability in complex agricultural product matrices. Real sample analysis demonstrated that the spiked recoveries ranged from 97.69% to 100.83%, with RSD values of 2.34%–3.53%, verifying the excellent accuracy and reliable analytical performance of the as-prepared material. This work provides a novel nanocomposite sensing material for organophosphorus pesticide residue detection and manifests great application potential in agricultural product quality and safety monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shiyou Yu, Jieyu Song, Xinyu Zhao, Ruiyan Xiang, Chong Tan
{"title":"MoS2/PPy Core–Shell Nanocomposite-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Detection of Chlorpyrifos","authors":"Shiyou Yu, Jieyu Song, Xinyu Zhao, Ruiyan Xiang, Chong Tan","doi":"10.1002/elan.70191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70191","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a MoS<sub>2</sub>/polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposite sensing film was constructed in situ on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface via chemical oxidative polymerization. The synergistic coupling of high-surface-area layered MoS<sub>2</sub> and conductive PPy not only significantly increased the effective electrochemical active area of the electrode but also generated multiple affinity interactions toward chlorpyrifos (CPF) molecules through the edge-active sites of MoS<sub>2</sub> and the <i>π</i>-conjugated structure of PPy, endowing the composite film with prominent adsorption-enrichment capability and excellent selectivity for CPF. Upon enrichment of CPF, the specific interactions between the organophosphate groups and the MoS<sub>2</sub>/PPy interface modulated the electron transfer kinetics of the composite film, producing quantifiable electrochemical signals proportional to the pesticide concentration. Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor achieved a low detection limit of 1.10 μg/L for CPF and exhibited outstanding anti-interference capability and favorable operational stability in complex agricultural product matrices. Real sample analysis demonstrated that the spiked recoveries ranged from 97.69% to 100.83%, with RSD values of 2.34%–3.53%, verifying the excellent accuracy and reliable analytical performance of the as-prepared material. This work provides a novel nanocomposite sensing material for organophosphorus pesticide residue detection and manifests great application potential in agricultural product quality and safety monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}