Ecology Letters最新文献

{"title":"Global Avian Functional Diversity Depends on the World's Most Widespread and Distinct Birds","authors":"Saxbee Affleck,&nbsp;Melodie A. McGeoch","doi":"10.1111/ele.14552","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ele.14552","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The relationship between global trait distinctiveness and geographic range size is an emerging pattern of interest in macroecology. Early observations suggested that the relationship was positive, implying that globally widespread species hold the rarest combinations of traits. Here, we formally describe and test the relationship in the world's birds and consider its implications for global functional diversity and redundancy. We demonstrate that the relationship is best described as triangular with a positive upper boundary, with its linear model significance lost when including phylogenetic effects. The triangular relationship is formed by groups of phylogenetically related widespread species with moderate and high trait distinctiveness. Decomposing the relationship further using quantile regression highlights the unique traits of these widespread birds. Overall, the triangular relationship emphasises that while not all widespread species have rare trait combinations, those that do should not be overlooked in conservation efforts, regardless of their current threat status.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":161,"journal":{"name":"Ecology Letters","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Independence of Naturally Correlated Variation in Resistance to Endemic and Novel Pathogens","authors":"Michael E. Hood,&nbsp;Emily L. Bruns,&nbsp;Janis Antonovics,&nbsp;Isabel Davis,&nbsp;Michelle Launi,&nbsp;Sophia Bulzoni,&nbsp;Samantha E. Rothberg","doi":"10.1111/ele.14553","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ele.14553","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The emergence of new diseases is an urgent concern, but hosts can also vary in resistance to pathogens that are novel to them, facilitating evolutionary rescue. However, little is known about the genetic source for polymorphic resistance to novel pathogens or its relationship to defences against endemic diseases. With anther-smut disease from wild plant populations, we used selection experiments and genetic analyses to show that resistances to novel and endemic pathogens are genetically independent, despite being positively correlated in nature. Moreover, novel-pathogen resistance presented a much simpler genetic basis and more rapid response to selection. We demonstrate that polymorphic resistance to a newly introduced disease is genetically determined and not an extension of defences against the related endemic pathogen, challenging the conventional view of nonhost resistance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":161,"journal":{"name":"Ecology Letters","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial Evolution Drives Adaptation of Substrate Degradation on Decadal to Centennial Time Scales Relevant to Global Change","authors":"Elsa Abs,&nbsp;David Coulette,&nbsp;Philippe Ciais,&nbsp;Steven D. Allison","doi":"10.1111/ele.14530","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ele.14530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding microbial adaptation is crucial for predicting how soil carbon dynamics and global biogeochemical cycles will respond to climate change. This study employs the DEMENT model of microbial decomposition, along with empirical mutation and dispersal rates, to explore the roles of mutation and dispersal in the adaptation of soil microbial populations to shifts in litter chemistry, changes that are anticipated with climate-driven vegetation dynamics. Following a change in litter chemistry, mutation generally allows for a higher rate of litter decomposition than dispersal, especially when dispersal predominantly introduces genotypes already present in the population. These findings challenge the common idea that mutation rates are too low to affect ecosystem processes on ecological timescales. These results demonstrate that evolutionary processes, such as mutation, can help maintain ecosystem functioning as the climate changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":161,"journal":{"name":"Ecology Letters","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ele.14530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Alpine Plant Responses to Global Change Drivers Depend on Functional Traits","authors":"Jonathan J. Henn,&nbsp;Kurt E. Anderson,&nbsp;Laurel M. Brigham,&nbsp;Clifton P. Bueno de Mesquita,&nbsp;Courtney G. Collins,&nbsp;Sarah C. Elmendorf,&nbsp;Matthew D. Green,&nbsp;Jared D. Huxley,&nbsp;Nicole E. Rafferty,&nbsp;Annika Rose-Person,&nbsp;Marko J. Spasojevic","doi":"10.1111/ele.14518","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ele.14518","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forecasting plant responses under global change is a critical but challenging endeavour. Despite seemingly idiosyncratic responses of species to global change, greater generalisation of ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ may emerge from considering how species functional traits influence responses and how these responses scale to the community level. Here, we synthesised six long-term global change experiments combined with locally measured functional traits. We quantified the change in abundance and probability of establishment through time for 70 alpine plant species and then assessed if leaf and stature traits were predictive of species and community responses across nitrogen addition, snow addition and warming treatments. Overall, we found that plants with more resource-acquisitive trait strategies increased in abundance but each global change factor was related to different functional strategies. Nitrogen addition favoured species with lower leaf nitrogen, snow addition favoured species with cheaply constructed leaves and warming showed few consistent trends. Community-weighted mean changes in trait values in response to nitrogen addition, snow addition and warming were often different from species-specific trait effects on abundance and establishment, reflecting in part the responses and traits of dominant species. Together, these results highlight that the effects of traits can differ by scale and response of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":161,"journal":{"name":"Ecology Letters","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ele.14518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life, Death and Energy: What Does Nature Select?","authors":"James H. Brown,&nbsp;Chen Hou,&nbsp;Charles A. S. Hall,&nbsp;Joseph R. Burger","doi":"10.1111/ele.14517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14517","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Evolutionary biology is poised for a third major synthesis. The first presented Darwin's evidence from natural history. The second incorporated genetic mechanisms. The third will be based on energy and biophysical processes. It should include the equal fitness paradigm (EFP), which quantifies how organisms convert biomass into surviving offspring. Natural selection tends to maximise energetic fitness, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;coh&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;GFQ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ E={P}_{mathrm{coh}}mathrm{GFQ} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, where&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;coh&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {P}_{mathrm{coh}} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; is mass-specific rate of cohort biomass production, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;G&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ G $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; is generation time, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ F $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; is fraction of cohort production that is passed to &lt;i&gt;surviving&lt;/i&gt; offspring, and &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ Q $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; is energy density of biomas. At steady state, parents replace themselves with offspring of equal mass-specific energy content, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ E $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; ≈ 22.4 kJ/g, and biomass, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;M&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ M $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; ≈ 1 g/g. The EFP highlights: (i) the energetic basis of survival and reproduction; (ii) how natural selection acts directly on the parameters of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;M&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ M $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;; (iii) why there is no inherent intrinsic fitness advantage for higher metabolic power, ontogenetic or population growth rate, fecundity, longevity, or resource use efficiency; a","PeriodicalId":161,"journal":{"name":"Ecology Letters","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142435494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant Silicon Defences Suppress Herbivore Performance, but Mode of Feeding Is Key","authors":"Scott N. Johnson,&nbsp;Jamie M. Waterman,&nbsp;Susan E. Hartley,&nbsp;Julia Cooke,&nbsp;James M. W. Ryalls,&nbsp;Malgorzata Lagisz,&nbsp;Shinichi Nakagawa","doi":"10.1111/ele.14519","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ele.14519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The performance of herbivorous animals depends on the nutritional and defensive traits of the plants they consume. The uptake and deposition of biogenic silicon in plant tissues is arguably the most basic and ubiquitous anti-herbivore defence used by plants, especially grasses. We conducted meta-analyses of 150 studies reporting how vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores performed when feeding on silicon-rich plants relative to those feeding on low-silicon plants. Silicon levels were 52% higher and 32% more variable in silicon-rich plants compared to plants with low silicon, which resulted in an overall 33% decline in herbivore performance. Fluid-feeding herbivore performance was less adversely impacted (−14%) than tissue-chewing herbivores, including mammals (−45%), chewing arthropods (−33%) and plant-boring arthropods (−39%). Fluid-feeding arthropods with a wide diet breadth or those feeding on perennial plant species were mostly unaffected by silicon defences. Unlike many other plant defences, where diet specialisation often helps herbivores overcome their effects, silicon negatively impacts chewing herbivores regardless of diet breadth. We conclude that silicon defences primarily target chewing herbivores and impact vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores to a similar degree.</p>","PeriodicalId":161,"journal":{"name":"Ecology Letters","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ele.14519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting and Prioritising Community Assembly: Learning Outcomes via Experiments","authors":"Benjamin W. Blonder,&nbsp;Michael H. Lim,&nbsp;Oscar Godoy","doi":"10.1111/ele.14535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14535","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Community assembly provides the foundation for applications in biodiversity conservation, climate change, invasion, restoration and synthetic ecology. However, predicting and prioritising assembly outcomes remains difficult. We address this challenge via a mechanism-free approach useful when little data or knowledge exist (<i>LOVE</i>; Learning Outcomes Via Experiments). We carry out assembly experiments (‘actions’, here, random combinations of species additions) potentially in multiple environments, wait, and measure abundance outcomes. We then train a model to predict outcomes of novel actions or prioritise actions that would yield the most desirable outcomes. Across 10 single- and multi-environment datasets, when trained on 89 randomly selected actions, <i>LOVE</i> predicts outcomes with 0.5%–3.4% mean error, and prioritises actions for maximising richness, maximising abundance, or removing unwanted species, with 94%–99% mean true positive rate and 10%–84% mean true negative rate across tasks. <i>LOVE</i> complements existing mechanism-first approaches for community ecology and may help address numerous applied challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":161,"journal":{"name":"Ecology Letters","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ele.14535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonicotinoids Impact All Aspects of Bird Life: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"Elke Molenaar,&nbsp;Wolfgang Viechtbauer,&nbsp;Janske van de Crommenacker,&nbsp;Sjouke A. Kingma","doi":"10.1111/ele.14534","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ele.14534","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Worldwide, bird populations are declining dramatically. This is especially the case in intensely used agricultural areas where the application of neonicotinoid insecticides is thought to—unintendedly—cause a cascade of negative impacts throughout food webs. Additionally, there could be direct (sub-) lethal impacts of neonicotinoids on birds, but to date there is no comprehensive quantitative assessment to confirm or rule out this possibility. Therefore, we use a meta-analytical approach synthesising 1612 effect sizes from 49 studies and show that neonicotinoids consistently harm bird health, behaviour, reproduction, and survival. Thus, in addition to reduced food availability, the negative direct effects of exposure to neonicotinoids likely contribute to bird population declines globally. Our outcomes are pivotal to consider in future risk assessments and pesticide policy: despite localised bans, the metabolites and residues of neonicotinoids remain present in the environment and in birds and will thus have long-lasting direct effects on both the individual and the population levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":161,"journal":{"name":"Ecology Letters","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ele.14534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142386734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exponential or Unimodal Relationships Between Nighttime Ecosystem Respiration and Temperature at the Eddy Covariance Flux Tower Sites","authors":"Cheng Meng,&nbsp;Xiangming Xiao,&nbsp;Pradeep Wagle,&nbsp;Chenchen Zhang,&nbsp;Li Pan,&nbsp;Baihong Pan,&nbsp;Yuanwei Qin,&nbsp;Gregory S. Newman","doi":"10.1111/ele.14532","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ele.14532","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ecosystem respiration is a key flux in the terrestrial carbon cycle and is affected substantially by temperature. This work analysed the time series data of nighttime net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE_night) from 196 FLUXNET2015 sites to re-evaluate the relationships between NEE_night and temperature. A total of 93 sites (48%) were identified to have a unimodal relationship between NEE_night and temperature. Site-specific apparent optimum temperature parameters were then estimated at these sites. We further assessed the impacts of using exponential or unimodal equations on NEE_night predictions. The predicted NEE_night values at high temperatures were substantially higher from the exponential-type equations (mean: ~200%) than from the unimodal equation (mean: ~30%), compared to the observed NEE_night. This study calls for using a unimodal equation to predict NEE_night (often considered as nighttime ecosystem respiration, ER_night), which could substantially improve the accuracy and reduce uncertainty in ER estimates, in particular under the scenario of global warming.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":161,"journal":{"name":"Ecology Letters","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142398335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extending Species-Area Relationships Into the Realm of Ecoacoustics: The Soundscape-Area Relationship","authors":"Thomas Luypaert,&nbsp;Anderson S. Bueno,&nbsp;Torbjørn Haugaasen,&nbsp;Carlos A. Peres","doi":"10.1111/ele.14529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14529","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rise in species richness with area is one of the few ironclad ecological relationships. Yet, little is known about the spatial scaling of alternative dimensions of diversity. Here, we provide empirical evidence for a relationship between the richness of acoustic traits emanating from a landscape, or soundscape richness, and island area, which we term the SoundScape-Area Relationship (SSAR). We show a positive relationship between the gamma soundscape richness and island area. This relationship breaks down at the smallest spatial scales, indicating a small-island effect. Moreover, we demonstrate a positive spatial scaling of the plot-scale alpha soundscape richness, but not the beta soundscape turnover, suggesting a direct effect of species on acoustic trait diversity. We conclude that the general scaling of biodiversity can be extended into the realm of ecoacoustics, implying soundscape metrics are sensitive to fundamental ecological patterns and useful in disentangling their complex mechanistic drivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":161,"journal":{"name":"Ecology Letters","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ele.14529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142404772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}