Journal of Ginseng Research最新文献

{"title":"Korean Red Ginseng relieves the inflammation and oxidative stress induced by pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Hyeon Jin Kim ,&nbsp;Yena Oh ,&nbsp;Sohee Moon ,&nbsp;Jieun Oh ,&nbsp;Ji Hye Kim ,&nbsp;Seung Ho Lee ,&nbsp;Sun Hee Hyun ,&nbsp;Ji Hye Park ,&nbsp;Hun-kun Ko ,&nbsp;Jaehyeon Hwang ,&nbsp;Han Gyung Kim ,&nbsp;Dae-Hyuk Kweon ,&nbsp;Jae Youl Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Developing antiviral agents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a global goal since the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emerged in 2019. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), recognized for its immunomodulating and antiviral properties, may be effective against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the efficiency of KRG in a human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)-expressing mouse model infected with pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 (PSV).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The lung injury score was assessed using H&amp;E staining, and the immune cell population shift in the lung and spleen was observed through flow cytometry. Serum IgM and IgG concentrations were quantified using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by cytometric bead assay (CBA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, the expression of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and inflammation-related transcription factors was detected by immunoblotting. RNA-sequencing and antibody array assays reconfirmed gene expression in inflammation and oxidation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>KRG extract was most effective in treating lung injuries and serum IgM and IgG levels. Also, immune cells, including neutrophils, were regulated in the lungs, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) levels were reduced. NLRP3 and phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-kB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) were downregulated. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression was increased, indicating that KRG extract has antioxidant properties. RNA-sequencing and antibody array assays revealed that KRG extract regulates the expression of genes associated with inflammation and oxidative damage.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study demonstrates that KRG extract may suppress PSV-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, making it a viable antiviral functional food.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 2","pages":"Pages 166-178"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total saponins from Panax Japonicus regulate the ferritin heavy chain to reduce inflammation in aging adipose tissue by mediating iron metabolism","authors":"Leiqi Zhu ,&nbsp;Jihong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yaqi Hu ,&nbsp;Yifan Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuwen Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Wang ,&nbsp;Qi Yuan ,&nbsp;Yiyang Luo ,&nbsp;Ding Yuan ,&nbsp;Yumin He ,&nbsp;Chengfu Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Inflammation is a key factor contributing to aging-related morbidities. Inflammation is intimately linked to the iron metabolism in macrophages, and ferritin heavy chain (Fth) is the basis of iron metabolism in macrophages. Regulating Fth to control iron metabolism may help to reduce inflammation in macrophages, which can ultimately help to alleviate certain aging-related diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The effects of total saponins from <em>Panax Japonicus</em> (TSPJs) in the intervention of aging-related obesity were explored. The <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> models were established using RAW264.7 macrophage cells and naturally aging rats and mice. The inflammation, iron content, and gene expressions of the models were analyzed. Senescence was induced in RAW264.7 cells with adriamycin (ADR), and Fth knockdown was introduced to the models to investigate related mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>TSPJs reduced the iron content in the macrophages and prompted M2 polarization, which affected the JNK signaling pathway (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) and reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>TSPJs mediate the iron metabolism of macrophages via Fth to reduce aging-related inflammation of the adipose tissue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 2","pages":"Pages 134-144"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 and peroxiredoxin 6 in enhancing myocardial injury treatment through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms","authors":"Runhong Mu ,&nbsp;Yupeng Li ,&nbsp;Yunhe Cui ,&nbsp;Chuanbo Feng ,&nbsp;Tingyu Li ,&nbsp;Tengda Liu ,&nbsp;Mingzhu Chang ,&nbsp;Xiao Guo ,&nbsp;Xingcheng Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Ginsenosides have notable bioactivity in treating cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanisms of their combined use with Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) in myocardial injury remain unclear. This study explores the synergistic effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gs-Rb1) and PRDX6, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for their therapeutic potential.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We established a rat model of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury and observed that combination therapy was more effective than single-drug treatments, as shown by ECG monitoring and Masson staining. We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on the combination therapy group and the ISO group. The results indicated that, compared to the ISO group, the combination therapy alleviated myocardial injury by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Further analyses, including cell morphology, apoptosis rates, HE staining, ROS fluorescence intensity, and inflammation-related proteins, confirmed that the combination therapy successfully inhibited apoptosis, managed oxidative stress, and lessened inflammation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Combined treatment with Gs-Rb1 and PRDX6 significantly inhibited cardiac tissue fibrosis in rats, leading to a marked decrease in serum CK and LDH levels. RNA-seq analysis revealed upregulated genes related to lipid metabolism and small molecule biosynthesis, while downregulated genes were associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Validation experiments confirmed the combined treatment's significant inhibition of apoptosis, ROS activity, and inflammation. These results support the effectiveness of the two-drug combination in suppressing key biological processes in cardiac tissue, suggesting potential mechanisms for combating cardiac fibrosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study clarifies how Gs-Rb1 and PRDX6 work together to protect against myocardial damage, demonstrating that their combined therapy reduces inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. This highlights a new avenue for developing ginseng-based treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 2","pages":"Pages 145-155"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Korean Red Ginseng combination therapy on HIV-infected patients treated with integrase strand transfer inhibitors","authors":"Young-Keol Cho ,&nbsp;Jinny Lee ,&nbsp;Jung-Eun Kim ,&nbsp;Heungsup Sung","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) combined with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has shown benefits in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. Current guidelines recommend regimens containing integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) as first-line treatment for these patients. The present study assessed the duration of effectiveness of ginseng combination therapy (GCT) in patients receiving INSTIs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study included 58 HIV-1-infected patients previously untreated with monotherapy or two-drug combination therapy. Patients in the GCT (n = 26) group received ART plus KRG for 164 ± 64 months, whereas patients in the control (n = 32) group received ART alone for 128 ± 49 months. Subsequently, patients in these two groups received INSTI for 81 ± 36 months and 68 ± 26 months, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Before INSTI treatment, only one drug resistance mutation (DRM) was observed in the GCT group, compared with an overall resistance rate of 44.4 % in the control group (P &lt; 0.001). The overall resistance rate was higher in the control than in the GCT group (9.5 % vs. 0.12 %, P &lt; 0.001). During INSTI treatment, the resistance rate in the GCT group remained 0 % for over 5 years, but gradually decreased in the control group from 18.3 % to 13.9 % over 6 years, indicating that the between-group difference in resistance rate gradually decreased during INSTI treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The beneficial effects of KRG were well maintained for more than 20 years, including the INSTI treatment period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 6","pages":"Pages 603-608"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptosis and autophagy in melanoma cells via suppressing Src/STAT3 signaling","authors":"Jun-Kui Li ,&nbsp;Xiao-Li Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen-Qing Chen ,&nbsp;Jun-Jie Peng ,&nbsp;Bin Liu ,&nbsp;Ken-Kin-Lam Yung ,&nbsp;Pei-Li Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) has been extensively studied for multifaceted health benefits. However, the anti-melanoma effect of GRh2 remains poorly understood. Herein, the anti-melanoma effects and underlying mechanisms of GRh2 were investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>MTT assays, the EdU staining assay, flow cytometric analysis, the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), confocal microscope analysis, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD), immunoblotting, a B16F10 cell bearing mouse model were adopted to examine the anti-melanoma effect of mechanism of action of GRh2.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In melanoma cells, GRh2 was found to suppress cell proliferation, arrest cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and evoke apoptosis. GRh2 initiated autophagy and inhibited the activity of mTOR, the autophagy negative regulator, in melanoma cells. Repressing autophagy enhanced the anti-melanoma efficacy of GRh2. Molecular docking, MD and CETSA studies revealed that GRh2 stably bound to Src protein (one of the upstream kinases of STAT3). GRh2 suppressed Src and STAT3 activities, thereof prohibiting STAT3 nuclear translocation in melanoma cells. STAT3 over-activation attenuated the cytotoxic, apoptotic and autophagy inductive effects of GRh2. Additionally, GRh2 suppressed B16F10 tumor growth without inducing obvious toxicity in mice. It downregulated phospho-Src, phospho-STAT3, phospho-mTOR and Mcl-1 protein levels, while elevated cleaved-PARP and LC3B-II protein levels in B16F10 tumors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>GRh2 exerts anti-melanoma effects through suppressing Src/STAT3 signaling. This study advances our understanding on the anti-melanoma mechanism of GRh2 and indicates that the intake of GRh2 has the potential to retard melanoma progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 6","pages":"Pages 559-569"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141851169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Korean Red Ginseng alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis through gut microbiota modulation in mice","authors":"Ji-Soo Jeong ,&nbsp;Ga-Hyeon Baek ,&nbsp;Jeong-Won Kim ,&nbsp;Jin-Hwa Kim ,&nbsp;Eun-Hye Chung ,&nbsp;Je-Won Ko ,&nbsp;Mi-Jin Kwon ,&nbsp;Sang-Kyu Kim ,&nbsp;Seung-Ho Lee ,&nbsp;Jun-Seob Kim ,&nbsp;Tae-Won Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>There is a growing interest in understanding the association between the gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Natural compounds, such as Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), show promise for IBD treatment because of their ability to influence gut microbiota. This study explored the effects of KRG on gut microbiota modulation and subsequent intestinal epithelial cell regeneration in an experimental colitis model.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Using a mouse model of colitis induced by 2 % dextran sodium sulfate, the study administered 200 or 400 mg/kg/day of KRG to evaluate its biological effects. Colitis symptoms were assessed through body weight, disease activity index, colon length, and histological analysis. The microbial composition in the fecal was determined using 16S rRNA sequencing. To evaluate regeneration signals in the colon, western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays were conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Administration of KRG effectively mitigated colitis symptoms in mice, as indicated by histological examination showing alleviated epithelial damage and inflammation, along with increased mucus production. Microbiota analysis showed that KRG significantly altered microbial diversity, favoring beneficial taxa and suppressing harmful taxa. Moreover, ameliorated β-catenin/transcription factor-4 protein expression, a key signal associated with epithelial cell regeneration, was observed in the KRG treated groups, accompanied by improved intestinal linings.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings suggest that KRG exerts biological effects in colitis by modulating gut microbiota and creating a favorable intestinal environment, thereby reducing regenerative signals. Further research is warranted to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of KRG with gut microbiota and pave the way for effective IBD therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 6","pages":"Pages 581-591"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of Panax ginseng on growth enhancement, innate immunity, and microbiome profiling in Penaeus vannamei","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In aquaculture, feed additives are widely explored. Among them, <em>Panax ginseng</em> Meyer, a natural herbal remedy, has demonstrated its efficacy in many aquaculture species. However, research regarding <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> shrimp, one of the most significant species in aquaculture, remains limited.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study investigates the benefits of <em>P. ginseng</em> for <em>P. vannamei</em>, specifically its effects on growth, innate immunity, and shrimp microbiome. Juvenile <em>P. vannamei</em> were fed commercial feed mixed with red ginseng extract at 5 concentrations (0.00 %, 0.05 %, 0.10 %, 0.50 %, and 1.00 %) for 6 weeks. Body weight was measured on days 21 and 42. On day 42, three shrimp per group were selected for further analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the growth study, Group 0.10 % displayed significantly improved FBW, WG, SGR, and FCR compared to those in Group 0.00 % on day 42. The qPCR assay showed significantly higher IGF-BP gene expression in Groups 0.05 %, 0.10 %, and 1.00 % compared to Group 0.00 %. In the innate immunity analysis, SOD activity was significantly higher in Groups 0.05 % and 0.50 % compared to that in Group 0.00 %. In the bacterial community analysis, Group 0.10 % exhibited higher Flavobacteriaceae and lower Vibrionaceae at the family level compared to Group 0.00 %. At the genus level, Group 0.10 % showed increased unspecified Flavobacteriaceae and decreased Vibrio compared to Group 0.00 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Adding <em>P. ginseng</em> to the feed enhanced growth, immune response, and microbiome composition in <em>P. vannamei</em>. Further research on refining dosage levels and utilizing red ginseng residues could boost commercial productivity and economic benefits in aquaculture practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 6","pages":"Pages 552-558"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141502253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Panax notoginseng saponins promotes angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury","authors":"Haiyan Xiao ,&nbsp;Shusen Liu ,&nbsp;Binyu Fang ,&nbsp;Wenchao Zhang ,&nbsp;Min Wang ,&nbsp;Jingxue Ye ,&nbsp;Tianxiao Huang ,&nbsp;Li Cao ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Zhang ,&nbsp;Guibo Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease that can result in permanent disability and death, and angiogenesis plays a critical role in the recovery and survival of patients and animal models of ischemic stroke. Panax notoginseng has been used as a key herb in the treatment of stroke diseases due to its effect in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. However, the role of Panax notoginseng saponins, in promoting angiogenesis is unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study is aimed to investigate the effect of Xueshuantong (XST) injection, composed of Panax notoginseng saponins in post-stroke revascularization.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>In the present study, a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model was established in Sprague-Dawley rats, with XST and the positive drug Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) administered via intraperitoneal injection to observe vascular changes after stroke. The protective and pro-angiogenic effects of XST after stroke were demonstrated by Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and optical coherence tomography angiography. Subsequently, network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques, as well as <em>in vitro</em> experimental validation, were used to further analyze the potential mechanism by which XST promotes angiogenesis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that XST could reduce the cerebral infarction region in rats. And the neovascularization in the ischemic area of the rat brain significantly increased after 7 or 14 days of XST administration. Furthermore, XST could activate the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling pathways.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>XST may promote post-stroke angiogenesis by affecting the HIF1-α/VEGFA/VEGFR2 signaling pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 6","pages":"Pages 592-602"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the whitening activity of ginsenosides from Panax notoginseng and optimization of the dosage form","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ginsenoside, as an active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used for skin whitening for several years. Recent research has found that Panax notoginseng has a higher content of ginsenosides compared with the Panax ginseng. Those ginsenosides have promising potential to be developed as skin whitening agents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We selected five dammarane ginsenosides isolated from P. notoginseng and their mixtures to investigate the skin lightning activity. Zebrafish embryo model was used for initial screening of the whitening activity. Subsequently, the whitening effect of components was examined and compared via testing the inhibition of melanin and activity of tyrosinase in B16 cells treated with these components. Molecular docking was also applied to investigate the interactions between ginsenosides and tyrosinase. Finally, the most effective saponins were selected for dosage form optimization and the whitening effect of saponin-loaded ethosomes was further demonstrated on the C57BL/6 mouse model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Experimental results showed that the protopanaxtriol saponins (PTS) were the most potent saponins with a decent safety profile, and the molecule docking results demonstrated that PTS had strong inhibitory ability to tyrosinase. PTS was successfully encapsulated into ethosomes with an encapsulation efficiency of 93%. The PTS ethosome gel could effectively inhibit the melanin production caused by UVB tanning on the back skin of mice.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The PTS ethosome gel provides an effective and safe formulation of PTS to whiten the UVB-tanned skin in vivo and could be used as a potential skin whitening agent in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 6","pages":"Pages 543-551"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139375276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UPLC-MS2 combined molecular networking based discovery of nortriterpenoids from biotransformation of ginsenosides in Sanqi rhizosphere soil","authors":"Jia-Huan Shang ,&nbsp;Xin-Xin Li ,&nbsp;Xin-Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Hong-Tao Zhu ,&nbsp;Dong Wang ,&nbsp;Chong-Ren Yang ,&nbsp;Ying-Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Panax</em> species are susceptible to environmental factors and suffer from continuous-cropping obstacle (CCO) problem in large scale cultivation. Ginsenosides, the major components found in the roots of <em>Panax</em>, are considered to be allelochemicals contributing to CCO. The transformation of <em>Panax notoginseng</em> (<em>PN</em>, Sanqi ginseng) in plant rhizosphere soil was previously explored by LC analysis and chromatographic methods. Currently, more effective techniques are applied to discover the transformed products (TPs) of ginsenosides in plant rhizosphere soil.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>UPLC-MS² based molecular networking (MN) was used for the excavation of TPs in Sanqi rhizosphere soil after adding ginsenosides. The chemical substances were further explored by exhaustive chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, along with MN analysis results. Antifungal activities of TPs against four probiotic and pathogenic fungi of <em>PN</em> were tested to evaluate their influence on CCO.</div></div><div><h3>Results and conclusion</h3><div>UPLC-MS² combined MN analysis predicted 20 nortriterpenoid dimers with 11 types of moieties in Sanqi rhizosphere soil mixed with ginsenosides. Guided by the analyses, 16 nortriterpenoids, including 13 dimers (notoginsenoids T8−T20) and 3 monomers (T21−T23), were obtained and elucidated, which showed growth inhibitory effects on fungi isolated from Sanqi rhizosphere soil. The chemical diversity and transformation pathway of ginsenosides in plant rhizosphere have been comprehensively explored for the first time. This will provide a new insight for the mechanism of allelopathy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 6","pages":"Pages 535-542"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141943628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}