Journal of energy storage最新文献

{"title":"Low-cost “water in deep-eutectic-solvent” and eutectogel electrolytes for high-performance zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors","authors":"Yapeng He,&nbsp;Xinyuan Bai,&nbsp;Jianming Feng,&nbsp;Lifeng Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) with high voltage and long cycle life are promising. However, active water in most aqueous electrolytes limits the electrochemical stability window and promotes side reactions, resulting in an unsatisfactory cycle life. Herein, a novel low-cost “water in deep-eutectic-solvent (DES)” electrolyte composed of Zn(Ac)₂ and methylurea (Mu) is reported to expand the electrochemical stability window to &gt;2.7 V, significantly higher than common aqueous electrolytes. Benefiting from a water-starved solvation sheath, the zinc anode was protected from dendritic growth and side reactions by reducing the participation of H₂O during zinc plating and 3D diffusion of zinc ions in the eutectic electrolyte. Therefore, the assembled Zn//ZM-30 (the mass of Zn(Ac)₂/Mu DES: the mass of water = 100: 30) //N-rGO@Ti ZHSC displayed excellent capacitance retention of 90.8 % after constant current charge/discharge for 9300 cycles at 10 A g⁻¹, while the Zn//ZM-30//Zn symmetric cells can work stably for &gt;1100 h at 1 mA cm⁻². Additionally, the ZHSC with ZM-30 also demonstrated a high power density of 4004.3 W kg⁻¹ (41.6 Wh kg⁻¹) at 8 A g⁻¹ and a high energy density of 167.7 Wh kg⁻¹ (462.5 W kg⁻¹) at 0.5 A g⁻¹. Next, a new eutectogel electrolyte was prepared and it perfectly inherited the advantages of liquid eutectic electrolytes, which kept 85.2 % capacitance retention after 8000 cycles at 5 A g⁻¹. Meanwhile, it obtained excellent mechanical properties and met the application of quasi-solid flexible energy storage devices under deformation conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 117179"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal management of Li-ion batteries: Experimentally validated model of active temperature control strategies with liquid cooling and multi-objective optimization","authors":"Clemente Capasso ,&nbsp;Teresa Castiglione ,&nbsp;Diego Perrone ,&nbsp;Luigi Sequino","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the last decade, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained considerable attention in the transport sector as they represent a valid solution for reducing CO₂ emissions in the short term, contributing to the achievement of net zero emissions by 2050. Despite the technology of EVs has reached a good level of reliability, challenges related mainly to the Li-ion storage systems and to their thermal management, are still open. A properly designed battery thermal management system (BTMS) is intended to maintain the lithium battery within its optimal temperature range to preserve its cycle-life durability, performance, and safety. Research efforts are, therefore, addressed to improve and optimize thermal management solutions for vehicle battery packs.</div><div>In this work, an active indirect liquid BTMS for a Li-ion cell is designed and developed with the main goal of satisfying the thermal requirements of the storage cell, by also focusing on an optimal balance between BTMS performance and overall system efficiency. In particular, a laboratory test bench was designed and set-up to allow experimental tests focused on parameter identification/validation of an electro-thermal simulation model of the cell and on its temperature management.</div><div>Experimental tests and simulations were performed for different environmental temperatures and electric operating conditions. In particular, the proposed BTMS was analyzed during both cooling and heating operations showing a good behavior in managing the coolant flow rate to achieve the temperature set-point. Starting from the validated simulation model, an off-line multi-objective optimization procedure was carried out to properly set up the temperature control parameters on real driving conditions.</div><div>The obtained results show a good level of reliability of the proposed simulation models in fitting the electro-thermal behavior of the cell under tests in different operative conditions. In addition, the BTMS can properly manage the coolant flow rate to achieve the temperature set-points. Finally, the proposed optimization procedure allows a relevant reduction in the pump energy consumption in comparison with non-optimized solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 117254"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing robust and fast desolvation interfacial layer with halloysite nanotubes/polydopamine for dendrite-free and durable zinc metal anode","authors":"Yanchen Sun ,&nbsp;Kai Liu ,&nbsp;Yingjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Sijia Zhao ,&nbsp;Junjie Sun ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenni Huang ,&nbsp;Tauseef Shahid ,&nbsp;Zhujun Yao ,&nbsp;Yefeng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metallic zinc is recognized as a promising anode candidate for aqueous zinc-based batteries (AZBs), however, issues such as dendrite formation and parasitic side reactions severely deteriorate its reversibility and practical lifespan. In this study, we construct a robust and fast desolvation interfacial layer composed of halloysite nanotubes and polydopamine (HNTs/PDA) on the surface of Zn foil to achieve dendrite-free and durable Zn anodes. The amino and hydroxyl groups in PDA promote the desolvation process of Zn(H₂O)₆²⁺, resulting in a uniform dispersion of Zn²⁺ flux, while the negatively charged siloxane groups on the outer surface of HNTs function as an ion sieve, homogenizing the Zn²⁺ flux distribution and alleviating concentration polarization. Additionally, the positively charged aluminum hydroxyl groups and hollow tubular structure of HNTs effectively trap SO₄²⁻ and OH⁻ through electrostatic adsorption, thereby suppressing side reactions. Consequently, the symmetric cell based on HNTs/PDA@Zn can be stably cycled for over 2000 h at 1 mA cm⁻² with a capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻², demonstrating excellent cycling performance. When paired with a V₂O₅ cathode, the HNTs/PDA@Zn||V₂O₅ full cell delivers high discharge capacity and long cycle stability without significant performance deterioration over 1800 cycles at 5.0 A g⁻¹.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 117237"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical nanocomposite based on Na2Ti3O7 and Fe2O3 for electrochemical sodium ion storage: Preparation and characterization","authors":"Denis P. Opra ,&nbsp;Anton I. Neumoin ,&nbsp;Sergey L. Sinebryukhov ,&nbsp;Alexander A. Sokolov ,&nbsp;Olga A. Stonkus ,&nbsp;Alexander Yu. Ustinov ,&nbsp;Andrey V. Gerasimenko ,&nbsp;Sergey V. Gnedenkov","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A key task nowadays is the development of novel materials and the enhancement of known ones in order to design high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries. This article presents a one-pot method of preparing a nanocomposite with hierarchical structure based on sodium trititanate and iron(III) oxide. In this method, simultaneous hydrothermal treatment of TiO₂ and FeCl₃ in a concentrated NaOH solution results in the formation of microscale particles self-assembled of Na₂Ti₃O₇ nanotubes and Fe₂O₃ nanospheres. A Na₂Ti₃O₇–Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite is being investigated for the first time as a potential anode material for sodium-ion batteries. It was found that combining Na₂Ti₃O₇ with Fe₂O₃ as a high-capacitive modifier within the hierarchical structure improves Na-ion storage performance. Its specific capacity reaches about 220 and 50 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1<em>C</em> and 4<em>С</em>, respectively. The pure Na₂Ti₃O₇ gives only around 145 and 10 mAh g⁻¹ at the same current densities. Besides, the Na₂Ti₃O₇–Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite operates stably during 1000 charge/discharge cycles at a rate of 2<em>C</em> with a reversible capacity of 90 mAh g⁻¹, whereas both pure Na₂Ti₃O₇ and Fe₂O₃ exhibit worse long-term performance. These findings improve our knowledge of how to combine different materials in order to enhance their functionalities for application as an anode in sodium-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 117227"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Li+ transport path and interface stability of multi-channel hollow Li0.33La0.557TiO3 reinforced PVDF-based electrolytes","authors":"Zongmo Shi ,&nbsp;Xiaomei Feng ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Ting Yu ,&nbsp;Shijin Yang ,&nbsp;Chenxuan Li ,&nbsp;Haisheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Junzhan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid-state batteries and electrolytes are considered one of the excellent options for next-generation battery technology due to reliable safety and high energy density. The polymer-inorganics composite electrolytes were prepared by combining the multi-channel hollow Li_0.33La_0.557TiO₃ (MCH-LLTO) with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). MCH-LLTO electrolytes were synthesized to effectively improve the large Li⁺ transport path. Compared with the pure PVDF, the high room-temperature ionic conductivity of 4.6 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10⁻⁴ S/cm² approached for PVDF/MCH-LLTO-40 composite electrolyte. By forming the hybrid interface in PVDF matrix, the large Li⁺ transference number was 0.74 and the electrochemical stability exhibited during long-term cycling of 1400 h. Moreover, the initial discharge capacity and the coulomb efficiency were 147.3 mAh·g⁻¹ and 99.27 % under 0.2C were obtained. After 100 cycles, the capacity of 130 mAh·g⁻¹ maintained and the coulomb efficiency was 99.59 %, with a capacity retention rate of 86 %. This work proves that the MCH-LLTO fillers can provide the large Li⁺ transporting path and boost electrochemical performance in organic-inorganic composite electrolytes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 117200"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation of nanostructured V2O5 based screen printable ink: Toward fabrication of micro-supercapacitors","authors":"Himadri Raha ,&nbsp;Nikita Dey ,&nbsp;Prasanta Kumar Guha","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The continuous growth in flexible electronics evolution of flexible electronics demands equally adaptable energy storage solutions, pushing the boundaries beyond conventional sandwich-structured devices that suffer from safety concerns, limited energy density, and poor mechanical flexibility. In-plane micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) have emerged as a superior alternative, with printing technology offering a scalable and cost-effective fabrication approach. Here, we develop a screen-printable ink based on ultrasonically synthesized nanostructured V₂O₅ (<em>usN</em>-V₂O₅) to fabricate high-performance MSCs on both rigid alumina and flexible PET substrates, utilizing silver-printed current collectors for efficient charge transport. To tailor electrochemical performance, we employ two distinct electrolytes: polyacrylamide (PAM)-Li₂SO₄ gel for exceptional stability and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (EMIM BF₄) ionic liquid (IL) for an expanded electrochemical window and enhanced energy density. The PAM-Li₂SO₄ based MSC on alumina substrate delivers an outstanding specific capacitance of 49.9 F cm⁻³, maintaining 87.75 % retention over 10,000 cycles, while the IL-based MSC on PET achieves an impressive energy density of 2.25 mWh cm⁻³ at 1609.39 mW cm⁻³, significantly outperforming its PAM-Li₂SO₄ counterpart (1.70 mWh cm⁻³ at 1000 mW cm⁻³). Notably, it excels in mechanical flexibility, retaining charge storage performance even after 300 bending cycles, reinforcing its potential for wearable and stretchable electronics. These findings underscore the promise of <em>usN</em>-V₂O₅-based screen-printable MSCs as a game-changing solution for next-generation flexible and high-energy-density energy storage devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 117177"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the thermal performance of a large 100 MJ cascaded packed-bed thermal energy storage system with macro-encapsulation of phase change materials","authors":"Meng-Jie Li ,&nbsp;Ming-Jia Li ,&nbsp;Chang-Hao Fan ,&nbsp;Zhan-Bin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While Phase Change Materials (PCMs) offer high theoretical heat storage capacity, their practical performance in Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems is often limited by operational constraints such as thermocline, cut-off temperatures, and operating time. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel macro-encapsulation method to fabricate 8600 stainless steel PCM capsules with validated high-temperature resistance and leak-proof integrity. Using this method, we established a 100 MJ cascaded packed-bed TES system and systematically evaluated its thermal performance under real-world operating conditions. Subsequent experimental analysis compared the effects of varying inlet temperatures and outlet cut-off thresholds on charging/discharging efficiency. Experimental results indicate that during charging process, increasing the inlet temperature within the TES device's range not only enhances thermal storage capacity but also improves energy storage efficiency. For instance, raising the charging inlet temperature from 120 °C to 180 °C increased thermal storage efficiency from 70.4 % to 97.3 %, with effective thermal energy storage density rising from 21.43 kWh/m³ to 53.77 kWh/m³. Conversely, during discharging process, reducing the inlet temperature not only enhances the discharge power but also increases the released heat. To fully release the stored heat, the discharge inlet temperature should be below the lowest phase-change temperature of PCM within TES devices. The discharge cut-off temperature is determined by practical application scenarios, with higher cut-off temperatures imposing stricter requirements for outlet temperature during discharging process, resulting in less released heat and lower thermal energy storage density. This work has applicability in thermal storage and utilization contexts and serves as a valuable reference for the practical design of packed-bed TES systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 117193"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive degradation and regeneration pathways in O3-NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 under long-term low-humidity air exposure","authors":"Weijia Tang,&nbsp;Yunjiao Li,&nbsp;Shijie Jiang,&nbsp;Changlong Lei,&nbsp;Zhenjiang He","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically reveals the failure mechanisms of O3-type layered oxide NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ (NFM) during long-term air exposure and their impact on electrochemical performance. Through multi-scale characterization, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), combined with electrochemical analysis, we demonstrate that Na+ migration and CO₂/H₂O synergistic reactions are the primary drivers of degradation. These processes induce the progressive growth of surface Na₂CO₃/HCO₃⁻ impurities, accompanied by lattice distortion (a-axis contraction by 0.94 % and c-axis expansion by 0.74 %) and partial Mn³⁺ oxidation (Mn⁴⁺ proportion increased to 52.6 %). These combined effects result in severe electrochemical deterioration: samples exposed for 15 days exhibit a 50.3 % initial capacity decay (from 129.9 to 64.6 mAh/g), and a tenfold decrease in Na⁺ diffusion coefficient. Notably, a 7-day exposure to a CO₂ atmosphere with trace moisture triggers surface carbonation reactions, emphasizing exposure duration as a critical variable under trace moisture conditions. Furthermore, this study proposes a ‘de-intercalation-framework reversibility’ mechanism: although water soaking induces 80 % Na⁺ extraction and partial TM-O framework distortion, low-temperature re-sodiation effectively repairs the lattice and restores the O3 structure. These findings provide theoretical insights and technical pathways for the failure prevention and regeneration of highly air-sensitive sodium-ion cathode materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 117080"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and calculation of the winding loss and rotor loss of solid rotor induction motors for flywheel energy storage system considering the influence of inverter power supply","authors":"Hao Xu,&nbsp;Jinghong Zhao,&nbsp;Yiyong Xiong,&nbsp;Yunchen Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-speed solid rotor induction motor (SRIM) has been widely used in the flywheel energy storage system. The loss of the high-speed SRIM directly affects the energy conversion efficiency of flywheel energy storage system. In order to realize the fast and accurate calculation of the loss in the motor design stage, the analytical models of the winding AC loss and rotor loss of the high-speed SRIM supplied by inverter are established. Based on the principle of area equivalence, the layered method is adopted to consider the influence of stator slot type and irregular conductor distribution in the slot. Besides, the analytical model of the winding AC loss can consider the influence of radial magnetic field and spatial harmonic. The eddy current effect, hysteresis effect and saturation effect of the rotor can be considered by using the layering method. The harmonic distribution of phase voltage and phase current is obtained by circuit simulation. On this basis, the winding AC loss and rotor loss are calculated under the condition of inverter power supply. Besides, the effects of current frequency, conductor diameter and carrier wave ratio on the winding AC loss are studied, and the effects of the air gap length and carrier wave ratio on the rotor loss are studied. Finally, an experimental platform for the loss and temperature rise characteristics of the high-speed SRIM is built, and the accuracy of analytical calculation and finite element simulation is verified through the winding temperature rise experiment and rotor loss experiment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 117224"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"0D electrochemical modelling of sulfur cathodes","authors":"Hamid Mollania ,&nbsp;Majid Oloomi-Buygi ,&nbsp;Andreu Cabot","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfur cathodes represent a promising solution to meet the growing demand for cost-effective, sustainable, and high-energy-density energy storage systems utilizing abundant elements. However, their commercialization remains challenging due to the complex metal‑sulfur reactions, which often involve solid-liquid phase transitions, as well as the dissolution and migration of polysulfides. Addressing these challenges requires a deeper understanding and systematic optimization of these processes. In this study, we present a three-step zero-dimensional (0D) electrochemical model based on Nernst formulations and Butler–Volmer kinetics designed to simulate the performance of sulfur cathodes. Focusing on lithium‑sulfur batteries (LSBs) as a case study, the model incorporates key phenomena, including the multiple electrochemical reactions involved in the conversion of sulfur to lithium sulfide, precipitation of <span><math><msup><mi>S</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>, and the shuttle effect. To validate the model, we utilize sulfur cathodes composed of Li₂S supported on Ketjen Black (KB) and incorporating cobalt nanoparticles (Li₂S-Co@KB). The developed model is employed to simulate discharge curve using a hybrid optimization approach combining Bayesian and the Nelder-Mead algorithms. The model's predictive capability is evaluated by assessing its ability to replicate the experimental voltage profiles of LSBs. Additionally, the error between the simulated and experimental voltage curves is analyzed to demonstrate the model's accuracy and reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 117023"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144155070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}