{"title":"Study on energy storage configurations and energy management strategy of an underwater hydrogen hybrid system","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing the durability of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) would facilitate maritime research, and hydrogen fuel cells are considered a feasible solution. In this paper, based on an underwater hydrogen hybrid system mainly driven by a hydrogen-air fuel cell stack and a battery, the energy management strategy and energy storage are investigated to enhance the endurance of UUV. The results exhibit that the proposed energy management strategy integrating equivalent hydrogen consumption minimization strategy with rule-based strategy (ECMS-RB strategy), effectively reduces fuel cell power fluctuations. It is noted that, this strategy increases the state of charge (SOC) of the battery by approximately 0.2 and prevents battery over-discharge, compared to the conventional state machine strategy under identical boundary conditions. Additionally, this paper compares the performance of energy storage systems and their coupling design with UUV. The results suggest that liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen and metal hydride energy storage systems are preferable for UVVs to achieve neutral buoyancy. Under low-speed navigation conditions, increasing the UUV length from 1.5 m to 5.5 m enhances its endurance capability by a factor of 1.78, and raising the outer diameter from 0.1 m to 0.4 m increases the endurance capability by a factor of 5.44.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation of the effects of tri-ammonium citrate electrolyte additive for lead-acid battery using lead foil as negative grid","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to create a lead foil anode for lead-acid batteries with high specific energy, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant. The research also discovered that incorporating tri-ammonium citrate (AC) into the electrolyte significantly enhances the cycling performance of the pure lead level foil negative electrode under high-rate-partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) conditions. This addition also increases the specific capacity at high rates, resulting in a 2.3-fold improvement in HRPSoC cycling performance at a 1C rate and a 52 % increase in discharged capacity at a 4C rate, compared to the control blank plate without AC. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and other material characterization methods, as well as electrochemical tests, it is proved that AC improves the morphology of lead sulfate into a lamellar stacked structure. It can also effectively refine lead sulfate grains and inhibit sulfation. In addition, pure lead foil batteries exhibit superior capacity cycle stability at a high multiplication rate compared to grid lead-based alloy batteries. Pure lead foil batteries also have a significantly longer cycle life, with a 65 % increase in discharge-specific capacity at a 4C multiplication rate and a 2.2 times and 1.8 times increase in cycle life at 1C and 2C multiplication rates, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neutral-state black electrochromic polymer with enhanced supercapacitor electrode performance","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neutral-state black electrochromic materials are attracting attention, especially in the applications of displays, car-rear views, sensors, and electronic papers. This study aimed to obtain a black electrochromic polymer via electrochemical techniques. For this aim, the monomer of a green-electrochromic polymer, 4-(3,3-dihexyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepin-6-yl)-7-(3,3-dihexyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepin-8-yl)-2-cyclohexyl-2H-benzo-[d]imidazole (PBP), was copolymerized with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) with 2:1 and 2:2 (PBP: EDOT) monomer feed ratios. The resulting copolymer films were investigated in terms of their electrochromic properties. Equal feeded copolymerization resulted in a neutral-state black electrochromic polymer (L:11.5, a:1.5, b:-2.55) with satisfying responses in the electrochromic device application (100 % electroactivity maintenance after 300 switches with 1.4 s response time). Furthermore, increasing the quantity of EDOT in the copolymer chain improved the capacitive characteristics, showing that the equal-fed copolymer is a good candidate for a supercapacitor electrode (4.07 mF/cm<sup>2</sup>). The supercapacitor device application showed that the equal feeded copolymer has superior specific capacitance retention of 97 % after 500 charge/discharge cycle, with 100 % coulombic efficiency in each cycle. Moreover, the supercapacitor is capable of lighting a 1.5 V LED for >30 s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preparation and characteristics of CuS-CNTs modified PVDF-based flexible composite phase change films","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is indisputable that the impact of buildings on global energy demand. To address the issue of excessive energy consumption in buildings, this manuscript proposes the preparation of a flexible composite phase change films with excellent solar energy absorption conversion and thermal management capabilities. In this paper, composite phase change material was obtained by adsorbing paraffin into expanded graphite (EG) using vacuum adsorption method. The photothermal material copper sulfide‑carbon nanotubes (CuS-CNTs) was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction. The dispersion of EG and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix was enhanced under the influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The flexible and bendable films were finally prepared by using the non-solvent-induced phase separation method. The latent heat of the film reaches 63.63 J/g, and the thermal conductivity of the film system approaches to 0.53 W/(m·K) through the adsorption of the high thermal conductivity enhanced phase EG and the intervention of CNTs. The photothermal conversion ability of CuS-CNTs improves the photothermal performance of the film, and the solar energy utilization reaches 46.2 % under simulated sunlight. The experimental results show that the prepared films can effectively convert solar energy into thermal energy and store it in the form of latent heat, and the films can release the energy in the form of heat again at low temperatures. Utilizing this property, the film can be applied to the field of building materials, which demonstrates great potential and prospect in reducing energy consumption and carbon emission in buildings. The prepared composite phase change film for photothermal conversion provides a new idea for modern building thermal management materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An improved barrier function double integral sliding mode control of SynRM for hybrid energy storage system-based electric vehicle","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric vehicles (EVs) are acquiring a reputation in the transportation industry as an environment-friendly replacement for traditional vehicles. Three energy sources, comprised of the fuel cell, battery and an ultra-capacitor, are used to form the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) of the EV under consideration. The synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) is employed as the electric motor to drive the EV, considering its remarkable efficiency, minimal losses, and lack of magnetic material. Due to their nonlinear behaviour, the major components like energy sources and SynRM deviate from the normal behaviour when driving under extreme conditions. The conventional integral sliding mode control (ISMC) has deteriorated performance in the case of disturbances. To tackle these problems, the novel barrier function double integral sliding mode controller (BF-DISMC) is proposed for the control of the HESS and SynRM of the EV. The proposed BF-DISMC provides bounded disturbance rejection. The simulation of designed controllers demonstrates the effectiveness and superior performance over conventional ISMC and double integral sliding mode controller (DISMC). The BF-DISMC successfully eliminates chattering and exhibits a reduction of 2.22% and 3.45% in peak ripple, 35.74% and 66.07% in rise time, 88.90% and 97.49% in root mean square error, along with 37.08% and 65.92% in settling time compared to DISMC and ISMC techniques, respectively, for DC bus voltage tracking. The resilience against disturbances has been validated using the robustness test. Lastly, the experimental results utilizing the hardware-in-loop (HIL) framework are presented to validate the proposed controller.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rational engineering of meso-macroporous structured carbon materials for revealing capacitive mechanism","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tailorable meso-macroporous structure of hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) is an essential key to improve ion diffusion dynamics and microporous accessibility for capacitive material. However, few studies focus on the capacitive mechanism of meso-macroporous proportion of HPC. Herein, a regionally selective dissolution and pyrolysis strategies are deployed to tailor the proportion of meso-macropores in facial mask-derived HPC through adjusting the oxalic acid concentration in hydrothermal process in this contribution. The obtained HPC show increasing meso-macroporous volumes of 0.04, 0.12, and 0.40 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to the oxalic acid concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 g/50 ml, respectively, while the microporous structures remain similar. Electrochemical results show that with increasing proportion of meso-macropores, the specific capacitances of HPC decrease from 386.9 to 276.5 and 220.3 F g<sup>−1</sup> at current density of 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>, and decrease from 216.7 to 181.1, and 133.1 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 50 A g<sup>−1</sup>. CV fitting results indicate that a small number of meso-macropores can enhance the surface-controlled capacitive contribution, improving the accessibility of micropores and faradaic pseudocapacitive reactions. The optimized HPC-based supercapacitor delivers a high energy density of 11.5 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at a power density of 125 W kg<sup>−1</sup> in KOH electrolyte and a maximum energy density of 49.4 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at 225 W kg<sup>−1</sup> in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte with long cycle stability, suggesting that the rational engineering of meso-macroporous proportion in HPC uncover news insights into developing high performance supercapacitor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simultaneously introducing N dopants and O vacancies in CoMoO4 for high-performance hybrid capacitors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With high redox activities, environmental friendliness, and low cost, metal molybdates have been regarded as promising electrode materials for various electrochemical devices. However poor intrinsic charge transport kinetics, limited active sites, and insufficient structural durability render the inferior performance of metal molybdates. Here, we developed a one-step method to create N doping and O vacancies in CoMoO<sub>4</sub> (N-CoMoO<sub>4-x</sub>) by annealing the CoMoO<sub>4</sub> precursor in NH<sub>3</sub>. The abundant defects effectively boost the charge transport kinetics and redox activity, leading to superior reversible capacity and rate performance. The developed N-doped CoMoO<sub>4</sub> with enriched O vacancies presented conspicuously enhanced performances (2185 mF cm<sup>−2</sup> at 5 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, 1375 mF cm<sup>−2</sup> at 40 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>) compared to that of the CoMoO<sub>4</sub> electrode (360 mF cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>). Meanwhile, the hybrid capacitor using N-CoMoO<sub>4-x</sub> as the battery-type cathode and activated carbon (AC) as the capacitor-type anode displays a high areal capacitance of 177 mF cm<sup>−2</sup> even at 100 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and only decays about 7 % after 10,000 cycles, superior to that of many previous reported full device performances using metal molybdates as electrodes. This work can be a good reference for the design of metal molybdates applied in electrochemical fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of pumped hydro storage plants for flood control","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change has intensified precipitation patterns and led to more frequent and severe flooding in many locations worldwide. This paper investigates the role of pumped hydro storage (PHS) plants in mitigating floods in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. PHS plants can enhance basin water storage, allowing conventional reservoir dam (CRD) to focus on flood control. The paper also suggests the construction of hybrid PHS plants that can be used to store energy during normal operation and be used to pump water during flood events. The results compare the floodwater volume in Guaíba Lake and Patos Lagoon (27 km<sup>3</sup>) to the 13 km<sup>3</sup> displacement capacity of four proposed PHS projects, which could have reduced the total flood level of the Guaiba Lake from 5.33 m to 3.5 m. This would cost 2.7 billion USD, which is similar to the costs of the impact resulted from the flood in May 2024. This infrastructure would significantly reduce the impact of the floods and make the state of Rio Grande do Sul more resilient to climate change in the future. By analyzing the flood water storage capacity required and the storage and pump capacity provided by these solutions, the study aims to prevent future floods and mitigate climate change impacts in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distributional reinforcement learning-based energy arbitrage strategies in imbalance settlement mechanism","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growth in the penetration of renewable energy sources makes supply more uncertain and leads to an increase in the system imbalance. This trend, together with the single imbalance pricing, opens an opportunity for balance responsible parties (BRPs) to perform energy arbitrage in the imbalance settlement mechanism. To this end, we propose a battery control framework based on distributional reinforcement learning. Our proposed control framework takes a risk-sensitive perspective, allowing BRPs to adjust their risk preferences: we aim to optimize a weighted sum of the arbitrage profit and a risk measure (value-at-risk in this study) while constraining the daily number of cycles for the battery. We assess the performance of our proposed control framework using the Belgian imbalance prices of 2022 and compare two state-of-the-art RL methods, deep Q-learning and soft actor–critic (SAC). Results reveal that the distributional soft actor–critic method outperforms other methods. Moreover, we note that our fully risk-averse agent appropriately learns to hedge against the risk related to the unknown imbalance price by (dis)charging the battery only when the agent is more certain about the price.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress in optimizing the application strategy of SEI membranes for HC sodium ion batteries","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2024.114443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the vigorous promotion of renewable energy and clean energy, the research of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) in secondary batteries has been fully developed in recent years, in which the hard carbon (HC) material as the anode of SIBs stands out. HC as SIBs have received a lot of attention and postgraduate students because of its green, economic and easy to obtain, but at the same time along with the fatal problem of HC as SIBs is that the first coulombic efficiency is too low, thus affecting its capacity, which leads to a large part of the reason for the lower is the generation of the solid electrolyte interface membrane, referred to as the SEI membrane. Therefore, this paper focuses on the formation mechanism of SEI membrane and its influence and the various methods to improve SEI membrane in recent years with SEI membrane as the core, and discusses the reasons for the insufficient membrane formation of SEI membrane and its corresponding mechanistic explanation. The research done in recent years to break the SEI membrane is further elaborated in terms of the influence of electrolyte system, external factors (temperature, heating rate, precursor treatment, surface functionalization) and external modifications (surface coating, self-assembly technology), which provides effective ideas for better control of SEI membrane formation in the future. Furthermore, a brief overview is provided on the existing obstacles faced by HC as SIBs and the potential future prospects of HC for broader implementation in SIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}