Journal of General Virology最新文献

{"title":"Infectivity of recombinant Torque teno sus virus 1 in pigs coinfected with swine influenza virus.","authors":"Md-Tariqul Islam, Angela Pillatzki, Brett Webb, Sheela Ramamoorthy","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002264","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Torque teno viruses (TTVs) are small non-enveloped DNA viruses that are ubiquitous among mammalian species. Although their pathogenic potential remains uncertain, TTVs can modulate host immunity and potentiate coinfecting pathogens or comorbid conditions. Progress in understanding TTV biology has been constrained by the absence of robust <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> experimental systems. To address these limitations, we investigated the infectivity of a recombinant swine TTV [Torque teno sus virus 1 (TTSuV1)] generated with a reverse genetics system in a snatch-farrowed piglet model. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of TTSuV1 coinfection on the pathogenesis and replication dynamics of swine influenza virus (SIV). Infection of piglets with the rescued TTSuV1 induced seroconversion and lymphopenia. Early infection was associated with reduced lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogens and diminished or absent recall responses to viral antigens. TTSuV1 antigen was detected within immune cell populations by flow cytometry. Contrary to expectations, prior TTSuV1 infection did not significantly exacerbate SIV-associated clinical signs or pulmonary lesions. The use of a snatch-farrowed piglet model in combination with recombinant TTSuV1 derived from reverse genetics provides a controlled system for investigating TTV-host interactions. This approach represents a valuable tool for advancing mechanistic studies of TTV biology and its role in modulating coinfections.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13151893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benchmarks for taxonomic classification of jingmenviruses and closely related viruses using newly identified genomic sequences.","authors":"Agathe M G Colmant, Rhys H Parry, Remi Charrel, Bruno Coutard","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002254","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Jingmenviruses are a group of viruses related to orthoflaviviruses characterized by a segmented genome and multipartite organization that have been detected worldwide in a wide range of hosts. With the growing number of new jingmenvirus sequences identified in metagenomics data, it can be difficult to assess whether a new sequence is associated with a new virus species or with a strain of an existing species. The ICTV is about to ratify the reclassification of the <i>Flaviviridae</i> family, recognizing segmented viruses previously designated jingmenviruses as part of that family and proposing two genera to classify them: <i>Jingmenvirus</i> and <i>Guaicovirus</i>. These proposals do not include clear criteria to classify jingmenviruses and related sequences into species or genera. In order to determine such criteria, we generated a large sequence database from published and newly assembled sequences. Indeed, we screened public raw sequencing data from studies that did not search for or report jingmenvirus or related sequences, looking for new strains of previously described viruses. We then performed multiple sequence alignments and used the inferred percentage identity values to determine demarcation criteria based on the distribution of evolutionary distances upon pairwise comparisons. We report the identification of almost 60 libraries containing jingmenvirus and related sequences, in a wide range of sample types and geographical locations. Using these data and published sequences, we have determined that to be classified as a virus species, at least four segments are required, on which eight cut-off values in percentage identity (nucleotide and amino acid) are used for demarcation. The use of these criteria would enhance consistency in jingmenvirus taxonomy and provide a standardized framework for comparative genomics studies of these viruses, as they are still under-characterized.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13155725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of a human coronavirus HKU1 infection evaluation system using apical-out airway organoids.","authors":"Masatoshi Kakizaki, Satoko Sugimoto, Miyuki Kawase, Sakurako Norito, Hisao Okabe, Hayato Go, Koichi Hashimoto, Kazuya Shirato","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002269","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is difficult to study because it does not propagate in standard cell lines. Consequently, research has relied on the air-liquid interface model, which is limited by long culture periods and the absence of cytopathic effects (CPEs). To address these challenges, we established an infection evaluation system using apical-out airway organoids (AOAOs). Derived from human bronchial epithelial cells, AOAOs supported efficient HCoV-HKU1 replication, and immunofluorescence revealed a preferential infection of ciliated cells. Notably, HCoV-HKU1 induced a distinct CPE characterized by organoid dissociation, enabling the quantification of viral titres via the TCID₅₀ assay. Applying this model to antiviral testing, the serine protease inhibitor nafamostat effectively inhibited viral infection and CPE, consistent with the known entry mechanism. Thus, AOAOs provide a rapid, scalable and reproducible platform for HCoV-HKU1 research, overcoming limitations of traditional systems. This approach enables reliable viral replication analysis, titre determination and drug evaluation and may accelerate research on difficult-to-culture respiratory viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13175505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147941738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A G57 (BJ/94-like) H9N2 avian influenza virus exhibits enhanced replication and tissue dissemination in chickens compared with a G1-B virus.","authors":"Sushant Bhat, Jean-Remy Sadeyen, Jiayun Yang, Klaudia Chrzastek, Thusitha K Karunarathna, Audra-Lynne Schlachter, Mehnaz Qureshi, Arslan Mehboob, Dagmara Bialy, Benjamin C Mollett, Alejandro Nunez, Holly Shelton, Munir Iqbal","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002259","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian influenza H9N2 viruses cause economic losses to the poultry industry and pose a public health risk. Two major H9N2 lineages dominate globally: the G1 lineage (genotype G1-B), prevalent in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia, and the BJ/94 lineage (predominantly genotype G57), dominant in China, Vietnam, South Korea, Indonesia and the Far East. We investigated replication, transmission and pathogenicity of prototype strains from these two lineages to link genotype to phenotype. The G57 virus A/Ck/Vietnam/H7F-14-BN4-315/2014 (Vietnam/315) was more lethal and showed greater tissue dissemination in chicken embryos than the G1-B virus A/chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/2008 (Pakistan/UDL-01). Vietnam/315 exhibited higher replication in directly infected and contact chickens, with increased oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding and tissue dissemination. In contrast, the Pakistan/UDL-01 virus was shed mainly from the oropharynx at lower levels and remained localized to nasal tissues and trachea, highlighting differences in replication, tissue tropism and transmission. Gene analysis showed that the matrix (M) gene of Vietnam/315 enhanced replication in primary chicken kidney cells, while polymerase basic 2 (PB2), haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and M genes promoted increased replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Both viruses preferentially bound to sulphated avian-like receptors. However, Vietnam/315 showed higher NA activity and a more acid-stable HA (pH fusion 5.2) than Pakistan/UDL-01. These findings indicate that the G57 genotype strain examined exhibits greater replication and transmission fitness than the G1-B lineage strain <i>in vivo</i>, <i>ex vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Although based on prototype viruses, the results suggest that reassortment involving G57 genotype genes could enhance viral fitness and increase animal and human infection risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of influenza viruses in the milk of cows and sheep.","authors":"Jenna Schafers, Caroline J Warren, Jiayun Yang, Junsen Zhang, Sarah J Cole, Jayne Cooper, Karolina Drewek, Natalie McGinn, Mehnaz Qureshi, Scott M Reid, Nunticha Pankaew, Wenfang Spring Tan, Sarah K Walsh, Ashley C Banyard, Ian Brown, Paul Digard, Munir Iqbal, Joe James, Thomas P Peacock, Edward Hutchinson","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002257","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In late 2023, H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) started circulating in dairy cattle in the USA. High viral titres were detected in milk from infected cows, raising concerns about onward human infections. Although pasteurisation was shown to effectively inactivate influenza viruses in milk, unpasteurised milk still poses a risk of infection, both from occupational exposure in dairies and from the consumption of raw milk. We therefore assessed how long influenza viruses could remain infectious in milk without heat inactivation. We examined the stability of a panel of influenza viruses in milk, including a contemporary H5N1 HPAIV and a variety of other influenza A and D viruses. We incubated viruses in cows' milk under laboratory conditions: at room temperature to simulate exposure in dairies and at 4 °C to simulate exposure to refrigerated raw milk. Following an isolated report of H5N1 viral RNA detection in milk from a sheep in the UK, we also carried out similar experiments with a laboratory strain of influenza A virus in sheep's milk. Although the survival of influenza viruses in milk was variable, we consistently found that, under laboratory conditions, substantial viral infectivity remained over periods when people might reasonably be exposed to infected milk - for over a day at room temperature and for more than 7 days when refrigerated. Our results highlight the zoonotic risk of H5N1 HPAIV in raw milk from infected animals and reinforce the importance of taking measures to mitigate this risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13151985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper(II) benzyloxychalcone analogues as new potential metallodrugs against SARS-CoV-2 replication.","authors":"Igor Andrade Santos, Victoria Riquena Grosche, Laiane Dos Santos Oliveira, Pedro Henrique de Souza Guarda, Gustavo Clauss Rodrigues, Rayany Cristina de Souza, Deborah Cristina Teixeira Alves, Andres Merits, Robinson Sabino-Silva, Dalan Bailey, Camilla Abbehausen, Mark Harris, Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002245","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chalcones, a naturally occurring class of molecules found in various plants, serve as both precursors and final products in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. Renowned for their diverse therapeutic actions, chalcones demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, antimalarial and antiviral activities. The structure of chalcones allows chemical manipulation, making them attractive for metal coordination, such as with copper, an essential metal for living organisms. Here, we characterize the activity of CuL₂phen and CuL₁phen against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in which L1 and L2 are two forms of the chalcones 3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-1-(4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one and 3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, respectively, and phen is phenanthroline. CuL₁phen and CuL₂phen anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity were studied in the viral replication cycle employing both the SARS-CoV-2-NeonGreen infectious clone and wild-type isolates. The SI of CuL₁phen and CuL₂phen was found to be 1.7 and 5.5, respectively, demonstrating that CuL₂phen is a more promising compound. CuL₂phen impaired SARS-CoV-2 entry, predicted by molecular docking calculations to disrupt the glycoprotein S and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding, emphasized by the low EC₅₀ in pseudotyped virus entry assay. Further, CuL₂phen was identified as SARS-CoV-2 post-entry inhibitor, probably due to its strong interaction with SARS-CoV-2 double stranded RNA. Altogether, the data suggest that CuL₂phen acts by impairing SARS-CoV-2 entry by disrupting the viral envelope as well as interrupting RNA replication through specifically intercalating into the dsRNA. The obtained results give us mechanistic insights into the activity of this promising Cu(II) metallodrug candidate in SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13141362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions between the 2C protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus and components of the viral replication machinery are mediated by endoplasmic reticulum-derived membranes.","authors":"Connor Hayward, Eero V Hietanen, Samuel J Dobson, Ryan Bishop, Morgan R Herod, Juan Fontana, David J Rowlands, Nicola J Stonehouse","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002244","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains an ever-present threat to the economic stability of the livestock industry and global trade. Despite this, questions remain regarding the fundamental biology underpinning the replication of this virus. Here, we examine components of the FMDV replication machinery (focussing on the viral 2C protein) and investigate the conditions under which they interact. Using a novel 2C antibody in co-immunoprecipitation experiments under different conditions followed by MS, we identify membrane-associated proteins (such as the viral proteins 2B and precursors of 3A, which are poorly characterized proteins involved in viral replication) along with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated host proteins. In addition, our analysis shows that a number of nuclear factors interact with 2C in a membrane-independent manner, potentially being co-opted to support RNA replication of the virus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the membrane-mediated interaction of 2C with several viral proteins (including key members of the replication machinery and viral RNA) is maintained following ultracentrifugation, suggesting that these co-sediment as part of a complex. Our data suggest that the replication complex is ER-derived and highlight several new avenues of investigation for the disruption of the FMDV lifecycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13175506/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147941768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain-specific pathogenicity and antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection in <i>Ifnar1-Ifngr1</i> double-knockout mice.","authors":"Takayuki Hishiki, Milagros Virhuez-Mendoza, Yusuke Sakai, Akihiko Uda, Seiya Ozono, Yuko Sato, Sorane Machiya, Kotomi Sato, Yuta Utsui, Shigeru Tajima, Chang-Kweng Lim, Akitoyo Hotta, Yudai Kuroda, Tsukasa Yamamoto, Yoshimasa Takahashi, Tadaki Suzuki, Koichi Watashi, Ken Maeda","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002267","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the pathogenicity of various dengue virus (DENV) strains using a newly established double-knockout (DKO) mouse model lacking both type I and type II IFN receptors (<i>Ifnar1-Ifngr1</i> DKO), rendering the mice highly susceptible to DENV infection. Survival, body weight changes and histopathological outcomes were assessed to characterize strain-specific pathogenicity and the potential for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). We observed significant strain-dependent variation in virulence. Notably, certain strains, such as DENV-1 02-20, exhibited pronounced ADE, evidenced by increased mortality and weight loss following pre-administration of the anti-DENV monoclonal antibody 4G2. These effects were more severe than those observed in single-knockout mice (<i>Ifnar1</i> KO or <i>Ifngr1</i> KO) and in control groups. Histopathological examination revealed necrotic lesions in the brain and spinal cord, particularly in the olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex, along with extensive apoptosis of splenic lymphocytes, indicating severe immune activation and tissue damage. Our findings demonstrate that this lethal dengue infection model using <i>Ifnar1-Ifngr1</i> DKO mice is an effective and valuable platform for studying the complex dynamics of DENV pathogenesis, immune responses and antibody interactions, as well as for evaluating vaccines and therapeutic strategies aimed at improving future prevention and treatment strategies for DENV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13192526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further characterization of infection mechanisms and transmission dynamics of rustrela virus in rodent <i>in vivo</i> models.","authors":"Sophie-Celine Weinert, Lorenz Ulrich, Lukas M Michaely, Vinícius Pinho Dos Reis, Claudia Wylezich, Dirk Höper, Martin Beer, Angele Breithaupt, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Kore Schlottau","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002266","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rustrela virus (RusV) is a newly discovered member of the genus <i>Rubivirus</i>. RusV causes a fatal, non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis in a variety of mammals. Various aspects of RusV biology remain poorly understood, e.g. the excretion of infectious virus and its transmission. To address these questions, we performed <i>in vivo</i> experiments including putative reservoir (wood mice) as well as potential dead-end hosts (Lewis rats). To investigate the natural route of RusV infection and transmission, subgroups of wood mice and Lewis rats were either inoculated intranasally or orally. Successful infection was only observed in animals inoculated via the intranasal route, leading to the assumption that the virus could enter via olfactory neurons and subsequently spread throughout the central nervous system. To gain an initial understanding of the mechanisms of viral transmission, we co-housed RusV-inoculated wood mice with non-infected sentinels. In addition, wood mice or Lewis rats were placed in cages previously occupied by infected wood mice as donor animals for indirect transmission via the environment. Successful RusV transmission was observed solely in co-housed sentinels. These findings suggest that RusV transmission requires direct contact with bodily fluids, such as saliva or nasal secretions or at least a higher infective dose. In contrast, indirect exposure to a presumably contaminated cage does not seem to be sufficient for transmission between reservoir animals or reservoir and dead-end hosts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13186285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological response to feline coronavirus in the UK domestic cat population.","authors":"Hagar Sasvari, Lee Sherry, Nicola Logan, Dawn Dunbar, Grace B Tyson, Christine Tait-Burkard, William Weir, Brian J Willett, Margaret J Hosie","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002270","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous virus of cats, with highly variable seroprevalence, ranging between 4 and 95% worldwide in the domestic cat population. It is the causative agent of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease which, prior to the recent introduction of effective antiviral drug treatments, was invariably fatal. The recent outbreak of FIP, originating in Cyprus and caused by the novel recombinant FCoV-23, highlighted the need to increase understanding of the serological response to FCoV. This study aimed to characterize the serological response to the virus and to assess cross-neutralization of type II FCoV subtypes as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In serum samples of 1117 UK cats collected between 2020 and 2023, we detected an FCoV-II neutralizing antibody (nAb) seroprevalence of 13.6% and an overall seroprevalence of 59.5%; commonly cited risk factors (sex, age and breed) did not significantly impact the nAb seroprevalence nor nAb titre against FCoV-II. Antibodies against subtypes FIPV-79-1146 and FIPV-DF-2 were found to be cross-reactive and additionally neutralized both isoforms of FCoV-23. In contrast, no cross-neutralization was observed against SARS-CoV-2. Overall, these results highlight that although FCoV infection offers effective cross-protection between FCoV strains and subtypes, this does not extend to betacoronaviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13178696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147948388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}