Journal of Fungi最新文献

{"title":"Feasibility of Bamboo Sawdust as Sustainable Alternative Substrate for <i>Auricularia heimuer</i> Cultivation.","authors":"Ya-Hui Wang, Cong-Sheng Yan, Yong-Jin Deng, Zheng-Fu Zhu, Hua-An Sun, Hui-Ping Li, Hong-Yuan Zhao, Guo-Qing Li","doi":"10.3390/jof11050387","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the increasing scarcity of traditional hardwood sawdust resources, developing sustainable substrates for edible fungi cultivation has become an urgent industrial priority. This study systematically evaluated the effects of bamboo sawdust substitutions (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) on mycelial growth, fruiting body development, and nutritional quality of <i>Auricularia heimuer</i>, while elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms through transcriptome sequencing. The results demonstrated that bamboo substitution of ≤30% maintained normal mycelial growth and fruiting body differentiation, with 20% and 30% substitutions increasing yields by 5.30% and 3.70%, respectively, compared to the control. However, 50% substitution significantly reduced yield by 9.49%. Nutritional analysis revealed that 20-40% bamboo substitution significantly enhanced the contents of crude protein, polysaccharides, and essential minerals (calcium, iron, and selenium) in fruiting bodies. Transcriptome analysis identified upregulation of glycosyl hydrolase family genes and downregulation of redox-related genes with increasing bamboo proportions. Biochemical assays confirmed these findings, showing decreased oxidative substances and increased reductive compounds in mycelia grown with high bamboo content, which indicate disrupted cellular redox homeostasis. This study provides both a practical solution to alleviate the \"edible mushrooms derived from lignicolous fungi-forest conflict\" and fundamental insights into fungal adaptation mechanisms to non-wood substrates, thus establishing a theoretical foundation for the valorization of agricultural and forestry wastes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PEG-Mediated Protoplast Transformation of <i>Penicillium sclerotiorum</i> (scaumcx01): Metabolomic Shifts and Root Colonization Dynamics.","authors":"Israt Jahan, Qilin Yang, Zijun Guan, Yihan Wang, Ping Li, Yan Jian","doi":"10.3390/jof11050386","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protoplast-based transformation is a vital tool for genetic studies in fungi, yet no protoplast method existed for <i>P. sclerotiorum</i>-scaumcx01 before this study. Here, we optimized protoplast isolation, regeneration, and transformation efficiency. The highest protoplast yield (6.72 × 10⁶ cells/mL) was obtained from liquid mycelium after 12 h of enzymatic digestion at 28 °C using Lysing Enzymes, Yatalase, cellulase, and pectinase. Among osmotic stabilizers, 1 M MgSO₄ yielded the most viable protoplasts. Regeneration occurred via direct mycelial outgrowth and new protoplast formation, with a 1.02% regeneration rate. PEG-mediated transformation with a hygromycin resistance gene and <i>GFP</i> tagging resulted in stable <i>GFP</i> expression in fungal spores and mycelium over five generations. LC/MS-based metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in glycerophospholipid metabolism, indicating lipid-related dynamics influenced by <i>GFP</i> tagging. Microscopy confirmed successful colonization of tomato roots by <i>GFP</i>-tagged scaumcx01, with <i>GFP</i> fluorescence observed in cortical tissues. Enzymatic (cellulase) seed pretreatment enhanced fungal colonization by modifying root surface properties, promoting plant-fungal interaction. This study establishes an efficient protoplast transformation system, reveals the metabolic impacts of genetic modifications, and demonstrates the potential of enzymatic seed treatment for enhancing plant-fungal interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three New Species and a New Record of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi of the Genus <i>Acaulospora</i> Associated with Citrus from South China.","authors":"Haisi Huang, Xiaojuan Qin, Yihao Kang, Jie Xu, Pengxiang Shang, Tingsu Chen, Tong Cheng, Jinlian Zhang","doi":"10.3390/jof11050382","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that play an important role in the growth of vascular plants. Four AM fungi, including three new species, <i>Acaulospora citrusnsis</i>, <i>A. guangxiensis</i>, <i>A. jiangxiensis</i>, and a new country record from China, <i>Acaulospora herrerae</i>, are reported based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. They were isolated and propagated from spores extracted from the rhizosphere soils of citrus. <i>A</i>. <i>citrusnsis</i> is characterized by forming hyaline to pale yellow globose to subglobose spores of (70.0-)85.0(-100.0) μm in diameter. Spores of <i>A. guangxiensis</i> are pale yellow to pale yellowish brown, with spherical to sub-spherical appearance and (103.1-)122.1(-147.1) μm in diameter. Young spores of <i>A. jiangxiensis</i> are hyaline, gradually turning pale yellow as they mature, with spherical to sub-spherical appearance and (78.7-)85.6(-90.0) μm in diameter. Spores of <i>A. herrerae</i> are hyaline and 86.3-127.2 μm in diameter. Four species have three spore wall layers, and spores form individually in the soil. The phylogenetic tree was constructed and inferred from sequences of 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S datasets by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analysis. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Center for Subtropical Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Culture Collection (CSMC).</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12112957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Related to Terpenoid Synthesis in <i>Amylostereum areolatum</i> (<i>Russulales: Amylostereaceae</i>).","authors":"Lixia Wang, Ningning Fu, Ming Wang, Zhongyi Zhan, Youqing Luo, Jianrong Wu, Lili Ren","doi":"10.3390/jof11050383","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Amylostereum areolatum</i> (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin (<i>Russulales: Amylostereaceae</i>) is a symbiotic fungus of <i>Sirex noctilio</i> Fabricius that has ecological significance. Terpenoids are key mediators in fungal-insect interactions, yet the biosynthetic mechanisms of terpenoids in this species remain unclear. Under nutritional conditions that mimic natural growth, <i>A. areolatum</i> was sampled during the lag phase (day 7), exponential phase (day 14), and stationary phase (day 21). Metabolome (solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)) and transcriptome (Illumina NovaSeq) profiles were integrated to investigate terpenoid-gene correlations. This analysis identified 103 terpenoids in <i>A. areolatum</i>, substantially expanding the known repertoire of terpenoid compounds in this species. Total terpenoid abundance progressively increased across three developmental stages, with triterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids demonstrating the highest diversity and abundance levels. Transcriptomic profiling (61.66 Gb clean data) revealed 26 terpenoid biosynthesis-associated genes, establishing a comprehensive transcriptional framework for fungal terpenoid metabolism. Among 11 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|log2Fold Change| ≥ 1, adjusted <i>p</i> < 0.05), <i>HMGS1</i>, <i>HMGR2</i>, and <i>AaTPS1-3</i> emerged as key regulators potentially governing terpenoid biosynthesis. These findings provide foundational insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying terpenoid production in <i>A. areolatum</i> and related basidiomycetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal Species Associated with Tuber Rot of Foshou Yam (<i>Dioscorea esculenta</i>) in China.","authors":"Haifeng Liu, Aye Aye Htun, Sein Lai Lai Aung, Hyunkyu Sang, Jianxin Deng, Yaqun Tao","doi":"10.3390/jof11050380","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foshou yam (<i>Dioscorea esculenta</i>) is a tuber food crop in China. It is a rare species of the yam family and known for its high nutritional value. From 2019 to 2021, tuber rot was observed in Foshou yam in Wuxue, Hubei Province, China. Fungal strains were isolated from diseased tubers, and ten representative strains were identified based on microscopical characterization and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis. A total of five different species were identified, including <i>Curvularia geniculata</i>, <i>Curvularia muehlenbeckiae</i>, <i>Fusarium commune</i>, <i>Penicillium oxalicum</i>, and <i>Penicillium sclerotigenum</i>. Pathogenicity test revealed that these fungi are the pathogens of tuber rot in Foshou yam. Among them, <i>P</i>. <i>oxalicum</i> exhibited the strongest pathogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of tuber rot in <i>D. esculenta</i> caused by these five species worldwide. This study provides important information for the future management of tuber rot in Foshou yam.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113497/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: A <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>-Based Screening and Mechanistic Study.","authors":"Cheng Cheng, Renjun Zhang, Yanzhen Wang, Shuo Yang, Wenhao Yu, Yuxian Xia","doi":"10.3390/jof11050381","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant-parasitic nematodes and insect pests critically threaten agricultural productivity, but chemical pesticides face limitations due to resistance and environmental concerns, necessitating eco-friendly biopesticides targeting both pests and nematodes. Here, we developed a high-throughput screening platform using <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> to identify entomopathogenic fungi exhibiting nematocidal activity against <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i>. Among 32 tested strains, nine <i>Metarhizium</i> spp. and one <i>Beauveria</i> strain demonstrated dual efficacy against <i>C. elegans</i> and <i>M. incognita</i>. <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> CQMa421 showed the highest virulence, suppressing nematode reproduction by 42.7% and inducing >80% mortality. Pot experiments revealed a 50% reduction in the root galling index and 50.3% fewer root galls in <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>. The CQMa421 filtrate caused irreversible locomotor deficits and reduced egg hatching rates by 28%. Concurrently, intestinal damage, elevated oxidative stress and autophagy were observed in <i>C. elegans</i>. This was accompanied by a transcriptome-wide modulation of genes involved in detoxification and immune defense pathways. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of our <i>C. elegans</i>-based screening method for identifying fungi with nematocidal potential. CQMa421's virulence against <i>M. incognita</i> suggests its promise for pest management, while molecular insights highlight pathways that may contribute to the future design of future nematicides. This study advances fungal biocontrol agents and offers a sustainable strategy for agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12112724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Bacillus velezensis</i> Isolate X5 Stimulates the Resistance of Resistant and Susceptible Banana Varieties to Foc Through Different Mechanisms.","authors":"Yunlong Xu, Jun Wang, Guangxiang Tian, Changcong Liang, You Zhou, Lijia Guo, Yang Yang, Laying Yang","doi":"10.3390/jof11050379","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Banana wilt disease is an important disease in banana production, causing significant losses. Herein, we investigated the mechanism by which <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> isolate X5 enhances the resistance of different resistant banana cultivars to <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>cubense</i> race 4 (Foc4). From the perspectives of metabolism, transcriptome, and key genes in important pathways, this study analyzed the composition and content changes of other types of signaling molecules, such as free amino acids and soluble sugars, in resistant/susceptible varieties. The results indicate that under pathogen stress, the contents of root-secreted metabolite components in both resistant and susceptible varieties increase significantly overall, and the increase in susceptible varieties is generally higher. For example, the free amino acid components in susceptible varieties are significantly more than those in resistant varieties. However, the addition of biocontrol bacteria can inhibit this increase. Exogenous addition experiments prove that differential metabolites can either promote or inhibit Foc4 and X5 at certain concentrations. The results of KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment and GO (Gene Ontology) annotation show that resistant varieties have more defense pathways compared to susceptible varieties. Under X5 treatment, more defense genes in resistant varieties are activated or their expression is enhanced, promoting the plant roots to secrete more substances related to plant resistance, such as phenylpropanoids and lignin. This research revealed the effects of <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> on bananas and pathogens, allowing valuable conclusions to be drawn. The results have good application potential to understand the relationships among the three species, defining the biocontrol effect and mechanism of <i>Bacillus velezensis</i>, and providing a theoretical basis for the biological control of soil-borne diseases such as banana wilt disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternaria alternata botybirnavirus 1 (AaBRV1) Infection Affects the Biological Characteristics of Its Host Fungus <i>Alternaria alternata</i>.","authors":"Xinyi Zhang, Qiqi Zhu, Ziyuan Chen, Ju Chen, Zhijun Liu, Xuehong Wu","doi":"10.3390/jof11050376","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A botybirnavirus, Alternaria alternata botybirnavirus 1 (AaBRV1), had been identified from <i>Alternaria alternata</i> strain SD-BZF-19 isolated from diseased watermelon leaves in our previous study. In the current study, AaBRV1 was eliminated from its host fungus strain SD-BZF-19 using single hyphal tip culture method combined with high-temperature treatment to obtain the AaBRV1-free strain, which was named SD-BZF-19-G14. Compared with strain SD-BZF-19-G14, following AaBRV1 infection, colony color of strain SD-BZF-19 changed, and colony growth rate, dry weight of mycelial biomass, and sensitivity to difenoconazole, fludioxonil, and tebuconazole of strain SD-BZF-19 all decreased. However, the virulence of strain SD-BZF-19 was not significantly different from strain SD-BZF-19-G14, with disease index of watermelon leaves inoculated with SD-BZF-19 and SD-BZF-19-G14 being 90.83 and 81.67, respectively. A total of 1244 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in a comparative transcriptome analysis between the two strains, SD-BZF-19 and SD-BZF-19-G14. Relative to strain SD-BZF-19, the number of upregulated and downregulated DEGs in strain SD-BZF-19-G14 was 660 and 584, respectively. Notably, Pfam database annotated that the number of DEGs related to Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) and Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) was 36 and 28, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of biological characteristics induced by AaBRV1 infection in <i>A. alternata</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113547/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective Analysis of Fungal Isolations in Patients on Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: The Multicenter RANGER STUDY 2.0.","authors":"Annalisa Boscolo, Andrea Bruni, Marco Giani, Eugenio Garofalo, Nicolò Sella, Tommaso Pettenuzzo, Arianna Peralta, Michela Bombino, Matteo Palcani, Emanuele Rezoagli, Matteo Pozzi, Elena Falcioni, Eugenio Biamonte, Francesco Murgolo, Leonardo Gottin, Federico Longhini, Salvatore Grasso, Paolo Navalesi, Giuseppe Foti","doi":"10.3390/jof11050377","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) represents a progressively adopted life-sustaining intervention worldwide, particularly in the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nevertheless, data concerning the prognostic significance of fungal isolation in this setting remain unclear. This study aims (i) to assess the incidence of fungal infection and colonization in a homogeneous cohort of V-V ECMO patients, and (ii) to evaluate the association between fungal infection or colonization and 1-year mortality, with a focus on the impact of specific fungal species. <b>Methods:</b> All consecutive adults admitted to the Intensive Care Units of five Italian university-affiliated hospitals and requiring V-V ECMO were screened. Exclusion criteria were age < 18 years, pregnancy, veno-arterial or mixed ECMO-configuration, incomplete records and survival < 24 h after V-V ECMO placement. A standard protocol of microbiological surveillance was applied and the distinction between different fungal species were made through in vivo and vitro tests. Cox-proportional hazards models, Kaplan-Meier curves and linear logistic regressions were applied for investigating mortality. <b>Results:</b> Two-hundred and seventy-nine V-V ECMO patients (72% male) were enrolled. The overall fungal isolation was 41% (n. 114): 23% infections and 18% colonizations. The overall 1-year mortality, among fungal isolations, was 40%, with no different risk in case of fungal infection (26 out of 63, 41%) (aHR 0.85, 95% CI [0.53-1.37], <i>p</i>-value 0.505) and colonization (20 out of 51, 39%) (aHR 0.86, 95%CI [0.51-1.43], <i>p</i>-value 0.556), as compared to patients never detecting fungi (68 out of 165, 41%, <i>reference</i>). According to the isolated mycotic species, as compared to <i>Candida</i> sp. group (<i>reference</i>), the risk of death was greater when different fungal species (e.g., <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. and <i>Candida</i> sp.) were concomitantly isolated in the same patient (OR 1.17, 95%CI [1.12-11.07], <i>p</i>-value 0.031. <b>Conclusions:</b> In the overall population, 23% V-V ECMO patients recorded 'late' fungal infections and 18% fungal colonizations, with a similar risk of death as compared to patients never experiencing fungi during the V-V ECMO course. The detection of concomitant different fungal species was an independent risk factor for 1-year mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking the Metabolic Activity of Plastic-Degrading Fungi to Their Taxonomy and Evolution.","authors":"Anusha H Ekanayaka, Namali T De Silva, Entaj Tarafder, Xue-Mei Chen, Dong-Qin Dai, Steven L Stephenson, Suhail Asad, Saowaluck Tibpromma, Samantha C Karunarathana","doi":"10.3390/jof11050378","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plastic, a ubiquitous part of our daily lives, has become a global necessity, with annual production exceeding 300 million tons. However, the accumulation of synthetic polymers in our environment poses a pressing global challenge. To address this urgent issue, fungi have emerged as potential agents for plastic degradation. In our previous manuscript, 'A Review of the Fungi That Degrade Plastic', we explored the taxonomic placement of plastic-degrading fungi across three main phyla: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota. In this review, we built upon that foundation and aimed to further explore the taxonomic relationships of these fungi in a comprehensive and detailed manner, leaving no stone unturned. Moreover, we linked metabolic activity and enzyme production of plastic-degrading fungi to their taxonomy and summarized a phylogenetic tree and a detailed table on enzyme production of plastic-degrading fungi presented here. Microbial enzymes are key players in polymer degradation, operating intra-cellularly and extra-cellularly. Fungi, one of the well-studied groups of microbes with respect to plastic degradation, are at the forefront of addressing the global issue of plastic accumulation. Their unique ability to hydrolyze synthetic plastic polymers and produce a wide range of specific enzymes is a testament to their potential. In this review, we gather and synthesize information concerning the metabolic pathways of fungi involved in the degradation of plastics. The manuscript explores the diverse range of specific enzymes that fungi can produce for plastic degradation and the major pathways of plastic metabolism. We provide a listing of 14 fungal enzymes (Esterase, Cutinase, Laccase, Peroxidases, Manganese peroxidase, Lignin peroxidase, Oxidoreductases, Urease, Protease, Lipase, Polyesterase, Dehydrogenase, Serine hydrolase, and PETase) involved in pathways for plastic degradation alongside the relevant fungi known to produce these enzymes. Furthermore, we integrate the fungi's enzyme-producing capabilities with their taxonomy and phylogeny. Taxonomic and phylogenetic investigations have pinpointed three primary fungal classes (Eurotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes (Ascomycota), and Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota)) as significant plastic degraders that produce the vital enzymes mentioned earlier. This paper provides a foundational resource for recognizing fungal involvement in the biodegradation of synthetic polymers. It will ultimately advance fungal biotechnology efforts to address the global issue of plastic accumulation in natural environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}