Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"EXPRESS: Nucleated red blood cells in critically ill cats.","authors":"René Dörfelt, Kerstin Pabst, Katrin Hartmann","doi":"10.1177/1098612X251387446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X251387446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveThis study investigates the presence of NRBCs in the circulation as a prognostic factor in critically ill cats.MethodsCritically ill cats were prospectively included over 11 months if they fulfilled at least 3/4 SIRS criteria or if their general condition was severely reduced. All cats underwent a physical examination and blood collection for haematological and clinical chemical parameters, including NRBCs at admission and during hospitalisation. Outcome was defined as survival to 28 days after discharge from the hospital. For manual microscopic NRBCs count, 300 nucleated cells were examined and recorded as relative NRBC count (rNRBC). Absolute NRBC (aNRBC) numbers were calculated from those values: aNRBC = rNRBC × (WBC/100).ResultsNRBCs, and most commonly metarubricytes, were detected in 25/94 critically ill cats.Underlying diseases were infectious (10), neoplastic (33), metabolic (29), cardiovascular (10), neurologic (5) and miscellaneous (7). A positive correlation of absolute NRBCs with corrected white blood cells (r = 0.448) was observed. After 28 days, 18 cats were alive and 76 cats did not survive. Mortality did not differ between NRBC-positive and NRBC-negative cats (p = 0.641). Absolute NRBC count was 0.382 G/l (0.032-28.990 G/l) and was not different between survivors and non-survivors. Anaemia was not associated with NRBCs. All but one of 6 on day 2 NRBC positive cats did not survive.Conclusion and relevanceNRBCs can be observed in the blood of critically ill cats but their occurrence did not have a prognostic value.</p>","PeriodicalId":15851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"1098612X251387446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145225274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Efficacy of combined grapiprant and tapentadol for analgesia in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.","authors":"Eduardo Alcides Alegre, Bruna Vieira, Lara Almeida Barbosa, Beatriz de Jesus Lima, Álvaro José Chávez Silva, Maria Luiza Santos Pires, Raquel Vieira Niella, Mário Sérgio Lima de Lavor","doi":"10.1177/1098612X251387509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X251387509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects on intraoperative physiological parameters and adverse event occurrence and the post-operative analgesic efficacy of combined grapiprant and tapentadol in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy, through two multidimensional pain scales.Sixty mixed-breed female cats were enrolled in a randomized, prospective, blinded study. The animals were evenly distributed into four groups (n = 15 per group). Fifty-one animals completed the study, the control group received placebo (CON, n = 11), while the grapiprant group (GRA, n = 13) received grapiprant (3.8 ± 0.5 mg/kg), the tapentadol group (TAP, n = 13) received tapentadol (5.3 ± 1.2 mg/kg), and the grapiprant-tapentadol group (GT, n = 13) received a combination of grapiprant (4.2 ± 0.5 mg/kg) and tapentadol (5 ± 0.6 mg/kg), orally one hour prior to initiation of the standardized anaesthesia protocol and surgical procedure. Physiological parameters were monitored during surgery, and post-operative pain was assessed for 6 hours following extubation using the UFESP-SF and the FGS, administered by two treatment-blinded evaluators.No adverse effects or statistically significant differences in physiological parameters were observed between groups. The assessment of pain scores showed good reliability, with Intraclass correlation coefficient values of 0.89 for the FGS and 0.91 for the UFESP-SF, supporting inter-rater agreement for both instruments. At 3 hours postoperatively, FGS scores differed significantly between CON and GT groups (p = 0.0363). Rescue analgesia requirements also varied among groups (p = 0.0110): GT required rescue at 3 hours, compared with 1 hour in CON (p = 0.0007) and 2 hours in GRA (p = 0.0058).The results of this study showed that the analgesic effect of the grapiprant-tapentadol combination lasted up to 3 hours in the postoperative period, which was longer than the 2 hours of grapiprant and tapentadol alone, without compromising intraoperative physiological stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":15851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"1098612X251387509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145225364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feline high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 infection: past and present.","authors":"Audra-Lynne D Schlachter, Elizabeth Bruno-McClung, Josué Díaz-Delgado, Margaret Odom, Ashley C Banyard, Alejandro Núñez","doi":"10.1177/1098612X251370695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X251370695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 2020, the emergence and global dissemination of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b infection has had devastating effects in wild and domestic bird populations, and resulted in spillover events in many terrestrial and marine mammalian species, including susceptible captive big cat collections, and feral and domestic feline species. The recent outbreaks in dairy herds in the USA following proposed exposure to infection from wild birds, with subsequent spread to in-contact mammals, demonstrates successful interspecies transmission of this virus and warrants close monitoring. In this literature review, we provide an overview of HPAI H5N1 infection in feline species to date, focusing on domestic but also captive wild cats, looking at the epidemiology, clinical and pathological presentations and management, and a current perspective on risk, testing and strategies to prevent infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":15851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery","volume":"27 10","pages":"1098612X251370695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145251186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical therapeutics in feline medicine: updates for old and new drugs.","authors":"Isabella R Susi, Katrina Viviano, William H Whitehouse","doi":"10.1177/1098612X251380011","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1098612X251380011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Practical relevance: </strong>Over the past 10 years, feline medicine has significantly advanced through the addition of new pharmaceuticals and alternative formulations available for cats, as well as improvements in the knowledge about existing agents. Through continued drug development, the therapeutic options for cats are expanding.</p><p><strong>Clinical challenges: </strong>There are many speciesspecific clinical challenges encountered with the treatment of feline diseases. Additionally, therapeutic options can vary based on geography and change over time.</p><p><strong>Evidence base: </strong>This review article discusses the current evidence for some of the newer therapeutic agents that are either presently available for use by feline medicine practitioners or are in development and undergoing clinical trials. Their recent introduction means the evidence for some of these medications is still emerging. The clinical use of these agents, available pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, and reported adverse effects in cats are presented.</p><p><strong>Audience: </strong>The information in this article is relevant to all veterinarians who practice feline medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":15851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery","volume":"27 10","pages":"1098612X251380011"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145238812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: The Impact of General Anesthesia on Feline Aqueous Tear Production and the Feline Corneal Epithelium.","authors":"Kaitlyn Haubrich, Marina Leis, Shayna Levitt, Sarah Parker, Lynne Sandmeyer","doi":"10.1177/1098612X251386135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X251386135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveIdentify the prevalence of corneal injury in cats undergoing general anesthesia (GA) while receiving prophylactic ocular lubrication, identify risk factors for corneal injury, and quantify the effect of GA on tear production in cats.Materials and MethodsForty-two cats undergoing GA for non-ophthalmic procedures were included. Prior to GA, an ocular exam including a Schirmer Tear Test-I (STT) and fluorescein stain (FS) was performed. Prophylactic lubrication was administered at the time of anesthetic induction and repeated every 15 minutes until extubation. One hour after extubation, STT and FS were performed and repeated hourly for four hours. A Shapiro-Wilk and paired t-test compared STT results before and after GA. Logistic regression was used to analyze corneal injury and possible risk factors for corneal injury.ResultsNo cats developed FS uptake consistent with corneal ulceration. Fourteen cats and 23 eyes (27.4% of eyes) developed corneal erosion at all time points. There was a significant decrease in tear production at all four time points post-GA. Premedication opioid choice and corneal exposure were identified as significant risk factors for corneal injury.ConclusionsCorneal ulceration did not develop post-GA in this study. There is a significant decrease in tear production in cats for at least four hours after GA. Cats appear to have a higher prevalence of corneal injury post-GA compared to dogs. Frequent eye lubrication is recommended for feline patients during and after GA.</p>","PeriodicalId":15851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"1098612X251386135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Feline intervertebral disc disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Robin Ebeling, Nina D Lorenz, Yury Zablotski, Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg, Matthias Kornmayer","doi":"10.1177/1098612X251385878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X251385878","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Feline intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), historically an uncommonly described problem, is being increasingly documented in the current literature.The objective of this systematic review is to consolidate existing knowledge of feline IVDD, identify possible prognostic factors and assist by offering clearer guidelines when managing a feline spinal patient.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of two databases was conducted using keywords related to feline IVDD. Studies with cats diagnosed with IVDD, including treatment and outcome details, were reviewed. Prognostic factors were evaluated for their impact on overall outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 57 studies with 1113 cats were identified, after the reviewing process, 23 studies with 93 cats remained for statistical analysis. Most cats (59%) had lumbar spine involvement, followed by thoracolumbar (31%) and cervical (5%) segments. Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) was the most common diagnosis (65/93), followed by intervertebral disc protrusion (IVDP) (16/93) and acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE) (12/93). Deep pain perception was preserved in 87% of cats. Surgical intervention was performed in 75/93 cats while 17/93 were treated conservatively, 1/93 being euthanized intraoperatively. Overall, 85% of cats had a positive outcome, 11% had a negative outcome, and outcomes were undetermined in 4% of cases. Possible influencing factors analyzed included the breed, sex, age (in years and life stage), weight, affected spinal segment, number of affected discs, micturition status, treatment choice, deep pain perception and IVDD type.No statistically significant prognostic factors (p>0.05) were identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and relevance: </strong>Although no specific prognostic factors could be identified, the systematic review suggests that feline IVDD has a predominantly positive prognosis regardless of treatment choice. Given the low evidence level and small sample size, further multicenter, prospective studies with larger cohorts are required to establish reliable prognostic factors for feline IVDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"1098612X251385878"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Comparison of the feline Glasgow Composite Measured Pain Scale (CMPS-f) in a feline population without painful disease at home and in a veterinary hospital.","authors":"Virgina Rega, Stefanie Brause, Sabine Kästner, Alexandra Schütter","doi":"10.1177/1098612X251385847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X251385847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to compare the use of the feline Glasgow Composite Measured Pain Scale (CMPS-f) at home and in a veterinary hospital. The hypothesis was that pain-free cats would score higher in the CMPS-f, in a stressful situation than when calm and relaxed. Healthy, but stressed cats could appear to be in discomfort/ pain.MethodsHealthy, non-painful adult cats owned by clinical staff were included in a prospective, clinical trial with two observers (caregiver and researcher). Cats were scored by their caregiver at home (H), after arrival in the clinic (C1) and after a routine health check (C2). A researcher pain-scored the cats at C1 and C2 concurrently with the caregiver. Friedmann's test with Dunn's multiple comparison test was used. The level of significance was set to α of 5%.ResultsData from seventeen cats were included in the statistical analysis. Scores by the caregiver and researcher at C2 were higher compared to H (p < 0.01, p < 0.01 respectively) and C1 (p = 0.02, p < 0.01 respectively). The mean increase in CMPS-f scores from H to C2 and from C1 to C2 was 5.8 and 4.1, respectively. At C2, the CMPS-f intervention level ≥ 5/20 indicating pain was reached in 11 out of 17 cats. There was no significant difference in the scores assigned by the caregiver and researcher within each time point.Conclusions and relevancePain scores recorded after examinations in the clinic were significantly higher than those recorded at home. This suggests that stress may lead to a misinterpretation of the CMPS-f, potentially affecting the recognition of pain in cats during clinical assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"1098612X251385847"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Evidence for Chronic Inflammation in Cats with Cardiomyopathies.","authors":"Martina Krofič Žel, Kunho Song, Alenka Nemec Svete, Aleksandra Domanjko Petrič","doi":"10.1177/1098612X251385885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X251385885","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectivesThe study aimed to investigate the extent and type of inflammation using the complete blood count (CBC) and selected CBC-derived inflammatory markers (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI)) in cats with cardiomyopathy stages ACVIM B and ACVIM C versus healthy cats. Second aim was to find any differences in CBC and CBC-derived inflammatory markers between cardiogenic pleural effusion and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. For comparison between the control, ACVIM B, and ACVIM C groups, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or Quade's non-parametric ANCOVA with age included as a covariate was used. The independent t-test or the Mann-Whitney test were used for comparison of data between cats with pulmonary oedema and those with pleural effusion. A value of P≤0.05 was considered significant.ResultsSixty-six cats with cardiomyopathy (33 ACVIM B and 33 ACVIM C) and 24 healthy cats were included in the study. Cats in ACVIM C had a significantly higher white blood cell concentration than ACVIM B and healthy cats. Cats in ACVIM C had significantly higher neutrophil concentration, NLR, MLR and SIRI than healthy cats. Cats in ACVIM B had a significantly higher NLR and SIRI than healthy cats. Cats with pulmonary oedema and cats with pleural effusion did not differ significantly in any of the investigated CBC and selected CBC-derived inflammatory markers.Conclusions and relevanceThese results support the presence of inflammation in feline cardiomyopathies particularly in the ACVIM C stage. With the parameters used, no differences in the extent or type of inflammation between cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion was demonstrable.</p>","PeriodicalId":15851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"1098612X251385885"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Clinical field study evaluating the safety and efficacy of allogeneic uterine-derived mesenchymal stem cells for refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS).","authors":"Valentine Williams, Jessica L Schneider, Rudolph S Parrish, Caryn M Thompson, Carolyn Hoyal, Nopmanee Taechangam, Orzala Sharif, Maria Soltero-Rivera, Boaz Arzi, Linda Black","doi":"10.1177/1098612X251385852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X251385852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectivesThe study evaluated the safety and efficacy of intravenous, allogeneic uterine-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) for client-owned cats with refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS).MethodsThis was a 90-day prospective, multi-site, baseline-controlled, clinical trial involving 46 cats with refractory FCGS following partial- or full-mouth extractions. Cats received two doses of 20 million UMSCs, 14 days apart. Effectiveness was evaluated at Days 14, 28, 60 and 90 using owner-reported assessment of overall response (ORA), client-specific outcome measures (CSOM) of quality-of-life improvement and veterinarian-assessed oral lesion score (GOLS) tissue healing. Safety assessments included clinical observations and clinical pathology.ResultsTreatment success rates at Day 28, 60 and 90 were: 61.4% (27/44), 76.3% (29/38), 78.8% (26/33) for CSOM; 65.9% (29/44), 73.7% (28/38), 75.8% (25/33) for ORA; and 31.8% (13/44), 47.5% (18/38), 45.4% (15/33) for GOLS. CSOM and GOLS at Day 14 following a single dose were 52.3% (23/44) and 25.0% (11/44), respectively. Cats treated within six months of tooth extraction had greater improvement in GOLS. There were no statistically significant differences in outcomes between cats with partial- or full-mouth extractions. Adverse events were generally mild and transient, with most related to underlying disease. All six serious adverse events were either unlikely or in one case inconclusively attributed to UMSC therapy.Conclusions and relevanceRepeated intravenous UMSC therapy was well tolerated and demonstrated clinically meaningful improvement in quality-of-life in cats with refractory FCGS within two weeks of treatment. Additionally, oral lesions continued to improve over time. These results support the safe and effective use of UMSCs for this life-threatening condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":15851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"1098612X251385852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sedative and echocardiographic effects of intranasal or intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine in healthy cats.","authors":"Zhaoyi Liu, Huan Yang, Shuai Li, Jiayi Tian, Zhen Yang, Xinyi Xu, Meng Li","doi":"10.1177/1098612X251360418","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1098612X251360418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the sedative and echocardiographic effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) administered via intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) routes in cats.MethodsThis randomised, blinded crossover study involved eight healthy adult cats. Cats were randomly allocated to receive DEX 10 μg/kg via either the IN or IM routes. Sedation, mechanical nociception and muscle relaxation were subjectively assessed and physiological variables recorded at baseline and at 5 min intervals for up to 40 mins after drug delivery. Echocardiography was performed 15 mins after delivery.ResultsIn both treatment groups, sedation assessment scores significantly increased compared with baseline values (<i>P</i> <0.05). At 25-35 mins after delivery, only the IN group exhibited a significant decrease in mechanical nociception scores compared with baseline (<i>P</i> = 0.041, <i>P</i> = 0.042, <i>P</i> = 0.026). DEX delivery via both routes resulted in significant reductions in pulse rate (<i>P</i> <0.05). In the IM group, mean arterial blood pressure measurements 35-40 mins after delivery were significantly lower than baseline (<i>P</i> = 0.012, <i>P</i> = 0.012). Fractional shortening significantly decreased in both the IN and IM groups compared with baseline (<i>P</i> = 0.016 and <i>P</i> = 0.049, respectively). Both routes caused reductions in cardiac systolic function, with no significant difference between the two routes. Vomiting occurred in half of the IN group (4/8) and in all cats of the IM group (8/8), with a significantly lower incidence in the IN group (<i>P</i> = 0.046).Conclusions and relevanceIN delivery of-DEX provided comparable sedation, increased tolerance to mechanical nociception and muscle relaxation effects while causing fewer adverse effects than IM-DEX. Both routes similarly reduced cardiac contractile function. Thus, IN-DEX at a dose of 10 μg/kg is a viable alternative to IM-DEX for sedation in healthy cats.</p>","PeriodicalId":15851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery","volume":"27 9","pages":"1098612X251360418"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12411731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144992570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}