Journal of fish diseases最新文献

{"title":"Screening and Application of Novel DNA Aptamers for Targeting Tilapia Lake Virus-Infected Cells","authors":"Mingzhu Liu,&nbsp;Peiyu Li,&nbsp;Guixiang Tong,&nbsp;Xinxian Wei,&nbsp;Junxiang Lai,&nbsp;Ermeng Yu,&nbsp;Pengfei Li,&nbsp;Lichun Huang,&nbsp;Qing Yu","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70190","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is an emerging pathogen that poses a significant threat to global tilapia aquaculture, leading to substantial economic losses. The development of rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic methods is crucial for disease control and prevention. In this study, TiLV-infected tilapia brain cell line (TiB cells) was used as the target for screening specific aptamers via the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) technique. The affinity, specificity, stability, cytotoxicity, and antiviral activity of the obtained aptamers were systematically analysed through flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, real-time quantitative PCR, and cell viability assays. This study successfully screened and obtained two aptamers, LH-1 and LH-2. Both aptamers specifically recognize and bind to TiLV-infected TiB cells while showing no cross-reactivity with normal cells or cells infected with other viruses. Their secondary structures exhibit typical stem-loop configurations, with dissociation constants (K<i>d</i>) reaching nanomolar levels at 506.9 nM and 326.4 nM, respectively, and they demonstrate no cytotoxicity toward host cells. Aptamer LH-2 is capable of detecting as few as 1 × 10³ cells/mL within 5 min at temperatures ranging from 4°C to 28°C. The detection capability of LH-2 for TiLV infection was consistent with that of RT-qPCR, as validated in vivo. These results demonstrate that LH-2 possesses significant potential to be developed as a core recognition component for on-site rapid detection kits. This study provides critical molecular tools and a theoretical foundation for the rapid diagnosis of TiLV and the development of novel targeted prevention and control strategies. It strongly advances the practical application of aptamer technology in the precise prevention and control of aquatic diseases.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Food-Producing Animals With a Focus on Potential Applications for Farmed Finfish","authors":"Chloe J. English,&nbsp;Christine Huynh,&nbsp;William Roy,&nbsp;James W. Wynne,&nbsp;Hamish Rodger","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70198","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70198","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In finfish aquaculture, there are several inflammatory diseases impacting productivity and animal welfare, however there are limited options available to veterinarians to treat inflammation and pain in fish. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in terrestrial animals raised for human consumption to treat a range of diseases and to manage pre- and postoperative pain as they offer anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties. This review examines the use of NSAIDs in terrestrial food animals with the pharmacological and safety learnings to the possible use in aquaculture, specifically for oral administration of farmed salmonids. Across Norway, United Kingdom and Australia, which are salmon producing regions burdened by inflammatory disorders such as complex gill disease, seven NSAIDs are authorised for use in terrestrial food-producing animals. The NSAIDs considered in this review have a good safety profile for users and the targeted terrestrial animal species, but more research is needed to develop safe and effective treatment regimens for farmed fish. Some NSAIDs have been shown to reduce pain sensitivity in fish but there is no published data demonstrating that they reduce inflammation. However, the targeted immune pathways of NSAIDs appear conserved between fish and terrestrial animals so it is highly likely that NSAIDs will have anti-inflammatory effects in fish if they can be delivered effectively through in-feed treatments. This review informs prescribing fish veterinarians and fish health professionals, as well as researchers, national licensing authorities and other stakeholders, to assist with consideration of the use and potential applications of the NSAIDs in finfish aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfd.70198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Response of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Experimentally Infected by Immersion Challenge With Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi.","authors":"Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, Camila Kossack, Cristian A Valenzuela, Kevin Maisey","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tenacibaculosis, caused by Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi, is an emerging bacterial disease affecting salmonid aquaculture worldwide; however, host-pathogen interactions and the immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the expression of 20 immune-related genes in Atlantic salmon experimentally infected by immersion with T. dicentrarchi and in uninfected controls under identical conditions. The 10-day challenge trial included sampling every two days (skin/muscle, gills, spleen and head kidney) for gene expression analyses. Koch's postulates were fulfilled in the challenge with the T. dicentrarchi TdCh06, which induced 40% cumulative mortality; deaths began at 2 days post-infection and continued until Day 7. Of the 20 genes analysed by RT-qPCR, seven (MHC-I, MHC-II, Arg-1, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-α1) were consistently detected across tissues and used for comparative analysis. The results show that T. dicentrarchi induces a rapid but heterogeneous immune response in Atlantic salmon: the spleen exhibits an early, transient systemic response; the head kidney shows delayed but strong transcriptional activation; skin/muscle displays early local activation with sustained IL-1β and IFN-α1 expression; and gills show early mucosal activation with persistent IL-1β induction. Overall, infection triggers a tissue-specific response involving inflammatory, antigen-presentation, interferon-associated and macrophage-related pathways, suggesting sustained immune stimulation rather than effective bacterial clearance. These findings shed light on the host-pathogen interaction during tenacibaculosis and identify key immunological pathways involved in disease progression. Notably, the genes IL-1β, MHC-I, MHC-II, IFN-α1, IL-2, IL-10 and Arg-1 are proposed as potential transcriptional markers of infection, offering valuable tools to characterise host responses. Importantly, these markers may also be useful for evaluating vaccine efficacy against T. dicentrarchi in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Pot RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a Assay for Rapid Detection of Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) in Shrimp Aquaculture","authors":"Zewei Hou,&nbsp;Yichen Zhao,&nbsp;Zheng Sun,&nbsp;Ying Zhan,&nbsp;Xilin Dai,&nbsp;Hao Wang","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70196","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70196","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) represents a significant viral threat to global shrimp aquaculture, leading to considerable economic losses. In this study, we have developed a one-step, one-pot isothermal assay for the detection of IHHNV, employing recombinase-aided amplification in conjunction with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas12a (RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a). The assay is performed at a constant temperature of 37°C, achieving a detection limit of 10 copies per reaction for the fluorescence assay and 1 copy per reaction for the lateral flow dipstick (LFD) assay within a 60-min timeframe. Additionally, we evaluated the assay against four other prevalent shrimp pathogens (WSSV, DIV1, EHP, VpAHPND) and observed no cross-reactivity. This straightforward detection method exhibits high sensitivity and specificity for IHHNV, offering a promising approach for early and rapid field diagnosis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147816092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy Assessment of Montanide GEL 02 PR and Liposome-Based Encapsulation as Adjuvants for an FrpA Subunit Vaccine Against Photobacteriosis in Solea senegalensis","authors":"Marta A. Lages,&nbsp;Miguel Balado,&nbsp;Abel M. Forero,&nbsp;Lucía Ageitos,&nbsp;Jaime Rodríguez,&nbsp;Carlos Jiménez,&nbsp;Manuel L. Lemos,&nbsp;Beatriz Magariños","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70187","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Photobacteriosis is a major threat to marine aquaculture, and the siderophore transporter FrpA represents a promising target for effective subunit vaccine development. In this study, we evaluated Montanide GEL 02 PR and phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes as aqueous and safer alternatives to Freund's adjuvant for an FrpA-based subunit vaccine in <i>Solea senegalensis</i>. Fish were immunized with recombinant FrpA formulated with either adjuvant, and induction of FrpA-specific IgM antibody levels was measured. Vaccine efficacy was subsequently assessed by analysis of innate immune gene expression following early pathogen exposure and by survival analysis after infection challenge. Vaccination with rFrpA–Montanide GEL 02 PR induced the highest levels of specific IgM antibodies and conferred strong protection against photobacteriosis, achieving survival rates comparable to those reported for bacterin-based vaccines. This formulation also promoted a rapid and coordinated up-regulation of immune-related genes, including transferrin (<i>tf</i>), lysozyme C1 (<i>lysC1</i>), and complement components C1q and C7. In contrast, rFrpA encapsulated in liposomes elicited weaker immune responses and limited protection. Overall, our results demonstrate that an FrpA-based subunit vaccine formulated with Montanide GEL 02 PR represents a promising strategy for controlling photobacteriosis in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfd.70187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147690443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding the Fish-Brain Invitrome With the Senegalese Sole SsB-1 Cell Line—A Versatile Model for Neurotropic Virus Research","authors":"Yulema Valero,&nbsp;Alberto Cuesta","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70197","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70197","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cell lines are essential tools for studying animal physiology and immunopathology, reducing the use of live animals and supporting the 3Rs principle of reduction, refinement, and replacement. The Senegalese sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>), a relevant species for Spanish aquaculture diversification, lacks established in vitro models. We developed SsB-1, the first brain-derived cell line from this species, providing a valuable platform for studying virus–host interactions. SsB-1 exhibits glial features, stable morphology, and high susceptibility to several betanodavirus (NNV) genotypes, enabling detailed analysis of neurotropism and virulence mechanisms. Its selective permissiveness to NNV and limited replication of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), spring viremia of carp (SVCV), and rhabdovirus eel virus European X (EVEX) highlight its versatility. The ability of some viruses to enter cells without triggering cytopathic or antiviral responses also points to new research avenues for potential reservoir roles in flatfish. Overall, SsB-1 offers a robust, ethical, and versatile model to advance virological and immunological research in support of sustainable marine aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfd.70197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxin Secretion Systems Used by Marine Pathogenic Bacteria: A Review","authors":"Melissa Camberos-Solano,&nbsp;Sonia A. Soto-Rodriguez","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70194","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70194","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diseases caused by marine bacteria pose a significant challenge for aquaculture and related activities, resulting in high mortality rates and substantial economic losses. This review presents a list of bacterial pathogens found in cultured aquatic organisms, along with the secretion systems they use to export virulence factors or toxins. We focus on the principal secretion systems employed by pathogenic marine bacteria, particularly those belonging to the genera <i>Vibrio</i>, <i>Aeromonas</i>, <i>Photobacterium</i> and <i>Tenacibaculum</i>. We describe the structural organization, functional mechanisms and toxin-associated substrates of secretion systems from types I, II, III, IV, VI and IX. Furthermore, we explain the mechanisms of action of the most important marine bacterial toxins, focusing on hemolysins, pore-forming toxins, enzymes and protein toxins, with particular emphasis on the PirAB toxin, which causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Additionally, we discuss the regulatory networks that control toxin expression in response to environmental conditions and quorum-sensing signals, as well as the impact of the toxins secreted by marine organisms on aquaculture systems. Understanding the mechanisms of toxin secretion in aquaculture is essential for developing effective prevention measures and improving overall health management in aquatic production systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Hybridization and RT-PCR Detection of Nervous Necrosis Virus in Fourfinger Threadfin, Eleutheronema tetradactylum, in Taiwan","authors":"Chia-Yu Hsieh,&nbsp;Shang-Ting Wu,&nbsp;Chun-Ying Lin","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70205","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70205","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Between April and July 2020, suspected outbreaks of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection were observed in fourfinger threadfin (<i>Eleutheronema tetradactylum</i>) fingerling hatcheries in Pingtung County, southern Taiwan. Affected fish exhibited spiral swimming behaviour and abdominal distension, resulting in mortality rates between 50% and 100%. Histopathological examination showed severe vacuolation in the brain and ocular tissues, with large oval and/or irregular basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the brain. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral replicase (RNA1) and capsid protein (RNA2) genes revealed high nucleotide sequence identities among the isolates in this study, with sequence similarity rates of 96.9%–99% for RNA1 and 98.2%–99.0% for RNA2 compared to RGNNV reference strains available in the NCBI GenBank database. This is the first detection of betanodavirus in fourfinger threadfin in Taiwan, using RT-PCR and ISH. A positive correlation between elevated water temperatures and disease severity indicates the need for year-round surveillance and genomic analysis to clarify the epidemiology of FTNNV. The data suggest that infected eggs may facilitate the vertical transmission of Betanodavirus. Crucially, utilising virus-free broodstock, alongside routine health screening and environmental control, is essential for mitigating NNV risks in fourfinger threadfin aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfd.70205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147930313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Dietary Yeast Nucleic Acids and Free Nucleotides on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Immune Parameters, Tolerant to Hypoxic Stress and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","authors":"Thanakrit Ratanaprapaporn,&nbsp;Arunothai Keetanon,&nbsp;Natnicha Chongprachavat,&nbsp;Pakawat Poldetch,&nbsp;Marcelo Gurgel Borba,&nbsp;Stefano Lissoni,&nbsp;Tirawat Rairat,&nbsp;Niti Chuchird","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70195","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Yeast nucleic acids and free nucleotides (yeast RNA + NT) is a functional feed additive with health-promoting effect. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary yeast RNA + NT (from <i>Kluyveromyces fragilis</i>) on the health conditions, hypoxic stress tolerance and disease resistance in juvenile Pacific white shrimp (<i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>). Shrimp were fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g·kg⁻¹ yeast RNA + NT for 45 days, followed by challenges with hypoxic stress and <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> (AHPND). Results showed that yeast RNA + NT supplementation at 0.50 g·kg feed⁻¹ could significantly improve body weight (3.93 g), FCR (1.20), trypsin activity (78.02 mU·mg protein⁻¹) and trypsin-to-chymotrypsin ratio (5.03) compared to the control (3.34 g, 1.59, 64.70 mU·mg protein⁻¹ and 3.78, respectively). All three yeast RNA + NT groups had significantly higher survival rates and lower <i>Vibrio</i> spp. counts in the hepatopancreas. The highest immune responses were observed in the yeast RNA + NT at 0.75 g·kg feed⁻¹ group. Survival rates under hypoxia were significantly higher in the yeast RNA + NT at 0.50 (81.67%) and 0.75 g·kg feed⁻¹ (80.00%) compared to the control (45.00%). Notably, the 0.75 g·kg⁻¹ group exhibited the highest resistance to AHPND, with a survival rate of 65.00% compared to 43.33% in the control. These findings suggest that 0.50 g·kg⁻¹ is optimal for growth promotion, whereas 0.75 g·kg⁻¹ maximises immune function and resistance to hypoxia and bacterial infection.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative In vitro Evaluation of Widely Used Aquaculture Disinfectants Against Major Marine Bacterial Fish Pathogens","authors":"T. G. Sumithra,&nbsp;S. Aparna,&nbsp; Andria,&nbsp;N. S. Ashily,&nbsp;V. N. Anusree,&nbsp;P. K. Patil,&nbsp;S. R. Krupesha Sharma","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70206","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70206","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Effective disinfection is a critical component of aquaculture biosecurity. The present study evaluated in vitro efficacy of eight commonly used disinfectants [Chloramine-T, benzalkonium chloride (BKC), iodophor, formalin, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and glutaraldehyde] against three major marine pathogens, viz. <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>, <i>Photobacterium damselae</i>, and <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>. Multiple evaluations were performed, including determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), time-kill kinetics, effective concentration, influence of organic load, and an integrated activity scoring system. Sodium hypochlorite and BKC had the maximum and minimum MICs, respectively, across all three species. The least coefficient of variation % in MIC across different species was shown by BKC (34.4%). Iodophor and Chloramine-T achieved a ≥ 5 log₁₀ reduction in all pathogens within 10 min at their MIC level. Formalin could not achieve the desired results even at 16-fold higher MIC values, showing its unsuitability for rapid surface disinfection protocols. All disinfectants showed reduced efficacy even at an organic load level of 0.5%. Integrated scoring system graded iodophor and BKC as the most effective disinfectants (&gt; 80% of total score), making them strong candidates for aquaculture disinfection programmes. Collectively, the findings serve as the reference for adopting effective biosecurity practises against bacterial pathogens in marine/estuarine aquaculture.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147930363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}