Journal of fish diseases最新文献

{"title":"Development of a PCR-Based Assay for Assessing Biosecurity Risk of Extruded Feed for White Spot Disease.","authors":"Hung Nam Mai, Paul J Schofield, Wendy M Sealey, Tressa M Baker, Arun K Dhar","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Formulated aquafeed has been a primary driver for the growth of the aquaculture industry worldwide. However, formulated feed may pose a biosecurity risk if they are not proven to be free of infectious pathogens. Unforetunately, recent PCR methods cannot differentiate an infectious pathogen from an inactivated genomic fragment of the corresponding pathogen. Considering the lack of an immortal cell line in crustaceans, we developed a conventional one-step PCR assay that can be used to screen formulated aquafeed. As a proof-of-principle, extruded feed containing (w/w) 0.0%, 0.2% and 2% WSSV-infected shrimp meals were prepared and screened using a one-step conventional PCR and a real-time PCR targeting the WSSV DNA polymerase gene. The results were compared to the WOAH-recommended nested- and real-time PCR for WSSV. The newly developed and the WOAH-recommended real-time PCR methods detected WSSV DNA in the extruded feed. Among three primer sets used in one-step conventional PCR, two provided successful WSSV amplification with amplicon size of 334 and 341 bp, respectively. The primer set that generated an amplicon of 980 bp, as well as the WOAH-recommended nested PCR, did not amplify WSSV in the extruded feed. The one-step conventional PCR generating a 980 bp amplicon is highly specific in detecting WSSV, and the limit of detection is 100 copies. When WSSV-spiked extruded feed was fed to Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Penaeus vannamei shrimp, it did not cause disease, as determined by histopathology and PCR assays, indicating that the WSSV-spiked extruded feed does not contain infectious virus. We propose that real-time PCR, for its high throughput ability, could be used for initial screening, and any samples that test positive for WSSV should be further tested using a one-step conventional PCR that amplifies a 980 bp amplicon. This will provide a much-needed practical solution for biosecurity assessment of formulated aquafeed for WSD until a crustacean cell line is available for screening infectious WSSV.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144475517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of CARD-FISH and Dot-ELISA Assays for Diagnosis of the Parasitic Dinoflagellate Hematodinium perezi.","authors":"Meng Li, Qi Xue, Jiayi Wang, Ju Zhang, Weixin Liu, Qian Huang, Lijun Hu, Caiwen Li","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The parasitic dinoflagellate in Hematodinium genus is a serious pathogen infecting many economically important crustacean species and resulting in epidemic 'milk diseases' in Portunus trituberculatus along Chinese coast. The outbreaks of Hematodinium epidemics resulted in large economic losses in mariculture crustaceans for local farmers. To prevent and control the Hematodinium epidemics in marine crustacean fisheries, it is essential to develop new methods for diagnosis of Hematodinium parasites. In the present study, a catalysed reporter deposition fluorescent in situ hybridisation (CARD-FISH) and a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) methods were successfully developed to specifically detect in vitro microspores and in vivo trophonts of Hematodinium. perezi, respectively. The newly developed CARD-FISH was proved to be a specific, reliable and accurate method for detection of waterborne transmission stage (microspores) of H. perezi. The developed Dot-ELISA was capable of specifically and sensitively detecting in vivo trophonts of H. perezi in haemolymph of P. trituberculatus. The positive rate of haemolymph samples from 30 cultured P. trituberculatus detected by Dot-ELISA (53.3%) was comparable to PCR analysis (56.7%), with the accuracy evaluated as 94% as normalised by PCR assays (default accuracy 100%). The major findings in the present study will contribute to preventing and controlling Hematodinium epidemics in cultured P. trituberculatus.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144368913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and Genomic Characterisation of Scale Drop Disease Virus (SDDV) in Farmed Yellowfin Seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) in Southern China.","authors":"Yuting Fu, Can Mao, Jianfei Wan, Qianqian Sun, Fangzhao Yu, Jie Sun, Jiang Wu, Yong Li, Chuanfu Dong","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14161","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.14161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scale drop disease virus (SDDV) is a distinct member of the genus Megalocytivirus within the family Iridoviridae, which was recently identified as a causative agent of yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus ascitic diseases (YFSBAD). Here, a molecular surveillance of SDDV in pond-cultured yellowfin seabream was conducted during 2021 to 2023 in Zhuhai, the most significant breeding region for this fish species in China. A total of 73 batches of naturally diseased yellowfin seabream samples were collected for SDDV detection. As a result, 31 samples were confirmed SDDV positive by conventional PCR detection, among which 9 additional SDDVs were isolated by using MFF-1 cell line, and 4 isolates were further validated by monoclonal antibody-based immunofluorescence assays. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates shared the identical mcp sequences and were clustered within the same clade. Additionally, the complete genome sequence of a new SDDV isolate (SDDV-ZH918/23) was determined and annotated. The result shows that SDDV-ZH918/23 consists of 131,741 bp and encodes 143 putative open reading frames. The genome collinearity analysis demonstrated very high nucleotide similarity among all SDDV isolates distributed in China and other Asian countries. Unexpectedly, a 152 bp deletion mutant was also found in two SDDV isolates. Collectively, our study once again demonstrates that SDDV acts as an emerging etiological agent in farmed yellowfin seabream, and a partial deletion mutant of the SDDV genome was first recorded.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e14161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled Field Trial of Pancreas Disease Vaccines in Farmed Atlantic Salmon: Effects on Growth and Mortality During a SAV2 Outbreak.","authors":"Jostein Mulder Pettersen, Marte Follesø Sønnervik, Marius Karlsen, Hege Jørstad Sekkenes, Geir Schriwer, Petter Gjesdal, Ane Sandtrø, Magnus Vikan Røsæg","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70003","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pancreas disease (PD), caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV), is a concern for salmon aquaculture in Scotland, Ireland and Norway. This article presents results from a controlled field trial monitoring three study groups from vaccination to harvest. The groups represented a subset of the total fish population within a single sea cage, reared under commercial farming conditions. The trial aimed to evaluate the effects of two licensed PD vaccines in Norway-ALPHA JECT micro 1 PD (AJm1PD) and Clynav-on growth and mortality during a PD outbreak, relative to an unvaccinated control group. Clinical PD, caused by SAV subtype 2, was confirmed in June 2024, approximately 14 months after sea transfer and 2 months before harvest. At harvest, both vaccinated groups exhibited significantly higher weights compared to the control group, with mean increases of 0.19 kg (95% CI: 0.05-0.33) for AJm1PD and 0.38 kg (95% CI: 0.24-0.51) for Clynav. Significant risk differences (%) in mortality were observed between the PD-vaccinated groups and the control during the outbreak, with lower mortality in vaccinated fish (AJm1PD: -0.60 [95% CI: -0.98 to -0.22]; Clynav: -1.10 [95% CI: -1.45 to -0.74]). To account for potential misclassification of mortalities, bias-adjusted estimates were calculated, revealing greater risk differences compared to unadjusted estimates (AJm1PD: -0.99 [95% CI: -1.53 to -0.45]; Clynav: -2.07 [95% CI: -2.58 to -1.56]). These findings suggest that failing to adjust for misclassification biases the results toward the null, leading to an underestimation of the true effect size. In contrast, risk ratios remained largely unaffected by these adjustments. Overall, the study suggests that both vaccines improved outcomes, with the DNA vaccine (Clynav) showing a more pronounced effect on both growth and survival compared to the inactivated SAV vaccine (AJm1PD), while also highlighting methodological challenges in conducting controlled field trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Response and Protective Efficacy of Quercetin in Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Against Tilapia Parvovirus.","authors":"Badhusha Allahbagash, Taju Gani, Abdul Majeed Seepoo, Abdul Wazith Mohamed Jaffer, Nafeez Ahmed Abdul, Mithra Sivaraj, Rajkumar Venkatesan, Kanimozhi Kumarasamy, Vimal Sugumar, Sahul Hameed Azeez Sait","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global tilapia farming industry is facing challenges due to tilapia parvovirus (TiPV), an emerging viral pathogen affecting cultured tilapia populations worldwide. It causes mass mortality in tilapia and high economic loss. Hence, an effective treatment is needed to control TiPV infection. Quercetin is one of the polyphenolic flavonoid compounds found in many natural products and could effectively inhibit various aquatic viral pathogens. Investigating the immunological response, virus clearance, and survival of tilapia fed quercetin-formulated feed is the primary intent of this research venture. Tilapia gill cell line (TG) exposed with quercetin up to 50 μg/mL did not show any significant morphological changes. The MTT assay was performed to assess the toxic effects of quercetin on the TG cell line. Immune-responsive genes (TNF-α, TLR-7, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, MHC-II, IFNγ, NF-κβ, CD4, and CD8) were studied in the head-kidney and spleen samples of fish fed with quercetin-formulated diets at different time intervals using RT-qPCR. On 10 days post-administration, all immune-related genes were significantly upregulated in the fish fed quercetin-formulated feed at a 50 mg/kg of feed. After receiving quercetin-formulated feed for 10 days post administration, the experimental fish was challenged intraperitoneally with TiPV. The viral clearance and viral load were determined by PCR and qPCR. The survival of 90% was observed in fish fed with quercetin formulated feed after TiPV challenge. Our results revealed that quercetin is an effective compound to protect tilapia from TiPV infection and also help to trigger the immune response in tilapia.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70001"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Detection of RGNNV Betanodavirus Genotype in Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) and Balistes capriscus (Gmelin, 1798).","authors":"Emanuele Esposito, Maria Oliviero, Doriana Iaccarino, Gianluigi Paduano, Francesco Serra, Martina Levante, Maria Grazia Amoroso, Rubina Paradiso, Antonio Rinaldi, Giorgia Borriello, Tobia Pretto, Anna Toffan, Giovanna Fusco, Esterina De Carlo, Fabio Di Nocera","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70006"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144317077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streptococcus dysgalactiae From Farm-Raised Channel Catfish in Mississippi, USA, With Notes on Fish-Associated Group C S. dysgalactiae.","authors":"Sujita Balami, Lester H Khoo, Caitlin E Older, Geoffrey C Waldbieser, Alvin C Camus, Taylor I Heckman, Cynthia C Ware, Bradley M Richardson, John P Hawke, Adrián López-Porras, Esteban Soto, Craig A Shoemaker, Mark L Lawrence, Ann E Beth Peterman, Mark A Peterman, Larry A Hanson, Matt J Griffin","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.14166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lancefield serological group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae (GCSD) is an emerging cause of fish disease worldwide, largely associated with mariculture in Asia. In the United States (US), GCSD had been a pathogen of minimal concern for fish, but recent cases indicate a putative emergence in wild and cultured freshwater fish populations in the Americas. The current study discusses three novel cases of GCSD-associated streptococcosis in US farm-raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) occurring in Mississippi, US, in 2022 and 2023. Infected fish presented with pendulous abdomens, red swollen vents, and petechiae on the mouth, fins and ventral lateral abdomen. Clinical isolates were cultured from the kidney and brain and initially confirmed as GCSD by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analyses using the superoxide dismutase gene (sodA), 16S/23S internal transcribed spacer region and nine genes within a multilocus sequence analysis scheme for piscine pathogenic Streptococcus. Catfish GCSD were highly homologous to fish strains from published reports from Asia and South America, forming a discrete phylogenetic clade, separate from human and other terrestrial animal isolates. Pairwise genomic comparisons suggest this fish-associated group does not belong to any currently recognised subspecies and may represent a unique subtype. The broadening host and geographic range of GCSD, coupled with the evidence of a discrete aquatic lineage and recent reports from freshwater fishes in the southeastern US, suggest GCSD is a potential emergent threat to catfish aquaculture in the US.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e14166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Betanodavirus Quantification and IFN I-Antagonism Detection Using Luciferase Reporter Systems Based on Fish mx Promoters.","authors":"Daniel Álvarez-Torres, Patricia Moreno, Esther García-Rosado, M Carmen Alonso, Julia Béjar","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mx genes display strong and quick induction in response to viral infections, which varies according to the viral virulence; furthermore, mx transcription is blocked by several viruses as part of their immune evasion strategies. Therefore, the level and time course of mx induction reflect virus-host interplay. This idea prompted the development of in vitro experimental systems consisting of cells stably expressing luciferase under the control of fish mx promoters. In this study, two RTG-2 cell lines, expressing luciferase under the control of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) mx (ssmx) promoter, and under the control of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) mx2 (saumx2) promoter, have been applied to study betanodavirus-host interaction. Both systems were inoculated with nervous necrosis virus, NNV, isolates belonging to different genotypes. The combination of both systems has been proved to be useful to detect all of them, although each isolate triggered a characteristic profile in each system. In addition, a protocol to estimate the titre of the RGNNV isolate in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) brain has been established, and a clear dose-dependent antagonistic effect of this NNV isolate was recorded. Thus, both cell lines are useful tools to study betanodavirus-host interaction and, therefore, contribute to developing measures to fight viral infections in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70000"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin-Mucus Prokaryote Community of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Response to Bath Challenge With Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi.","authors":"Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, Linette Tralma, Hernán Wicki, Fernanda Barrios-Henríquez, Héctor A Levipan","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.14157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fish skin mucus is continuously replaced by epidermal cells, making it a highly dynamic microenvironment and an effective barrier against waterborne pathogens. The objective of this study was to understand the effects of tenacibaculosis, caused by the bacterium Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi, on the skin-associated microbiome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We used a vector-free and waterborne infection model of T. dicentrarchi strain TdCh05 in Atlantic salmon smolts for 21 days. Skin swab samples were collected at 2 h and 21 days post-infection (hpi and dpi, respectively) for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing using DNA or complementary DNA (cDNA) as templates. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis grouped the samples into distinct clusters depending on the treatment and template. Similarity-Percentage (SIMPER) analysis indicated that between ~42% and 43% of the total amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) across all samples accounted for 90% of the compositional differences among all treatments and the two templates, highlighting the contribution of Tenacibaculum ASVs. Comparisons (by SIMPER) between non-infected and TdCh05-challenged fish at 2 hpi indicated that Tenacibaculum ASVs contributed to between ~52% and 58% of the differences in compositional clustering between samples. A significant drop in skin-mucus alpha diversity in TdCh05-challenged fish was also detected, followed by alpha diversity recovery at 21 dpi. In turn, at 21 dpi, microbiome changes were related to higher interaction complexity among taxa and community instability. Furthermore, 16S cDNA-based sequencing indicated that the potential activity of the Atlantic salmon skin-associated microbiome during disease progression was primarily driven by Tenacibaculum spp. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of other potentially active components (e.g., Pseudomonadales) of the skin-associated microbiome for the onset and/or progression of tenacibaculosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e14157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of a Novel Cell Line From the Fry of Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) for Fish Virus-Host Interactions.","authors":"Jiaying Zheng, Guojun Pan, Haotian Chen, Feifei Lin, Qiting Liu, Youhua Huang, Qiwei Qin, Xiaohong Huang","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.14162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous cell lines are useful for virus research and diagnosis. Here, a novel cell line from grouper fry (Ec-Fry) has been developed and its sensitivity to fish viruses was investigated. Mitochondrial 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis conducted after 80 generations of Ec-Fry cells verified that Ec-Fry cells originated from Epinephelus coioides. Ec-Fry cells, mainly composed of epithelioid cells, exhibited the fastest growth with 15% and 20% FBS at 28°C, but also grew well with 5% FBS. Chromosome analysis showed that the number of type chromosomes was 48. After pEGFP-N3 transfection, green fluorescence was observed in Ec-Fry cells under a fluorescence microscope. Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) were able to propagate in Ec-Fry cells, evidenced by the obvious cytopathic effect (CPE) progression and increased production of viral proteins with the infection time. Moreover, numerous viral particles were observed in SGIV- and RGNNV-infected cells, suggesting that the infection model in Ec-Fry could be used to investigate the viral pathogenesis. Moreover, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon response-related genes were significantly elevated during SGIV or RGNNV infection in Ec-Fry cells, indicating that this infection model could also be used to explore the host immune response against fish virus infection. In addition, higher virus yields could be obtained in infected Ec-Fry cells which were cultured with FBS at a low concentration, suggesting that Ec-Fry cells were suitable for vaccine preparation in the future. Together, our findings provided a novel cell line from marine fish for virus isolation and host-virus interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e14162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}