Journal of fish diseases最新文献

{"title":"Malignant Mixed Irido-Melanophoroma in a Betta splendens with Concurrent Mycobacterium chelonae Isolation—A Case Report","authors":"Zi An Yu,&nbsp;Lorraine A. Corriveau,&nbsp;Joanne B. Messick","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14115","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.14115","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 10-month-old intact male blue Siamese fighting fish (<i>Betta splendens</i>) was presented to the Purdue University Small Animal Hospital with multiple bilateral masses on the caudal flank. Comprehensive evaluation using impression cytology, histopathology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed a tumour composed of a mixed-cell population of iridophores and melanophores, consistent with a mixed-cell irido-melanophoroma. The tumour exhibited clinical and cytohistological characteristics of malignancy, including rapid enlargement, cellular and nuclear atypia, tissue invasion and tumour emboli formation. Interestingly, mild mononuclear inflammation was observed, and mycobacterial culture isolated an acid-fast-positive bacterium identified as <i>Mycobacterium chelonae</i> through Sanger sequencing of <i>rpoB</i> and <i>16S rRNA</i>, combined with Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis. This is the first case report of a malignant piscine chromatophoroma with concurrent inflammation and isolation of <i>Mycobacterium</i>, highlighting the need for further studies to investigate a potential association.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"48 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfd.14115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Detection of Aeromonas veronii Using GGDEF Gene-Based Colorimetric Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification","authors":"Tien Tien Vicky Lau,&nbsp;Suat Moi Puah,&nbsp;Kek Heng Chua","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14112","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.14112","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Aeromonas veronii</i> has emerged as an important fish pathogen that poses threats to the aquaculture industry worldwide, and rapid detection is essential to minimise negative economic impact. In this study, a colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed to rapidly detect <i>A. veronii</i>, targeting a gene encoding GGDEF domain-containing diguanylate cyclase. The entire LAMP reaction could be completed in 30 min at 65°C based on colour change from pink to yellow. In addition, the assay demonstrated 100% specificity with no cross reaction with other common fish pathogens. The detection limit (LOD) was 500 pg/μL using purified plasmid and 1.72 × 10⁵ cfu/mL (equivalent to 1.72 × 10² cfu/reaction) using crude genomic DNA extracted from the pure culture of <i>A. veronii</i> ATCC 9071. LAMP demonstrated comparable performance to conventional PCR using 57 bacterial isolates, with 100% (20/20) specificity, 91.9% (34/37) sensitivity, 94.7% (54/57) accuracy and a 0.888 Cohen's kappa value. Lastly, the LOD of LAMP in a spiked water sample was 1.72 × 10⁵ cfu/mL (equivalent to 3.44 × 10³ cfu/reaction). Overall, our LAMP assay has a high level of diagnostic agreement with conventional PCR and can be used as a valuable tool for the rapid detection of <i>A. veronii</i> from environmental samples.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"48 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Biomarkers in Plasma and Faeces to Evaluate Physiological Status of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) During Salmonid Alphavirus Infection","authors":"Eirik Hoel,&nbsp;Frederike Keitel-Gröner,&nbsp;Christina Aspaas Husebø,&nbsp;David Lausten Knudsen,&nbsp;Julia Mullins,&nbsp;Christian Wallace,&nbsp;Hanne Log Persson,&nbsp;Hanna S. Bjerke-Ertenstein,&nbsp;Maren Iden Bjerkeset,&nbsp;Kjetil Berge","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14114","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.14114","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the causative agent of pancreas disease (PD), a disease that can cause severe implications for marine farming of Atlantic salmon. This study examines physiological changes in Atlantic salmon during SAV infection through a controlled trial and two field trials. In the controlled trial, plasma creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) levels increased significantly 4 weeks post challenge, peaked at 8 weeks and by 12 weeks, ALAT levels returned to pre-challenge levels, while CK and ASAT remained elevated. Weekly mortality peaked at 4.1% in week 5, and there was an 89% reduction in appetite in week 4 post challenge. In two field trials in southern Norway, SAV3 was detected in spring/early summer by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). As SAV prevalence increased, plasma CK, ALAT, ASAT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels peaked, along with the stress markers cortisol and tetrahydrocortisone in faeces. Despite low mortality (&lt; 0.2% weekly), a decrease in appetite was observed in both field trials. Understanding the physiological status of the fish through monitoring tools like RT-qPCR, blood chemistry and stress markers provides a foundation for implementing mitigation measures such as stress reduction, timed harvest or clinical nutrition at the onset of pancreas disease.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"48 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and Pathogenicity of Lactococcus Species in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Asian Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer)","authors":"Janchai Wongkaew,&nbsp;Satid Chatchaiphan,&nbsp;Suwimon Taengphu,&nbsp;Ha Thanh Dong,&nbsp;Saengchan Senapin,&nbsp;Sanit Piyapattanakorn","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14113","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.14113","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lactococcosis, primarily caused by <i>Lactococcus garvieae</i>, is prevalent in various freshwater fish species globally. Yet, its significance in Thai fish aquaculture remains poorly understood. This study investigated Lactococcosis-associated diseases across four red tilapia (<i>Oreochromis</i> sp.) and one Asian sea bass (<i>Lates calcarifer</i>) farm in Thailand in 2022. Chronically diseased fish displaying clinical signs such as exophthalmia or corneal opacity, erratic swimming, scale loss and skin haemorrhage, as well as apparently healthy specimens, were studied. Bacterial isolation was performed from the fish internal organs. Gram-positive bacterial isolates were selected and later identified as <i>L. lactis</i> (<i>n</i> = 4), <i>L. taiwanensis</i> (<i>n</i> = 1), <i>L. garvieae</i> (<i>n</i> = 2) and <i>L. petauri</i> (<i>n</i> = 2) based on bacterial 16S rDNA and <i>gyrB</i> partial sequences. Sub-adults of Nile tilapia were intracoelomic (IC) injected with representatives of each of the three <i>Lactococcus</i> species (<i>L. garvieae</i>, <i>L. lactis</i> and <i>L. taiwanensis</i>) at varying doses (10³–10⁷ CFU/fish), while juvenile Asian sea bass were IC injected with <i>L. petauri</i> at doses ranging from 10² to 10⁸ CFU/fish. Control groups received culture medium alone. By the end of the 21-day test, mortality rates from all challenge groups ranged from 0% to 14.82%. Some clinical signs were observed in groups challenged with higher doses of the bacteria. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that survivor fish exposed to high bacterial doses elicited specific antibodies IgM. In summary, this study identifies the presence of <i>Lactococcus</i> species in farmed fishes, which exhibit low virulence in Nile tilapia and Asian sea bass under laboratory-controlled challenges. These bacterial isolates appear to be opportunistic rather than pathogenic, potentially indicating underlying health challenges within the affected farms.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"48 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Investigation of Trichodinid Species (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) on Farmed Hybrid Yellow Catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco × Tachysurus vachelli) in China.","authors":"Enze Zhang, Hao Yang, Xiao Tu, Zemao Gu","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.14100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hybrid yellow catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco♀ × Tachysurus vachelli♂) is a significant aquaculture variety in China. It is easy to be infected by trichodinids, causing serious economic losses. However, the species investigation of trichodinids on hybrid yellow catfish is relatively deficient, which seriously hinders the prevention and control of trichodiniasis. Hence, trichodinids were collected in a hybrid yellow catfish farm in Hubei Province from June 2022 to October 2023 and identified by morphological and molecular biology methods. A new species Tripartiella luhuensis sp. nov. and nine Trichodina species were described. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that T. luhuensis nested in the Trichodinella-Tripartiella-Paratrichodina clade, indicating that the genus Tripartiella is not a monophyletic group. Besides, Trichodinid species from Siluriformes hosts have relatively similar evolutionary positions. Histopathological analysis revealed that the parasitism of trichodinids caused mechanical damage and mucus hypersecretion to gill of the host. The present study reports trichodinid species on hybrid yellow catfish for the first time and adds one new species to the genus Tripartiella. We also indicate the importance of preventing and controlling trichodiniasis in hybrid yellow catfish farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e14100"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Response of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Vaccinated With Diatom-Based Oral Vaccines Against Piscine Francisellosis","authors":"Collin Meyer,&nbsp;Roshan P. Shrestha,&nbsp;Ruth Milston-Clements,&nbsp;Sarah Gibson,&nbsp;Taylor I. Heckman,&nbsp;Zeinab Yazdi,&nbsp;Esteban Soto","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14111","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.14111","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Piscine francisellosis is a highly infectious and economically significant disease caused by <i>Francisella orientalis</i> in tilapia (<i>Oreochromis</i> spp.). There are currently no approved treatments or commercial vaccines for this disease in cultured fish. Injectable vaccines using diatoms as antigen expression vectors have demonstrated efficacy in tilapia models; however, no oral vaccine trials have been performed. We hypothesised that fusion proteins consisting of <i>F. orientalis</i> IglC and flagellin expressed in <i>Thalassiosira pseudonana</i> diatoms will act as self-adjuvanting antigen delivery systems to confer a protective immune response against <i>F. orientalis</i> in tilapia when administered as top-coated feed. Different treatments were immunised and subsequently provided with one or two boosters prior to challenge. Fish were challenged with virulent <i>F. orientalis</i> via immersion thirty days post initial immunisation. Tilapia immune response was assessed 24 h post-challenge by quantifying <i>il-12, il-10, ifn-γ</i> and <i>tgf-β</i> gene expression in gills and internal organs. Morbidity and mortality were monitored for 21 days after challenge and bacterial load was assessed in survivors. Findings indicate significant changes in the expression of <i>ifn-γ</i> and <i>tgf-β</i> in immunised fish, but similar mortality rates and bacterial load across all exposed groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"48 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfd.14111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143530945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Efficacy of a Chitosan Nanoparticle-Based Immersion Vaccine Targeting Segment 4 of Tilapia Lake Virus","authors":"Chanasorn Thanapasuk,&nbsp;Puntanat Tattiyapong,&nbsp;Jidapa Yamkasem,&nbsp;Sirikorn Kitiyodom,&nbsp;Piyathip Setthawong,&nbsp;Tuchakorn Lertwanakarn,&nbsp;Win Surachetpong","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14106","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.14106","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), which is caused by tilapia lake virus (TiLV), has resulted in significant damage to global tilapia farming. TiLV is a negative-sense single-strand RNA virus consisting of 10 genome segments. To date, no commercial vaccine against TiLVD has been developed, and effective strategies to control and prevent TiLVD are lacking. In this study, we developed and tested a chitosan nanoparticle-based immersion recombinant protein targeting segment 4 (S4) of TiLV under both laboratory and field conditions. The open reading frame of S4 of TiLV was cloned into pET28a (+) and expressed by <i>Escherichia coli</i> BL21(DE3). The size of the nanoTiLV-S4 (CNS4) vaccine was 284 ± 9.2 nm, which is smaller than the pre-nanoencapsulation vaccine size of 2268 ± 41.8 nm. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the nanoS4 particles had a round shape, uniform appearance and positive zeta potential of 17.7 ± 0.7 mV. Further analysis showed that the nanoS4 antigen was deposited on the fish gills and intestines and taken up into the epithelial cells within 30 min of immersion. Under laboratory infection using a cohabitation challenge model, the CNS4 vaccine demonstrated a relative percent survival (RPS) of 25%. In field conditions, the vaccine showed an RPS of 31.88% compared to the unvaccinated group. Overall, our study demonstrates that the new nanoTiLV-S4 vaccine can be absorbed by the fish epithelium and reduces mortality caused by TiLV. However, further optimisation and field trials are necessary to improve the efficacy of the CNS4 vaccine and to test it under various farm conditions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"48 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Infection of Two Gourami Species (Trichopodus spp.) With Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV): Clinical, Molecular and Histopathological Findings.","authors":"Nguyen Dinh-Hung, Ha Thanh Dong, Kornsunee Phiwsaiya, Suwimon Taengphu, Nguyen Vu Linh, Satid Chatchaiphan, Channarong Rodkhum, Hung N Mai, Arun K Dhar, Saengchan Senapin","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.14110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) has a broad host range and poses a significant threat to aquaculture species. Herein, we report two disease outbreaks in snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) in Thailand, marked by skin haemorrhage, scale loss, internal organ discoloration and degeneration and a mortality exceeding 60%. Additionally, three spot gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus) cultured in the same ponds along with snakeskin gourami were found to be affected and tested positive for the virus. Histopathological examination revealed extensive necrosis of haematopoietic tissues in the kidneys and spleen, accompanied by the presence of numerous megalocytic cells in both fish species. Real-time PCR assays, using protocols targeting the major capsid protein (MCP) gene in a broad range of Megalocytivirus genotypes, confirmed the presence of ISKNV in the infected fish. Furthermore, molecular and phylogenetic analyses based on the MCP gene (1362 bp) and the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) gene (720 bp) revealed that the ISKNV strains in gourami and other fish hosts were closely related, suggesting possible cross-species transmission. This report extends the host range of ISKNV and highlights the need to prevent the spread of this virus across species boundaries. Further research is needed to understand the pathogenicity and transmission routes of the virus, gain insights into its epidemiology and develop strategies to mitigate disease outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e14110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143516001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Challenge of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) With Tenacibaculum maritimum and Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi Fulfils Koch's Postulates","authors":"Karthiga Kumanan,&nbsp;Jeremy Carson,&nbsp;Ryan B. J. Hunter,&nbsp;Anne Rolton,&nbsp;Ulla von Ammon,&nbsp;Chaya Bandaranayake,&nbsp;Connie Angelucci,&nbsp;Richard N. Morrison,&nbsp;Seumas P. Walker,&nbsp;Jane E. Symonds,&nbsp;Kate S. Hutson","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14088","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.14088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The bacterial skin disease tenacibaculosis, caused by <i>Tenacibaculum</i> species, affects numerous economically important marine fish, including salmonids. This study reports the ability of three <i>Tenacibaculum maritimum</i> strains, belonging to different molecular O-AGC types, and a single <i>Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi</i> strain to induce tenacibaculosis in farmed Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>, Walbaum 1792) in Aotearoa New Zealand. Naïve Chinook salmon were exposed to <i>T. maritimum</i> (2 × 10⁸ cells/mL) and <i>T. dicentrarchi</i> (2 × 10⁷ cells/mL) by immersion using natural seawater. Clinical signs of tenacibaculosis were apparent in all <i>T. maritimum</i> strains used in the challenged fish. Of these, 100% of the fish challenged with O-AGC Type 2-1 and Type 3-2 strains became moribund, whereas only 60% of the O-AGC Type 3-0 challenged fish became moribund. Fish exposed to <i>T. dicentrarchi</i> showed more severe symptoms, exposing musculature in 51% of the challenged population, with 28% of fish becoming moribund. Gross pathological signs of fin rot, scale loss, skin ulcers and haemorrhagic skin spots were observed for both <i>Tenacibaculum</i> species and were consistent with those observed on farmed fish. Pure <i>T. maritimum</i> and <i>T. dicentrarchi</i> cultures were reisolated from epidermal damage of challenged fish. <i>Tenacibaculum</i> species was not isolated from the anterior kidney of affected fish, which indicates no systemic infection in Chinook salmon.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"48 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfd.14088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143501964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological Qualitative Assessment of Tissue Lesions in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Following Caudal Vasculature Blood Sampling","authors":"A. S. Dalum,&nbsp;H. Romstad,&nbsp;L. Boissonnot,&nbsp;S. Stensby-Skjærvik,&nbsp;C. Klykken","doi":"10.1111/jfd.14098","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.14098","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Blood sampling of fish has received increasing interest from the industry. However, the impact of puncturing the caudal vasculature, a common sampling procedure, is poorly described. In this study, the histopathology of this procedure was examined in both acute and chronic stages.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"48 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143492165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}