Journal of fish diseases最新文献

{"title":"Implementation of a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification-Driven Duplex Lateral Flow Diagnostic Kit for Concurrent Detecting Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus and Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus: A Comparative Analysis of RPA and PCR Methods.","authors":"Cuneyt Tamer, Hanne Nur Kuruçay, Seda Gözel, Bahadır Müftoglu, Elif Nur Kökluoğlu, Hamza Kadi, Fatih Dogan, Serdar Yildirim, Semra Gumusova, Zafer Yazici, Manfred Weidmann, Harun Albayrak","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diagnosis time of infectious diseases in aquaculture is an important issue, and local and commercial enterprises generally do not prefer laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases due to the long lead time and cost. This leads to the under-reporting of outbreaks in aquaculture farms and the recognition of infectious agents when they spread to many farm systems and cause significant economic loss. In this study, we aim to develop a fast and simple diagnostic test that can easily be applied under field conditions against Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV Ie), which are two crucial viral pathogens that cause significant problems in trout farming in Türkiye, both in hatcheries and farms. For this reason, we developed a lateral flow test strip for the duplex diagnosis of VHSV Ie and IPNV sp. based on Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), one of the molecular tests developed in recent years. We also compared Quantitative RT-PCR (q RT-PCR), Quantitative RT-RPA (rtRT-RPA) and lateral flow RT-RPA (lfRT-RPA) methods, which optimise both singleplex and duplex. As a result of this stage, the minimum detection limits of both rtRT-PCR, rtRT-RPA, and lfRT-RPA methods were determined. The lfRT-RPA test is almost as sensitive as rtRT-PCR and rtRT-RPA for the detection of duplex VHSV Ie, but for the detection of the IPNV sp., the lfRT-RPA test was found to be approximately 10-fold less sensitive than rtRT-PCR and rtRT-RPA. It is thought that the duplex lateral flow detection kit will allow timely diagnosis in the field for detecting infectious diseases of other aquaculture farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144731565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Characterisation of Serotype III in Miamiensis avidus (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida) From Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).","authors":"Jin-Young Kim, Jeong-Hoon Kim, Su-Mi Shin, Taeho Kim, Se Ryun Kwon, Sung-Ju Jung","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Miamiensis avidus (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida, syn. Philasterides dicentrarchi) is a significant pathogen causing scuticociliatosis in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea and Japan. In this study, the BB19 strain, isolated from olive flounder, was identified as M. avidus through phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) sequences and classified as cox1 genotype IV. Serotype-specific PCR confirmed BB19 as serotype III. Agglutination assay and indirect ELISA also showed that BB19 exclusively reacted with anti-serotype III (Mie0301 and BB19) sera, with no cross-reactivity to other serotypes, making this the first report of this serotype in Korea. Western blot analyses revealed a unique 34 kDa protein in serotype III, distinguishing it from the 30 and 38 kDa proteins of other serotypes. These results suggest that serotype III has distinct antigenic properties, indicating that vaccines based on serotypes I and II may not offer cross-protection. Virulence tests showed that BB19 caused 65% cumulative mortality in olive flounder at a concentration of 1 × 10⁵ cells/fish, a level similar to that of other serotypes. The high virulence of BB19 highlights the need for ongoing monitoring of emerging serotypes and development of effective preventive measures against M. avidus to support the aquaculture industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70030"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144731601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saprolegnia parasitica S1 and S2 Strains Differ in Zoospore Transition Timing and Pathogenicity Against Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar).","authors":"James Duston, Nasif Sarowar, Tyler Schmidt-Schaun, Tessema Astatkie","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>S1 and S2 strains of S. parasitica are both common among diseased farmed salmonids in Nova Scotia, whereas globally S1 is rare and S2 is common. Following the initiation of asexual maturation and overnight incubation at 20°C then harvest, and incubation at 10°C in vitro, S2 secondary zoospores mostly transformed into cysts within 3 h, and by 6 h post-harvest > 80% had germinated. S1 zoospores, by contrast, exhibited persistent motility; at > 30 h post-harvest > 80% were in the motile stage, and < 10% were either cysts or germlings. The disease challenge test began with skin disruption by shaking pairs of fish in a net for 15 s, then stocking six fish in up to 12 aquaria (27 L water), addition of 400 zoospores/ml, held in static water for 11 h, then 10°C flow-through. Through smolting (January-June) at 10°C, S1 was consistently more virulent than S2 (p = 0.005), with gross disease signs evident among 50% of test fish in 40 h for S1 versus 72 h for S2. Susceptibility to disease was independent of smolt status (p = 0.512). Secondary motile zoospores, cysts, or germling stages of both strains all caused disease, but S2 germlings were the least pathogenic.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70028"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Anthelmintic Effect of Selected Agents Against Microcotyle sebastis and Microcotyle caudata, the Gill Monogenean Parasites of Rockfish, Sebastes spp.","authors":"U-Hwa Nam, Han-Seul Cho, Jeong-Ho Kim","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The in vitro efficacy of various anthelminthic agents was investigated against adults and eggs of the Microcotyle sebastis and M. caudata. Praziquantel (PZQ), ivermectin (IVM), trichlorfon (TCF), fenbendazole (FNBZ), febantel (FBT), flubendazole (FLBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), formalin, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were selected as test agents. The hatching rate of M. sebastis and M. caudata eggs was significantly reduced by formalin (200, 300 mg/L), hydrogen peroxide (50-200 mg/L) and NaOCl (75-200 mg/L) treatment. However, seven anthelminthic agents, including PZQ, did not effectively inhibit the hatching of eggs. 50-200 mg/L NaOCl treatment significantly killed M. sebastis and M. caudata adults. In particular, IVM 200 mg/L for 30 min treatment showed 100% killing activity against M. sebastis adults and 80% killing activity against M. caudata adults. However, PZQ, TCF, FNBZ, FBT, FLBZ and TBZ treatments showed mortalities of less than 33%. When anthelmintics were directly applied to adult worms attached to the gills in vitro, PZQ 200 mg/L for 30 min treatment induced detachment of M. sebastis (99.2%) and M. caudata (100%) from the gills. However, most of the worms recovered after the treatment. IVM 200 mg/L induced detachment of more than 83% of M. sebastis and M. caudata on the gills and, consequently, death of the detached worms. All the other agents induced negligible effects on the adult worms attached to the gills. This result suggests that NaOCl and IVM bath treatments effectively control M. sebastis and M. caudata in sebastid species aquaculture, and formalin, hydrogen peroxide and NaOCl are effective against eggs. An in vivo study will be necessary to evaluate their anthelmintic effects on aquaculture farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70024"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Sensitive Real-Time PCR Method for Detection of Carp Oedema Virus.","authors":"Huilin He, Ruixue Feng, Siyi Guo, Bing Han, Jinshan Huang, Xu Lin, Jiyuan Yin, Defeng Zhang, Min Liu, Wen Shi","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carp oedema virus disease (CEVD), caused by the carp oedema virus (CEV), results in significant economic losses to the common carp and koi aquaculture industry. The CEVD symptoms resemble those of koi herpesvirus (KHV) and include lethargy, swollen gills, sunken eyes, and skin haemorrhages. Consequently, the development of efficient detection methods is imperative for the prevention and diagnosis of CEVD. In this study, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR assay for the sensitive detection of CEV infection. Specific primers were designed based on a highly conserved region within the CEV p4a gene. The assay exhibited a sensitivity that was 100-fold greater than that of the conventional PCR technique, with high specificity, and no observed cross-reactivity with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), salmonid alphavirus (SAV), or KHV. Inter- and intra-assay experiments also confirmed the method's high repeatability. In a clinical setting, it showed higher sensitivity compared to the diagnostic methods for CEVD developed by the Center for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), while also significantly reducing detection costs. Consequently, the established assay could provide robust technical support for the clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of CEVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70027"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Naringenin as a Promising Therapeutic Agent for Gyrodactylus kobayashii in Goldfish.","authors":"Guangshuo Wang, Jiacheng Qin, Yingjie Jin, Xiaofa Luan, Shenye Qu, Tianqiang Liu, Fei Ling, Gaoxue Wang","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gyrodactylus spp. pose significant threats to farmed fish due to their high pathogenicity, resulting in substantial economic losses in aquaculture. Currently, treatments for gyrodactylosis primarily rely on chemical agents, the efficacy and safety of which are not always satisfactory, underscoring the urgent need for novel anthelmintic agents. In the pursuit of novel therapeutic agents, we assessed the in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of 20 natural compounds using a goldfish (Carassius auratus)-Gyrodactylus kobayashii infection model. Among these compounds, naringenin (NAR) exhibited the highest efficacy and was selected for further investigation. In vitro results demonstrated NAR's significant anti-parasitic activity, achieving 100% mortality at 4.0 mg/L after 60 min of exposure. Subsequent in vivo investigations revealed that the median effective concentration (EC₅₀) of NAR was 0.859 mg/L at 24 h and 0.704 mg/L at 48 h post-treatment, with EC₁₀₀ at 2 mg/L. Additionally, NAR significantly impaired the mobility of G. kobayashii. Confocal microscopy revealed that NAR-induced structural damage in worm tissues, including epidermal disruption and muscle dissolution. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo exposure to NAR caused a decline in ATP levels, indicating potential impairment of energy production in G. kobayashii. Collectively, these findings establish NAR as a promising therapeutic agent for protecting farmed fish against Gyrodactylus infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Identification, Phylogenetic Analysis, Clinical and Histopathological Findings of Dermocystidium anguillae From Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio).","authors":"Hooman Rahmati-Holasoo, Sara Shokrpoor, Hadi Ghojaye-Yousefi, Zahra Ziafati Kafi","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dermocystidium is a pathogenic fungus-like protist that infects many fish species, causing lesions on the skin, gills and other tissues, which may result in systemic disease. In the present study, a new Dermocystidium anguillae infection in the skin and eyes of the koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Iran was described using a comprehensive analysis of morphological, histological and molecular data. Filiform hyphal-like cysts were visible on wet mounts. The cysts were filled with spherical to round spores. Wet mount preparations of fresh cyst contents of Dermocystidium anguillae revealed a massive number of spherical to oval spores with refractile bodies. The spores were approximately 5-13 μm in diameter. In histopathological examination, the skin and eye masses were infiltrated by numerous elongated cystic structures. The eosinophilic and hyalinised wall of the cysts was 4-6 μm thick and filled with numerous spherical spores with eccentrically situated nuclei and a large refractile body. In the dermal layer, around the cystic structures, there was edema and granulomatous dermatitis (infiltration of moderate numbers of plasma cells, small lymphocytes and epithelioid cells). Oedema, hyperaemia and multifocal haemorrhages were evident in the ocular masses. The nucleotide sequencing results obtained from the GenBank BLASTN database indicated a 100% sequence similarity with the registered Dermocystidium anguillae.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance for Nile Tilapia Pathogens in Lake Victoria, Kenya.","authors":"Eric M Teplitz, Venny M Mwainge, Teresia N Wacira, Caleb Ogwai, Meshack J Mayianda, Linnet Ochieng, Ekta Patel, Rodman G Getchell, Christopher M Aura, Kathryn J Fiorella","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cage aquaculture industry in Lake Victoria, Kenya is growing explosively to meet increasing demand for fish, yet large-scale fish mortalities are prevalent and pose economic shocks with catastrophic livelihood impacts. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of fish health in Lake Victoria, our study applied: (1) survey of cage farmer accounts, perceptions and responses to fish kill events; (2) rapid-response investigation to a significant tilapia mortality event; (3) active disease surveillance; and (4) antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing of bacterial pathogens via disk diffusion. There were 82 fish kills recalled from 2020 to 2023 with total mortalities exceeding 1.8 million tilapia; yet, only 39% of farmers reported to Kenyan institutions and 17% of farmers attempted medical treatment. Low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and the isolation of Aeromonas jandaei, Enterobacter hormaechei and Staphylococcus epidermidis were implicated as suspected causes for a recent tilapia mortality event. Active disease surveillance detected trichodinids and monogeneans as common external parasites and identified an additional six bacterial species in tilapia (Acinetobacter soli, Bacillus cereus, Kocuria rhizophila, Micrococcus luteus, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Staphylococcus sciuri) previously published as fish pathogens. Furthermore, we identify AMR patterns that will support the development of host- and pathogen-specific thresholds.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70022"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Silico Assessment of Cannabidiol From Cannabis sativa as an Antiviral Agent Against Key Shrimp Pathogens in Aquaculture.","authors":"Shoba Gunasekaran, Atchuthan Purushothaman, K Anju","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shrimp aquaculture plays a crucial role in global food production but is increasingly threatened by viral and microsporidian pathogens such as White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) and Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV). Conventional reliance on antibiotics to combat these infections has raised serious concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance, environmental contamination and food safety. Additionally, environmental stressors such as salinity shifts and poor water quality exacerbate disease outbreaks, leading to severe production losses across Asia and Latin America. To explore eco-friendly therapeutic alternatives, this study assessed the antiviral potential of cannabidiol (CBD), a bioactive compound extracted from Cannabis sativa seed oil, identified through GC-MS analysis. Using molecular docking techniques, we evaluated CBD's interactions with key viral proteins: VP28 of WSSV, the tubulin β-chain of EHP and the capsid protein of IHHNV. The docking results revealed strong binding affinities of -6.61 kcal/mol (EHP), -6.72 kcal/mol (IHHNV) and -5.38 kcal/mol (WSSV), indicating stable and potentially inhibitory interactions. Structural models were retrieved from RCSB PDB and SwissModel, while ligand preparation and docking were performed using AutoDock 4.2. CBD also demonstrated favourable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, with predictions indicating no mutagenicity, hepatotoxicity or cardiotoxicity, and acceptable drug-likeness characteristics. Compared to other plant-derived compounds previously tested in shrimp disease models, CBD exhibited superior binding stability, more interaction residues and better bioavailability scores. These findings highlight CBD as a promising dual-function agent, capable of both modulating shrimp immunity and directly inhibiting key viral pathogens. These findings highlight cannabidiol (CBD) as a promising dual-action compound, with the potential to both enhance shrimp immune responses and exert direct antiviral effects against key pathogens. This study lays a robust groundwork for future in vivo validations, formulation strategies and regulatory frameworks, ultimately supporting the development of sustainable, precision-based aquaculture health management.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70015"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iodophor Reduces Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and Vagococcus salmoninarum Prevalence During Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Spawning.","authors":"Justine Nelson, Rebekah McCann, Cristina Dahl, Keta Oettinger, Sara Dziki, Ryan Katona, Corey Puzach, Eric Leis, Brandon Keesler, Carey Edwards, Kenneth Phillips, Isaac Standish","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines the effects of iodophor disinfection on the prevalence of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and Vagococcus salmoninarum during several years of spawning brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). The first year of the study, individual eggs were collected from females and separated into four treatment groups: unfertilised, unfertilised and disinfected, fertilised and fertilised and disinfected. Disinfection consisted of iodophor treatment at 100 ppm for 60 min. All eggs were incubated in TSB and monitored for bacterial growth. No growth was observed from disinfected eggs. However, from non-disinfected eggs, C. maltaromaticum was isolated from the surface of 25% of individual unfertilised and 53% of fertilised eggs. V. salmoninarum was only isolated from non-disinfected fertilised eggs. In year two, the process was repeated, though all eggs were fertilised and iodophor disinfected at 100 ppm for 30 min. Again, the pathogens were present on only a small number of disinfected eggs-V. salmoninarum and C. maltaromaticum were detected from the surface of one and five eggs respectively. Throughout the study we found no evidence of intra-ova transmission from disinfected eggs. The study also demonstrates that iodophor is highly efficacious in reducing the prevalence and transmission risk of these pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}