Journal of fish diseases最新文献

{"title":"Rapid Detection of Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV) Using RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a.","authors":"Xiaoyang Li, Aoqing Zhang, Yingying Li, Yingying Wang, Hao Zheng, Defeng Zhang, Yan Ren, Xubing Mo, Yuting Deng, Junyu Luo, Meiling Yu, Bo Chen, Qing Wang, Jiyuan Yin","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), that can infect cyprinoid and koi causing an acute hemorrhagic symptom, with a feature of widespread epidemic, which poses a severe threat to the global aquaculture industry. Given the absence of specific effective medicine or vaccines, the early, accurate diagnosis is critical in the disease prevention. Many SVCV detection methods have been established, but most require specialized equipment and skilled operators, which limits their field application. In this study, we established a recombinase-mediated isothermal amplification (RAA) in conjunction with the CRISPR/Cas12a system targeting the screened conserved region of the G gene in the genome to identify SVCV. The optimal combination of the primer pairs and crRNA was screened via the fluorescence intensity. In addition, the test exhibited high sensitivity and specificity, which could detect at the limit of 1.243 × 10¹ copies/μL and show no cross-reactivity with other common freshwater fish pathogens. Furthermore, the result could be visible by excitation of fluorophores by blue light at 39°C within 30 min. The integrated method combines the advantages of RAA and CRISPR-based signal transduction, offering a diagnosis project in resource-limited aquaculture environments and a field-applicable early warning of SVCV.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148874373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Specific Immune Response in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) Experimentally Infected With Pseudomonas plecoglossicida by Intraperitoneal Injection or Immersion","authors":"Liangyin He,&nbsp;Rongguang Zhong,&nbsp;Doudou Wu,&nbsp;Junkun Wang,&nbsp;Xinling Xu,&nbsp;Weiqing Huang","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70201","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70201","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The bacterial pathogen <i>Pseudomonas plecoglossicida</i> causes visceral white nodules disease (VWND) in the large yellow croaker (LYC; <i>Larimichthys crocea</i>), a commonly farmed species in China, resulting in substantial economic losses in the aquaculture industry. To better understand host innate immune mechanisms during <i>P. plecoglossicida</i> infection, LYCs were infected either by intraperitoneal (IP) injection or immersion, and their non-specific immune responses were compared. Fish were subjected to serial concentrations of the pathogen in both challenged groups, and the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was determined for subsequent infection trials. The results show that the respiratory burst activity, antioxidant activity (SOD, CAT and MDA), and non-specific immune responses (ACP, ALP and LZM) of LYCs were stimulated, and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (<i>il-1β</i>, <i>tnfα1</i>, <i>il-8</i> and <i>il-10</i>) were considerably upregulated compared with mock-infected fish during bacterial infection periods via both challenge routes. Furthermore, the non-specific response in the immersion group started later and appeared to last longer, often exceeding the response in IP-injected fish. These results will contribute to a further understanding of the pathogenesis and host defence system in fishes following infection with <i>P. plecoglossicida</i>, and may inform the future development of preventive strategies for controlling VWND.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare Case of Hypermelanosis or Chromatophore Hyperplasia in Incidental Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775) From a Brackish Water Aquaculture Pond","authors":"Vasanthan Koothan,&nbsp;Nguyen Dinh-Hung,&nbsp;Ayyaru Gopalakrishnan","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70189","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hypermelanosis associated with chromatophore hyperplasia was documented in an incidental specimen of <i>Terapon jarbua</i> (Forsskål, 1775) collected from a semi-intensive brackish-water culture pond used for Asian sea bass (<i>Lates calcarifer</i>) production. Gross examination revealed prominent, irregular, and partially coalescent hypermelanotic patches distributed along the lateral body surface and fins, accompanied by localized skin ulceration, whereas the internal organs appeared macroscopically normal. Radiographic assessment indicated that the lesions were restricted to soft tissues, with no evidence of skeletal involvement. Microscopically, the lesions were characterized by marked disruption of normal chromatophore architecture including extensive melanophore proliferation and alterations in associated chromatophore populations. Histopathological examination showed dense dermal melanin deposition, hypertrophic melanophores and disorganization in the dermal connective tissue framework. Fontana–Masson staining confirmed the presence of actively synthesized melanin within the affected tissues. Transmission electron microscopy further revealed abundant melanosomes at different stages of maturation within melanophores, together with cytoplasmic crowding and peripheral nuclear displacement. Bacteriological screening of skin lesions and internal organs on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 2% NaCl yielded no culturable bacterial growth under the incubation conditions tested. These findings are consistent with localized melanophore hyperplasia affecting the chromatophore system. This case highlights the occurrence of significant pigmentation abnormalities in a non-target species inhabiting aquaculture environments and underscores the importance of continued health surveillance and documentation of unusual phenotypic conditions in brackish-water culture systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147717000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Effects of Shewanella algae A3 and Serratia marcescens Van80 UB3 on Immune Response, Gene Expression and Resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vp5 in Pacific White Shrimp","authors":"Sutanti Sutanti,&nbsp;Sukenda Sukenda,&nbsp;Widanarni Widanarni,&nbsp;Alimuddin Alimuddin,&nbsp;Ratu Siti Aliah,&nbsp;Handang Widantara,&nbsp;Dendi Hidayatullah","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70204","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70204","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study addresses the infection caused by <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> Vp5, which carries the <i>pir</i>A and <i>pirB</i> toxin genes responsible for hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in Pacific white shrimp, leading to significant production losses. The use of a host-associated probiotic is considered a promising strategy to prevent such diseases. In this laboratory experiment, the effect of indigenous probiotics <i>Shewanella algae</i> A3 and <i>Serratia marcescens</i> Van80 UB3 was evaluated in terms of histopathology, immunity, gene expression and their protective ability against AHPND-causing bacteria in Pacific white shrimp (2 ± 0.5 g) over a 30-day feeding trial. A total of 150 shrimp of post larvae-10 (PL-10) were divided into five treatment groups: probiotic A (<i>S. algae</i> A3) at 10⁶ cfu/g, probiotic B (<i>S. marcescens</i> Van80 UB3) at the same dose, probiotic C (a 1:1 mixture of both strains), a positive control K (+) (standard feed with infection) and negative control K (−) (standard feed without infection). After a 30-day feeding, the shrimp were challenged with <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i> Vp5 and survival was recorded for 14 days. The result showed that shrimp treated with the mixed probiotic (group C) had the highest survival (95.83% ± 1.44%), which was significantly higher than the positive control (72.22% ± 1.57%) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of immune-related genes such as <i>proPO</i> and <i>serine protease</i> in the intestine, muscle and hepatopancreas was significantly increased in the mixed probiotic group compared to the other treatments. In contrast, the expression of the <i>cathepsin L</i> gene, associated with muscle growth, was significantly lower in this group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Immune response parameters after a 14-day challenge were higher in the mixed probiotic group. Histological observations revealed that the intestine and hepatopancreas tissues in probiotic-treated shrimp were in better and more normal condition compared to the positive control. Overall, the findings suggest that supplementing shrimp diets with a combination of <i>S. algae</i> A3 and <i>S. marcescens</i> Van80 UB3 at 10⁶ cfu/g of feed is effective in improving shrimp health and resistance to AHPND.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish Poxviruses on the Rise: Prospects for Aquatic Health","authors":"Mikolaj Adamek,&nbsp;Marek Matras,&nbsp;Oluwaseun Christianah Ojelade,&nbsp;Motohiko Sano,&nbsp;Mona C. Gjessing,&nbsp;Tomas Korytar,&nbsp;Alberto Falco,&nbsp;Krzysztof Rakus,&nbsp;Verena Jung-Schroers,&nbsp;Andor Doszpoly","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70200","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70200","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fish poxviruses are increasingly recognised as emerging pathogens of fish and should be considered in cases of unexplained gill or skin pathology. Carp edema virus (CEV), the causative agent of koi sleepy disease in common carp and koi (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>), represents the first known example. Since then, additional members of the poxviridae have been described, including <i>Plecoglossus altivelis</i> poxvirus (PaPV) in ayu (<i>Plecoglossus altivelis</i>), seahorse poxvirus (SHPV) in Cape seahorse (<i>Hippocampus capensis</i>), salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) in Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>), cod gill poxvirus (CGPV) in cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>), black bullhead poxvirus in black bullhead (<i>Ameiurus melas</i>) and Japanese seabream poxvirus (JSPV) in red seabream (<i>Pagrus major</i>). Most poxviruses share a tropism for epithelial tissues, causing gill hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and in the case of SHPV, dermatopathy. Clinical presentation is often complicated by secondary infections due to the immunomodulatory effects of poxviruses. Diagnostic progress is hampered by their failure to replicate in cell culture, inconsistent electron microscopy results and the lack of broad molecular screening tools. Fish health professionals should remain vigilant and include poxviruses in differential diagnoses for gill and skin disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfd.70200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and Characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum as a Causative Pathogen in Farmed Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in China","authors":"Jiahao Li,&nbsp;Lingyun Lin,&nbsp;Jinyu Shen,&nbsp;Jiayun Yao,&nbsp;Xiao Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Pan","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70193","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In March 2024, a severe mass mortality event occurred at a grass carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>) farm in Zhejiang, China, resulting in a cumulative mortality rate of 70%. To identify the causative agent, 12 bacterial isolates that exhibited the same phenotypic characteristics were isolated from diseased fish. A further phylogenetic (16S rDNA) characterization identified the bacterium as <i>Flavobacterium psychrophilum</i>. Genetic characterization revealed that all 12 bacterial isolates belonged to serotype Type-1 and sequence type ST418, a newly documented ST closely associated with cyprinid fish hosts. In infection trials, the bacterium exhibited clear virulence in grass carp, producing clinical signs consistent with those observed during the outbreak. Furthermore, histopathology of diseased fish with <i>F. psychrophilum</i> revealed ulcerative dermatitis with associated myositis, proliferative branchitis, vascular congestion and focal necrosis in the liver, multifocal necrosis in the spleen, and tubular dilation with renal corpuscle necrosis in the kidney. Given the potential risk of cross-species transmission among cyprinid fish, we also evaluated the pathogenicity of this bacterium in Prussian carp (<i>Carassius gibelio</i>), a widely cultured species in China. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of <i>F. psychrophilum</i> causing mass mortality in farmed grass carp in China and provides essential information to support improved prevention and risk mitigation strategies for this emerging disease.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paracamallanus cyathopharynx (Baylis, 1923) Infection in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822): Linking the Morphology of Wound-Inflicting Structures to Histopathology","authors":"Thabo Kenneth Matea,&nbsp;Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70199","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Paracamallanus cyathopharynx</i> (Baylis, 1923) specimens were collected from the rectum of the African sharptooth catfish, <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> in Lake Heritage, Crocodile River in the Limpopo River system and in the Vaal River below the Vaal Dam. Attached and unattached parasites were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy along with infected and uninfected host tissue. The cuticle-lined buccal capsule and the muscular oesophagus attached to the epithelial lining and the cuticular ridges on the dorsal and ventral surface of the cavity provided traction that improved the grip. Sucking exerted by the oesophagus lifted and stripped the epithelium at the site of attachment, and a bolus of host tissue was ingested. The buccal capsule penetrated to the level of the lamina propria. The number of host mucus-secreting goblet cells increased significantly at the site of infection, and the proliferation of these cells were also significantly higher.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfd.70199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of Fibromyxoma in a Greater Amberjack (Seriola dumerili) From Aquarium of Genoa.","authors":"Fabiano Capparucci, Maria Giovanna Piro, Andrea Martino, Gaia Pesce, Fabio Marino, Carmelo Iaria","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In teleosts, mesenchymal tumours like fibromas are frequently observed, whereas their malignant counterparts, fibrosarcomas, occur only sporadically. In our study, an adult female greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) reared at the Aquarium of Genoa developed a slow-growing mass protruding from the ventral right side of the head. The tissue was firm and white greyish with localized cranial haemorrhaging on the external surface. Cut-section examination showed a homogeneous, dry, whitish and richly vascularized tissue layout. Tissue samples from the mass were stained with Masson's Trichrome, Alcian Blue-PAS (pH 2.5), and Toluidine blue for differential diagnosis. Microscopically, it was characterized by alternating collagenous spindle-cell septa and hypocellular metachromatic myxoid areas positive for acidic mucopolysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. The absence of cellular atypia, mitotic activity and necrosis confirms the diagnosis of fibromyxoma. Documenting rare tumours in aquarium fish expands comparative pathology literature and highlights public aquaria as valuable research platforms for long-term health monitoring under controlled husbandry conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Two Multienzyme Isothermal Rapid Amplification Techniques for the Rapid Visual Detection of Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus","authors":"Qingyue Xu,&nbsp;Yiping Lin,&nbsp;Yixia Ma,&nbsp;Zhantian Liao,&nbsp;Tao Li,&nbsp;Shuai Wang,&nbsp;Chunguo Liu,&nbsp;Zhan Luo,&nbsp;Qingqing Song,&nbsp;Shun Zhou,&nbsp;Yunji Xiu","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70191","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70191","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Largemouth bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) is an important freshwater-cultured species in China. <i>M. salmoides</i> rhabdovirus (MSRV) is a devastating pathogen that causes high mortality (exceeding 90% in acute outbreaks) in largemouth bass fry, posing a severe threat to the global largemouth bass aquaculture industry. To address the urgent demand for rapid, on-site MSRV detection, two multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA)-derived methods—multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification with fluorescence detection (MIRA-FLU) and multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification with lateral flow dipstick (MIRA-LFD)—were established and optimized targeting the conserved nucleoprotein (N) gene of MSRV. The performance of both methods was systematically evaluated, and their practical applicability was verified using clinical samples collected from diseased fish farms. The results demonstrated that both methods exhibited high sensitivity, with a detection limit of 9 copies/μL for the standard plasmid. Both detection methods demonstrated high specificity and showed no cross-reactivity with other common aquatic viruses, indicating their high specificity for MSRV detection. MIRA-FLU completed amplification within 25 min at 42°C, while MIRA-LFD achieved amplification within 12 min at 37°C. MIRA-FLU is used for real-time fluorescent quantitative detection, whereas MIRA-LFD enables visual, instrument-free reading via lateral flow test strips. In comparative analyses of clinical samples, the diagnostic results of MIRA-FLU and MIRA-LFD were compared with those of the standard conventional PCR test and showed nearly 100% consistency. Therefore, our MIRA-FLU and MIRA-LFD detection methods demonstrate excellent specificity and sensitivity, providing two simple, rapid and reliable approaches for large-scale field surveys of MSRV in resource-limited settings.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salt Treatment Confers Protection Against Acute Carp Edema Virus Reinfection While Promoting Viral Persistence.","authors":"Mikolaj Adamek, Maria Zawisza, Justin Tze Ho Chan, Alexander Rebl, Felix Teitge, Alberto Falco, Anne-Carina Miebach, Verena Jung-Schroers, Esteban Soto, Jiří Kyslík, Dieter Steinhagen, Krzysztof Rakus, Tomas Korytar","doi":"10.1111/jfd.70185","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfd.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carp edema virus (CEV) infects the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and causes the lethal koi sleepy disease (KSD). Signs of KSD include respiratory, detoxification, and osmoregulatory difficulties. Salt treatment re-equilibrates blood sodium levels and can save the fish. However, it is unclear whether these fish are immunized, remain chronically infected, and shed the virus, which could cause concern for aquaculture and the international fish trade. To address this issue, we examined the physiological and immunological responses following the infection of naturally immunized and naïve fish. Primary CEV infection induces inflammation in the gills and recruits granulocytic leukocyte infiltrates to the lamellae. Immunologically, the antiviral response driven by type I interferon is activated; however, both T and B lymphocytes fail to respond. As part of an immunization strategy, a primary infection followed by salt treatment effectively nullifies the pro-inflammatory response and lymphocyte immunosuppression during CEV reinfection. Our data indicate that immunization enables mechanisms such as lymphocyte activation, differentiation, antigen presentation, and an adaptive immune response and antibody production. However, immunized fish are unable to fully clear the virus for a significant period, during which they are most likely to shed infectious particles.</p>","PeriodicalId":15849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish diseases","volume":" ","pages":"e70185"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13432179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147690468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}