Journal of Equine Veterinary Science最新文献

{"title":"How accurate are riders in assessing saddle position?","authors":"M. Douglas ,&nbsp;J. Williams ,&nbsp;H. Randle","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Recent research has highlighted the detrimental impact of an ill-fitting saddle on equine health, welfare and performance. A correctly fitting saddle may not fit if positioned incorrectly.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study assessed riders’ ability to visually evaluate saddle position and examine factors that influenced accuracy of assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Survey participants were provided with photographs of a series of saddles on horses obtained from the lateral aspect of the left side of the horse. Saddles were either correctly positioned (<em>n</em> = 5), too far forward (<em>n</em> = 5) or too far back (<em>n</em> = 2). This was independently confirmed by three accredited saddle fitting professionals. The survey was distributed via snowball sampling on social media over an 3-week period in 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were 401 participants, who, on average, correctly identified 58.25 % of the saddle positions. Riders’ ability to correctly assess saddle position (mean 58.25 % correct) was not related to rider age, experience and discipline (all Kruskal-Wallis tests <em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). However, participants who had previously had their own saddle fitted professionally were better able to correctly assess saddle position (60.8 ± 19.0 % correct) compared to those who had not (52.2 ± 19.0 %; KW (1) = 12.59, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Given a substantial proportion of riders in this study were unable to identify correct saddle position these results are concerning due to a likely increased risk of causing the horse discomfort and compromising welfare. Given the increasing focus on ethical and sustainable equitation practice, this lack of knowledge regarding a fundamental piece of horse-riding equipment must be addressed as a priority.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 105655"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equine-assisted interventions in Germany: animal welfare knowledge and practices among equine-assisted professionals","authors":"T.F. Braun ,&nbsp;K. Ameli ,&nbsp;S. Krämer","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Numerous studies have shown the positive effects that horses in equine-assisted interventions can have on a variety of recipients. The importance of animal welfare and implementation of animal welfare practices in equine-assisted interventions has not yet been extensively researched.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this exploratory study was therefore to investigate the understanding of animal welfare from the perspective of equine-assisted professionals and how it is ensured by them.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>111 equine-assisted professionals in Germany were surveyed about their knowledge of animal welfare and the individual implementation of animal welfare practices with their horses using questionnaires with closed and open questions. The quantitative data were analysed using the statistical software SPSS and Microsoft Excel and the qualitative data were analysed based on thematic coding with category formation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis of the collected data shows that most equine-assisted professionals (96,6%) assign a very high level of importance to animal welfare during equine-assisted interventions. The knowledge of aspects relevant to animal welfare among equine-assisted professionals is varied. To ensure animal welfare, consideration is given to the common physical and psychological needs of horses and stress-related communication signals. At the same time, the focus on more obvious stress signals from the horse shows that there may still be a need to improve the recognition of more subtle behaviours.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Animal welfare is very important to equine-assisted professionals. More studies are needed to assess further animal welfare-relevant aspects in equine-assisted interventions and to investigate the implementation of animal welfare-related measures by professionals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 105656"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144682694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tight nosebands apply high pressures on the horses’ face and alter stride kinematics","authors":"E. Hopkins ,&nbsp;S. Whitrod ,&nbsp;D. Marlin ,&nbsp;R. Blake","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Noseband tightness has received increasing attention within equitation science, however, there is little research into how this effects equine behaviour or performance.</div></div><div><h3>Aims/objectives</h3><div>1) determine the peak pressures under noseband <em>in vivo</em> at three different tightness; 2) assess limb and back kinematics at different noseband tightness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Noseband tightness (n = 8 horses) was set using an International Society for Equine Science (ISES) taper gauge with the three settings being; “two fingers (2F)”, “one finger (1F)” and “zero fingers (0F)”. Peak pressure under noseband was determined using pressure sensors under. Motion capture was used to analyse kinematics of limb and back.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Peak pressures at 1F (40.9 ± 7.2 kPa) and 0F (115.8 ± 52.6 kPa), when compared to 2F (26.4 ± 7.2 kPa), showed a 54% and 338% increase, respectively (F (1.027, 7.192) = 21.012, P = 0.002). As the noseband tightness increased, stride length decreased, showing a statistically significant negative correlation (r_s(22) = -0.592, P = 0.004). A mean decrease in stride length of 6.2% was seen with the 1F when compared to 2F and an 11.1% decrease was seen at 0F when compared to 2F.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In conclusion, as the noseband was tightened, peak pressure increased and this has a detrimental effect on horses’ kinematics, markedly stride kinematics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 105654"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144682695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Readers Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0737-0806(25)00303-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0737-0806(25)00303-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 105645"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arteritis, aneurysm and thromboembolic colic caused by migration of Strongylus vulgaris larvae in equids","authors":"E.P.F. Souto ,&nbsp;V.W. Dantas ,&nbsp;A.M. Oliveira ,&nbsp;D.S. Garcia ,&nbsp;V.L.R. Vilela ,&nbsp;E.G. Miranta Neto ,&nbsp;R.A. Mota ,&nbsp;A.F.M. Dantas","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Strongylus vulgaris</em> remains a significant cause of disease in equids, especially in regions with insufficient deworming practices.</div></div><div><h3>Aims/Objectives</h3><div>To describe the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and parasitological findings of vascular and extravascular lesions associated with <em>S. vulgaris</em> in equids.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective analysis was conducted on necropsy reports from equids examined at the Animal Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Campina Grande (2000–2024), targeting cases of vascular lesions associated with <em>S. vulgaris</em>. Epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings were reviewed. Tissue samples were routinely processed for histopathology, and nematodes within vascular lesions were identified by light microscopy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 938 necropsied equids, 804 (85.7 %) were horses, 89 (9.4 %) donkeys, and 45 (4.7 %) mules. Cranial mesenteric artery (CMA) lesions were identified in 54 animals (5.7 %), comprising 45 horses, 6 donkeys, and 3 mules. Affected equids ranged from 3 months to 30 years of age, and included 29 females and 25 males. Most were mixed-breed (66.7 %), raised under a semi-intensive system (98.1 %), and from states in northeastern Brazil. Nearly all cases (98.1 %) were incidental necropsy findings, except for one fatal case of thromboembolic colic. Gross vascular lesions included segmental focal thickening (92.6 %) or aneurysms (7.4 %), often with intralesional nematodes. Histopathology revealed endarteritis, fibrinocellular thrombi, and intralesional <em>S. vulgaris</em> larvae, identified by parasitological evaluation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Verminous lesions by <em>S. vulgaris</em> should be considered in the differential diagnosis of vascular and extravascular abnormalities in equids. This study highlights the importance of examining the CMA during necropsies and laparotomies in equids from endemic regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 105650"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144618551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction on reproductive performance in Thoroughbred mares","authors":"H. Murase ,&nbsp;S. Wachi ,&nbsp;R. Matsuyama ,&nbsp;K. Makita ,&nbsp;F. Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is an age-related disease considered to have a negative impact on fertility. To understand the true impact of PPID on fertility, the influence of age must be considered.</div></div><div><h3>Aims/objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the impact of PPID on fertility while accounting for the effect of aging.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 332 Thoroughbred mares aged 10–20 years and managed across 137 private farms in Hidaka, Hokkaido, Japan were classified as PPID, equivocal, or non-PPID based on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration in 2019 and 2020. The prevalence of PPID and its associations with age and blood biochemistry parameters, including prolactin, were investigated. Multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjustments for potentially confounders including mare’s age, PPID status were conducted to evaluate their impact on fertility.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of PPID was 9.04 %. No significant differences in prolactin concentrations were observed among PPID status groups. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for the interaction between age and PPID status was 0.49 (95 %CI; 0.26-0.91, <em>p</em> = 0.02), indicating a greater age-related decline in pregnancy rate in PPID mares compared to non-PPID mares. Of the 30 PPID mares, 24 were assigned to either treated or untreated groups, and monitored for pregnancy outcomes in the following spring. Pregnancy rates were 80 % (12/15) in treated mares and 44.4 % (4/9) in untreated mares (<em>p</em> = 0.10). The AOR for pregnancy in treated mares, relative to untreated mares, was 2.98 (95 %CI; 0.26-24.61, <em>p</em> = 0.31).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>PPID was suggested to negatively impact on fertility with aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 105651"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144618569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed infection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in a mare (Equus ferus caballus) from Minas Gerais State, Southeastern Brazil","authors":"Anna Luiza Moreira Martins ,&nbsp;Letícia Gracielle Tôrres de Miranda Estevam ,&nbsp;Marina Andrade Freire ,&nbsp;Ana Cristina Vianna Mariano da Rocha Lima ,&nbsp;Flávia Carvalho Bitencourt de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Felipe Dutra-Rêgo ,&nbsp;Gustavo Mayr de Lima Carvalho ,&nbsp;Vitor Márcio Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Gustavo Fontes Paz","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Equine leishmaniasis is a widespread disease in Brazil, mainly caused by <em>Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis</em>, with occasional cases involving <em>Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum</em>. This study reports a mixed infection in a 6-year-old mare from rural Itabirito, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The mare exhibited nodular cutaneous lesions on all limbs but had no other health issues. Skin and bone marrow samples were collected and analyzed using parasitological and molecular methods targeting the <em>hsp70</em> gene and ITS1 region. Both <em>L. (V.) braziliensis</em> and <em>L. (L.) infantum</em> were identified, confirming a mixed infection. Notably, this is the first confirmed isolation of <em>L. (V.) braziliensis</em> from equine cutaneous lesions. These findings highlight the importance of recognizing equids as potential reservoirs in the transmission of leishmaniasis, which has implications for disease control and epidemiological surveillance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 105649"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144618570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the extent to which ataxia and responsiveness to stimuli reflect the efficacy of xylazine sedation using pharmacokinetics","authors":"Elouise K. Bacon ,&nbsp;Carrie J. Finno ,&nbsp;Callum G. Donnelly ,&nbsp;Bianca Haase ,&nbsp;Heather K. Knych ,&nbsp;Brandon D. Velie","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Clinical assessments of equine sedation typically rely on subjective observations, the accuracy of which is paramount to the safety of equine veterinary procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To assess the degree in which subjective clinical sedative evaluations reflect pharmacokinetic measurements of equine drug metabolism, xylazine hydrochloride, an alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist, was administered to 36 horses of varying breed and age at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. Subjective clinical parameters were scored at 5-, 15-, 30-, 45- and 60-minutes post xylazine administration and included responsiveness to sound, touch, visual stimuli, and observed degree of ataxia. Blood samples were collected at each time interval and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was performed to determine serum plasma concentrations of xylazine (XC) and 4-OH-xylazine (OHXC). Spearman’s and Kendall’s rank correlations assessed associations between subjective and objective measures of xylazine sedation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ataxia demonstrated the strongest association, showing moderate positive correlation with both XC and OHXC (<em>r</em> = 0.63 and <em>r</em> = 0.58 respectively). Whilst all individual stimuli measures were significantly (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) associated with both XC and OHXC, correlation for each was classified as negligible, ranging from <em>r</em> = -0.158 to -0.247. Combined stimuli responsiveness scores marginally improved the correlation with both XC and OHXC over that of individual stimuli measures yet remained classified as negligible correlation (XC <em>r</em> = -0.29, OHXC <em>r</em> = -0.28).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study highlights the limited correlation between stimuli-based sedation assessments and xylazine plasma concentrations, underscoring the importance of multifactorial evaluations with the inclusion of ataxia when assessing sedation for clinical procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 105652"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analysis of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection after intravenous and per os administration in Thoroughbred horses","authors":"Taisuke Kuroda ,&nbsp;Yohei Minamijima ,&nbsp;Hidekazu Niwa ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Mita ,&nbsp;Motoi Nomura ,&nbsp;Minoru Ohta","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>A pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) approach was used to determine the dosage regimens of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) infections after intravenous (IV) and per os (PO) administration in horses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole plasma concentrations were measured in six horses after a single IV administration of 15 mg/kg (2.5 mg/kg trimethoprim and 12.5 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole) and PO administration of 30 mg/kg (5.0 mg/kg trimethoprim and 25.0 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole). The data were modeled using a nonlinear mixed-effects model. The probability of target attainment (PTA) of the PK/PD target defined as the ratio of the area under the free plasma concentration-time curve to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) over 25 h was calculated for 5000 horses using Monte Carlo simulations.</div></div><div><h3>Results and conclusion</h3><div>Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole dosage regimens of 15 mg/kg IV and 30 mg/kg PO at the approved interval of q12h did not attain therapeutic targets for MRSA infections in horses. More frequent administration (q8h) may be necessary to achieve these targets. In addition, this standard dosage achieved only 90 % PTA against the MIC of 0.125/2.38 mg/L and did not achieve against the MIC for the CLSI breakpoint for humans (2.0/38 mg/L).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 105640"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What ‘knot’ to do whilst castrating donkeys. A retrospective comparison of ligation method on spermatic cord haemorrhage in 261 donkeys castrated by vet students in rural Malawi using transfixing and modified millers' ligatures","authors":"A. Yeomans ,&nbsp;R. Hampson ,&nbsp;T. Razemba","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Special considerations for donkeys undergoing castration compared with horses include the presence of large scrotal vessels, larger testicular artery and vein and the consequential increased risk of post-operative haemorrhage which necessitates spermatic cord ligation.</div></div><div><h3>Aims/objectives</h3><div>This retrospective study compares haemorrhagic complication rates between two methods of spermatic cord ligation in donkeys castrated in rural Malawi.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>All donkeys presenting to Veterinary Education Malawi / Lilongwe Society for the Protection and Care of Animals rural large animal outreach clinics for castration between February 2020 and August 2024 that underwent castration, performed by veterinary studentswho had undergone training in surgical castration were included. From 02.2020-02.2024 a transfixing ligature was placed and from February 2024 a modified millers’ knot was placed. Age, weight and incidence of spermatic cord haemorrhage were recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Two-hundred-sixty-one donkeys were included, with a median age of 4 years (inter-quartile-range (IQR); 3.5). Spermatic cord haemorrhage was recorded during significantly more procedures where a transfixing ligature was placed (6; 3.8 %, confidence interval 95 % (CI): 0.7-7 %) compared with procedures where a modified millers’ knot was placed (0; 0 %, CI: 0-0 %). Age or weight did not significantly differ between treatment groups or between cases where haemorrhage was and was not recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This is the first study to compare the outcomes between two methods of spermatic cord ligation in donkeys. The modified millers’ knot is easy to apply, provides excellent hemostasis and may be preferentially used over the transfixing ligature for ligation of the spermatic cord in donkeys undergoing castration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 105639"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144553714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}