Journal of Equine Veterinary Science最新文献

{"title":"Evidence of glycan mosaicism in the equine oviduct","authors":"C.J.P. Jones ,&nbsp;S. Wilsher ,&nbsp;J.D. Aplin","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report a lectin histochemical study of oviductal ampulla and isthmus of thirteen mares euthanised at anestrus (1), estrus (5), 1-day post-ovulation (5) or diestrus (2). Staining with a panel of 5 lectins recognizing N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues revealed mosaicism in glycan expression in some specimens of ampulla and isthmus, peaking at estrus and 1-day post-ovulation (ov+1). In the ampulla, this presented as positively stained areas of both ciliated and non-ciliated cells in otherwise negatively-stained ampullae, ranging from small foci (diestrus) to areas up to 200 microns in length or more (estrus and ov+1). No positive clusters were observed in anestrus. In the isthmus, there was 1 specimen at estrus exhibiting discrete areas lacking stain with all five GalNAc-binding lectins which showed strong staining in the rest of the tissue, while at ov+1, another specimen showed unstained areas with 3 of the 5 GalNAc binding lectins. In both isthmus cases, terminal lactosamine (Gal-GlcNAc-) and α2-3-linked sialic acid were present in the unstained foci but were negligible elsewhere. Other glycans did not appear to be affected in this way. Various lectins and pre-treatment to cleave terminal sialic acid residues were used to assess how terminal glycosylation might differ between areas showing mosaicism and other epithelial cells in the respective tissue compartments. We suggest that one explanation for this mosaicism may be that it has resulted from absence or activation of a GalNAc transferase in clones of cells, most likely the blood group A-related enzyme UDP-GalNAc:Fuc α1-2 Gal α1-3GalNAc transferase. These glycosylation patterns may affect the adherence of sperm and/or zygotes to these sites, and more studies are required to evaluate the extent of its occurrence and functional significance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 105574"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is the “train track” in the retained equine testis?","authors":"S. Di Giorgio ,&nbsp;S. Monti ,&nbsp;V. Palmieri ,&nbsp;G. Marino ,&nbsp;E. Napoli ,&nbsp;C. Vullo ,&nbsp;G. Catone","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 3-year-old Quarter horse stallion with unilateral left cryptorchidism was referred for the absence of the left testis in the scrotal bursa and an enlarged right testis. The ultrasonographic examination revealed the presence of the left testis at the abdominal level. Two small hyperechogenic lines were observed running parallel and resembling a cylindrical cavitary foreign body, within a non-homogeneous area with blurred margins. The testis was removed by laparoscopy and macroscopically, the testis’s cut section revealed the presence of two live adult nematodes emerging from 2 mm blood-filled tracks within the testicular parenchyma. The parasites were isolated and washed in sterile saline solution and morphologically classified as <em>Strongylus vulgaris</em>. Histologically, the tracks were characterized by a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates with abundant haemorrhage invading the surrounding structures. <em>S. vulgaris</em> erratic migration has been reported in the retained testis of stallions, but this localization is considered uncommon; the case here reported is one of the few cases reported in the literature highlighting the rarity of <em>S. vulgaris</em> aberrant localization into the equine cryptorchid testis. This case also reports the ultrasonographic findings related to the parasite presence and track.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 105573"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metformin and rosiglitazone affect motility, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial activity of thawed equine spermatozoa","authors":"Alexandra Usuga ,&nbsp;Ana Karina Vergara ,&nbsp;María Camila Tobón ,&nbsp;Santiago Vargas ,&nbsp;Benjamín Rojano ,&nbsp;Giovanni Restrepo","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maintaining sperm energy homeostasis <em>in vitro</em> is very important to improve the efficacy of stallion sperm preservation. Equine spermatozoa preferentially utilize oxidative phosphorylation over glycolysis to generate ATP. Metformin and rosiglitazone are antidiabetic compounds that enhances metabolic flexibility and glucose utilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate metformin and rosiglitazone supplementation of the freezing medium on quality and oxidative status of thawed stallion semen. A total of 15 ejaculates from five horses were collected and supplemented before freezing with metformin at 20 (M20), 50 (M50) and 100 mM (M100) and with rosiglitazone at 10 (R10), 50 (R50) and 100 µM (R100). A control group without supplementation was added. Semen cryopreservation was performed using a programable freezing protocol. Post-thaw, motility and kinetics, vitality (SV), morphology, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), mitochondria membrane potential (<em>ΔΨM</em>), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LP) of sperm were evaluated. Mixed models were adjusted and means were compared using Tukey tests. Total motility of post-thawed semen increased with M20; M100 reduced motility and most of the sperm kinetic parameters, as well as SV and PMI (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). A reduction in LP was observed with M20 and R100; also, M100 produced a higher population of spermatozoa with low and high <em>ΔΨM</em> (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). No treatment, except R50, generated an overproduction of ROS. In conclusion, a dose of 20 mM metformin in the freezing extender for stallion semen could improve total motility and reduce lipid peroxidation of thawed spermatozoa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 105570"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood gas analysis, hematology, biochemistry and Apgar score during the first 24 hours of life of Mangalarga Marchador foals","authors":"G.S. Vieira ,&nbsp;A.B.V. Peneiras ,&nbsp;T.S.C. Soares ,&nbsp;M.A. Alonso ,&nbsp;B.R. Curcio ,&nbsp;C.B. Fernandes ,&nbsp;R.A. Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Advancements in equine neonatology enable continuous monitoring of mares throughout pregnancy. However, reference values for oxygenation and biochemical parameters in newborn foals remain limited.</div></div><div><h3>Aims/objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the oxygenation status of healthy Mangalarga Marchador foals from birth to 24 h postpartum by evaluating blood gas analysis, Apgar scores, and biochemical and hematological parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty healthy Mangalarga Marchador foals were evaluated. Blood samples were collected from the umbilical artery at birth (T0) and from the dorsal metatarsal artery at 15 min, 2 h, 12 h, and 24 h post-birth for blood gas, hematological, and biochemical analysis. Apgar scores were recorded at T0, 5 min, and 15 min.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Blood gas analysis showed lower means for pH, arterial oxygen partial pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and arterial oxygen content at T0, with a progressive increase over 24 h. Conversely, arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure, total arterial carbon dioxide, and arterial <span>l</span>-lactate concentration were highest at birth and decreased over time. Hematological variables, including sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, urea, creatinine, and hematocrit, were initially elevated but decreased within 24 h, whereas glucose, total plasma proteins, and globulins were low at birth and increased over time. Plasma albumin remained stable. No significant differences were found in mean Apgar scores.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings provide reference values for assessing the health of Mangalarga Marchador neonates and may aid in early identification of abnormalities in compromised foals, facilitating timely intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 105569"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of the start of parturition in mares using camera image analysis","authors":"H. Nabenishi ,&nbsp;T. Tsuda ,&nbsp;Y. Omoya ,&nbsp;T. Ishii","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to detect characteristic changes in the behavior and body surface temperature (BST) of pregnant mares before parturition using camera image analysis. A total of 53 pregnant Thoroughbred mares, which were individually stabled in box stalls, were included in this study. The mares were continuously monitored using a digital camera system comprising a thermal imaging camera and a visible camera. For the automatic determination of the <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> coordinates of each mare, the centroid of the mares was calculated using image processing software. Subsequently, trajectory analysis was performed using image analysis software. Distances moved were calculated using coordinate data. BST was measured using infrared thermography to measure the average BST. The difference between BST and ambient temperature was adopted to account for the influence of ambient temperature. On the day of beginning the expulsion phase (BEP), the distance moved by the pregnant mares increased significantly more than that 2 days before BEP and was the greatest at 2-1 h before BEP. Furthermore, BST at 6 h before BEP tended to increase as the BEP approached. A significant increase in BST was observed at 1-0 h (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). 96.2% of the mares showed an increase in either activity or BST, which indicates the benefit of employing multiple parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 105572"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of seminal plasma on uterine polymorphonuclear dynamics and fertility of jennies inseminated with glycerol-free, frozen-thawed donkey semen","authors":"Jeimmy Hernández Vargas ,&nbsp;Luis Zarco ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Morales Salinas ,&nbsp;Cristian Urías-Castro ,&nbsp;Myriam Boeta","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Insemination of jennies with frozen-thawed donkey semen usually causes an intense uterine inflammation and results in low fertility.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate the effects of seminal plasma on the time course of endometrial inflammation after insemination of jennies with donkey semen that was frozen using formamides as cryoprotective agents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Jennies were inseminated with fresh semen (FS, <em>n</em> = 14), frozen-thawed semen (FTS, <em>n</em> = 12) or frozen-thawed semen plus seminal plasma (FTS-SP, <em>n</em> = 13), and uterine cytology was evaluated at 8, 24 and 48 h post-insemination.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At 8 h post-insemination the percentage of polymorphonuclear cells (%PMN) was higher (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) in the FTS group (90.7 ± 4.6) than in the FS group (68.9 ± 4.3), while jennies in the FTS-SP had intermediate levels (82.7 ± 4.5). At 24 h the %PMN was higher (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) in jennies in the FTS-SP group (84.8 ± 4.5) than in the other groups. However, a faster decline in %PMN from 24 h to 48 h post-insemination in the FTS-SP group resulted in no difference between groups at 48 h. All groups still had mean %PMNs above 50 % at 48 h post-insemination, but the females that became pregnant had faster clearance rates from 24 h to 48 h post-insemination, resulting in lower %PMNs (44.4 ± 3.8) than those in the non-pregnant jennies (64.8 ± 3.6) at 48 h post-insemination <em>(P</em> <em>&lt;</em> <em>0.05)</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Seminal plasma induced faster uterine polymorphonuclear clearance after 24 h post-insemination in jennies inseminated with frozen-thawed donkey semen, and this effect could be related to improved fertility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 105571"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring equine behavior: Wearable sensors data and explainable AI for enhanced classification","authors":"Bekir Cetintav ,&nbsp;Ahmet Yalcin","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding equine behavior through advanced monitoring technologies is crucial for improving animal welfare, optimizing training strategies, and enabling early detection of health or stress-related issues. This study integrates wearable sensor data with Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques, particularly SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations), to enhance interpretability in equine behavior classification. The data used in this study were sourced from an open-source dataset, ensuring transparency and reproducibility. Orginally, data were collected from 18 horses using sensor devices attached to a collar around the neck, including a three-axis accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer, sampling at 100 Hz to capture a wide range of motion data. Our dataset consists of 17 equine behavior classes, including walking, grazing, and galloping. A multi-class classification framework was developed, employing machine learning models such as Random Forest, KNN, and XGBoost. The Random Forest model outperformed others with an accuracy of 82.3 %, demonstrating its effectiveness in distinguishing complex behaviors. A key novelty of this study is the use of SHAP for feature attribution analysis, allowing us to determine which sensor modalities contribute most to each behavior class. The SHAP analysis revealed that locomotion behaviors like 'galloping' were dominated by accelerometer features capturing motion intensity, while stationary behaviors like 'standing' relied primarily on magnetometer data for orientation detection. Stress-related behaviors, such as 'head-shaking,' were characterized by gyroscopic angular velocity, highlighting their dynamic nature. By leveraging SHAP to bridge the gap between \"black-box\" machine learning models and interpretable decision-making, this study provides actionable insights for real-time monitoring, stress detection, and veterinary interventions. The findings enhance the transparency and applicability of AI-driven animal behavior analysis, setting a new benchmark for explainable behavior classification in equine studies. By advancing both predictive accuracy and model interpretability, this research lays the groundwork for more comprehensive and trustworthy applications in equine welfare and veterinary decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 105568"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of the pyramidal training model for conditioning thoroughbred horses","authors":"Allan Davie ,&nbsp;Rosalind Beavers ,&nbsp;Joshua Denham","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this review was to analyze the scientific background and practical application of a very successful human training methodology, the pyramidal training model, to the Thoroughbred racehorse. Despite years of research and accumulated knowledge on human training methods to enhance endurance performance, Thoroughbred training programs have lacked significant change. This review introduces the pyramidal training model, explains the science that underpins this training concept and outlines one approach to translate this science into the equine field. It also discusses the importance of training load and provides insight into the monitoring of the load and psychophysiological stress level of the horse during training. The use of heart rate and blood lactate responses to exercise is encouraged to guide exercise training sessions. These responses are the best indices of internal load, and the most accurate measure of effort in horses. Applying this information can help provide the desired training stimulus and overall training workload to maximize endurance performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 105567"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of gastric ulcers in horses from the French Republican Guard cavalry regiment and association with plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity","authors":"Lorenzo Hardy ,&nbsp;Marion Martin ,&nbsp;Charles Barré ,&nbsp;Ludovic Tanquerel","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) is a common condition, affecting both glandular (EGGD) and squamous (ESGD) mucosa of the stomach. It has a high prevalence, particularly in racehorses and sport horses, causing clinical signs from poor performance to colic. Gastroscopy, the reference standard diagnostic method, is expensive, prompting the search for alternative tests. Previous studies noted changes in blood markers, including elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity in ulcerated horses. This study aimed to report the prevalence of EGUS in sport horses and evaluate the association of plasma GGT activity to a diagnosis of EGUS. Fifty-nine horses, with and without EGUS clinical signs, from a cavalry regiment underwent gastroscopy and plasma biochemical analysis. EGUS, ESGD, and EGGD were found in 88 % (95 % confidence interval (95CI); 80 – 96 %), 80 % (95CI, 69 - 90), and 42 % (95CI, 30 - 55), respectively. A significant association was noted between EGUS prevalence and the squadron of the horse but not between EGUS or any of its components and plasma GGT activity. Horses affected by EGGD had higher average GGT activity (28.2 IU/L vs. 9.7 IU/L). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested a plasma GGT threshold of 21 IU/L for diagnosing EGGD (sensitivity and specificity of 80 % and 100 % respectively). However, some limitations were identified in this study including sample size, failure to visualise the pylori in some horses and body condition score as a confounding factor. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential of plasma GGT activity in supporting a diagnosis of EGUS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 105566"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of key genes in immune-response post-endurance run in horses","authors":"S. Akçay ,&nbsp;T. Gurkok-Tan ,&nbsp;S. Ekici","doi":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intense physical activity in endurance horses triggers complex immune and inflammatory responses, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations remain unclear. This study investigated immune-related transcriptomic changes following a 160 km endurance ride, focusing on sex-based differences. Using a bioinformatics approach, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), pathways, microRNAs (miRNAs), and transcription factors (TFs) were analyzed before (T0) and after (T1) the ride. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was conducted to identify key regulatory genes. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significant activation of immune-regulatory and ribosomal pathways. Notably, TLR4, CXCL8, and CCL5 were identified as key hub genes involved in immune modulation post-exercise. Comparisons between female (FT1 vs FT0) and gelding (GT1 vs GT0) horses revealed distinct molecular responses. Female horses exhibited upregulation of ribosomal protein genes, suggesting enhanced protein synthesis and muscle recovery. In contrast, geldings showed increased expression of inflammatory and stress-related genes, indicating a heightened immune response. Notably, sex-based differences were observed, with FT1 vs FT0 and GT1 vs GT0 comparisons revealing distinct KEGG pathway enrichments. Additionally, miRNA and TF analyses revealed regulatory elements influencing endurance-related immune responses. Our findings demonstrated sex-specific molecular mechanisms underlying endurance exercise adaptation, with females prioritizing protein synthesis and recovery, while geldings exhibit stronger inflammatory responses and stress-related pathways. This study provides critical insights into how sex influences exercise physiology at the transcriptomic level, with potential applications in training and recovery strategies for endurance horses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15798,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 105418"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}