Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health最新文献

{"title":"Measles Outbreak Investigation in Aneded District, Northwest Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study.","authors":"Mengistie Kassahun Tariku, Abebe Habtamu Belete, Daniel Tarekegn Worede, Bantayehu Addis Tegegne, Simachew Animen Bante, Sewnet Wongiel Misikir","doi":"10.1007/s44197-024-00279-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44197-024-00279-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Between 2000 and 2018, global measles deaths decreased by 73%, but the disease remains prevalent in many developing countries, especially in Africa and Asia. Although Ethiopia was attempting to eliminate the measles, it still ranks fourth in the world in terms of the number of cases. The aim of the investigation was to describe the outbreak and identify its determinants in the Aneded district.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between March 3, 2020, and April 2, 2020, the 89 patients and 178 controls participated in a case-control study. Data were gathered by means of in-person interviews with household leaders. The attack and case fatality rates were determined. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, variables having a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant cut-off points.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An investigation was conducted on a total of 89 measles cases, with 3 deaths and 178 controls. In total, there were 1.65 attacks per 1000 people, or 3.4% of the case fatality rate. There were 155 days of outbreak duration. The disease was significantly associated with being female [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 2.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.38-5.11], under 5 years old [AOR = 7.24; 95% CI = 2.58-20.31], positive in attitude [AOR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.11-0.42], and having a contact history [AOR = 3.19; 95% CI = 1.67-6.10].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The measles outbreak, with its higher attack and case fatality rate, has been influenced by factors like household attitudes, age, sex, contact and travel history and needs to be reduced through early detection, active surveillance, and fostering favorable attitudes towards disease prevention and control.</p>","PeriodicalId":15796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal and Child Health Training of Traditional Birth Attendants and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Rakhi Dwivedi, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Pradeep Dwivedi, Anannya Ray Banerjee, Akhil Dhanesh Goel, Varuna Vyas, Pratibha Singh, Shilpi Gupta Dixit, Kriti Mohan, Kuldeep Singh","doi":"10.1007/s44197-024-00300-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44197-024-00300-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In remote communities, maternal and child health is often compromised due to limited access to healthcare. Simultaneously, these communities historically rely greatly on traditional birth attendants (TBAs). However, optimal integration of these traditional methods with modern healthcare practices remains a topic of debate. We assessed the effect of maternal and child health training of traditional birth attendants on adverse pregnancy outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to answer the above research question. We independently screened studies using databases like PubMed, Scopus, and CENTRAL, extracted data, and assessed the study quality. Due to fewer original studies in this field, we considered both pre-post and between-group differences to assess the effect of differences. These were synthesised separately, assessed against a p-value function, and subjected to sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included six interventional studies. Training TBAs reduced the risk of perinatal mortality [0.69, 0.61-0.78] and 7-day neonatal mortality [0.65, 0.53-0.80] but not stillbirth [0.70, 0.39-1.26]. In randomized controlled trials, there is a lower risk of perinatal mortality [0.73, 0.67-0.79] and neonatal mortality [0.70, 0.62-0.80] but not stillbirth [0.81, 0.56-1.18] with trained traditional birth attendants. There are methodological concerns with most existing studies, including domains like allocation concealment.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>There is some evidence of the benefit of training TBAs, though of a low to very low certainty. Due to fewer studies, inconsistent estimates for different critical outcomes, and concerns with the existing studies, further well-designed studies can give more insights. They can also help optimize the contents of TBA training interventions.</p><p><strong>Protocol: </strong>CRD42023412935 (PROSPERO).</p>","PeriodicalId":15796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142288931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Statins for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease According to the Fatty Liver Index.","authors":"Joonsang Yoo, Jimin Jeon, Minyoul Baik, Jinkwon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s44197-024-00205-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44197-024-00205-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated the primary preventive effect of statins on CVD according to the level of fatty liver index (FLI), which is a marker of NAFLD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a nested case-control study on the basis of a nationwide health screening cohort in Korea. The participants were divided into tertiles (T1, T2, and T3) according to their FLI score. Cases were defined as individuals who developed CVD (composite of myocardial infarction and stroke). Three controls were matched to each case and multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Within a cohort of 206,263 participants without prior CVD, 7044 individuals suffered the primary outcome. For the nested case-control study, we selected these 7044 cases along with their corresponding 20,641 matched controls. Individuals in the T3 tertiles of FLI had a higher risk of CVD than those in the T1 tertile [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-1.40, P < 0.001]. In sub-analyses based on FLI tertiles, statin therapy was associated with a lower risk of CVD (adjusted OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.61-0.85, P < 0.001) in the T3 tertile but not in the T1 and T2 tertiles.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Statin therapy was associated with a reduced risk of CVD in individuals with high FLI but not in those with low FLI. Further research is needed to determine the pathophysiologic mechanism between statin and NAFLD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139931504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of the Changes in Facial Microbiota of Maskne Patients and Healthy Controls Before and After Wearing Masks Using 16 S rRNA Analysis.","authors":"Kexin Deng, Xiaofei Tong, Shuyue Chen, Guojun Wu, Ke Shi, Hao Chen, Yurong Tan, Junlin Liao, Jianda Zhou, Junxiang Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s44197-024-00240-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44197-024-00240-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whether in the field of medical care, or in people's daily life and health protection, the importance of masks has been paid more and more attention. Acne, the most common complication after wearing masks, which is also called maskne, has been successfully introduced into the common language as a common topic of dermatologist consultations. This study aims to study the changes of microflora in maskne patients and healthy controls before and after wearing masks. In the summer of 2023, we collected a total of 50 samples from 15 maskne patients and 10 healthy controls before and after wearing surgical masks for a long time. 16 S ribosomal DNA sequencing and identification technology with V3-V4 variable region were adopted to explore the microbiome changes caused by mask wearing, analyze the changes in microbial diversity, and make interaction network. LDA effect size analysis was used to identify which bacteria showed significant changes in their relative abundance from phylum to genus. After wearing a mask, the microbiome of the maskne patients changed significantly more than that of the healthy controls, with both α diversity and β diversity lower than those of maskne patients before wearing masks and those of healthy controls after wearing masks. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that compared with other groups, the network of maskne patients after wearing masks for a long time had the lowest connectivity and complexity, but the highest clustering property, while the opposite was true for healthy controls. Many microbes that are potentially beneficial to the skin decreased significantly after wearing a mask. There was almost no difference in healthy controls before and after wearing a mask.</p>","PeriodicalId":15796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141071114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of HIV Viral Load Suppression After Enhanced Adherence Counseling, Nekemte, Ethiopia.","authors":"Yohannis Mosisa, Adisu Ewunetu, Kitesa Biresa Duftu, Bayise Biru, Debelo Diriba, Adisu Tafari Shama, Melese Lemi, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa","doi":"10.1007/s44197-024-00246-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44197-024-00246-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Enhanced adherence counseling refers to the counseling intervention for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients with an elevated viral load result, a viral load of > 1000 copies/ml, on a routine or need-based viral load test. The Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia, has launched routine viral load testing and enhanced adherence counseling since 2016 for high-viral load people living with HIV, which is applicable throughout the country for all health facilities providing HIV care and treatment. Our study aimed to assess viral load suppression after enhanced adherence counseling and its predictors among high viral load people living with HIV who were on antiretroviral therapy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a health facility-based retrospective follow-up study among 352 HIV-infected high-viral load people enrolled in enhanced adherence counseling from July 2018 to June 2021 in Nekemte town public health facilities. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to identify independent predictors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall 65.1% of 352 persons on antiretroviral treatment achieved HIV viral load suppression after enhanced adherence counseling, (15.01 per 100 person months (95% CI13.02-16.99)). The median time to viral load suppression was 5 months. Age ≥ 15 years (AHR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.11-3.57), no history of opportunistic infection (AHR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.18-3.41), and not using substances (AHR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.19-5.14) were more likely to have viral load suppressed, while having an initial viral load count greater than 50,000 RNA copies/ml (AHR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.37-0.85) were less likely to have viral load suppressed after enhanced adherence counseling.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Age, history of opportunistic infections, substance use, and an initial viral load count > 50,000 RNA copies/mL were significant predictors of viral load suppression. Enrolling all high-viral-load patients in enhanced adherence counseling is recommended for viral load suppression.</p>","PeriodicalId":15796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442734/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141075021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The First Reported Foodborne Botulism Outbreak in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Lessons Learned.","authors":"Nadeem Gul Dar, Sarah H Alfaraj, Khulood Naser Alboqmy, Nazia Khanum, Faleh Alshakrah, Hassan Abdallah, Mohammad Hosni Badawi, Ohoud Mohammed Alharbi, Khadijh Ahmed Alshiekh, Abdullah M Alsallum, Ahmed Hassan Shrahili, Zeidan A Zeidan, Zaki Abdallah, Ahmed Ali Majrashi, Ziad A Memish","doi":"10.1007/s44197-024-00255-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44197-024-00255-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Botulism has not been previously reported in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This rare and sometimes fatal foodborne illness is caused by neurotoxins and primarily results from consuming home-canned fruits, vegetables, dairy, and seafood products & it can lead to paralysis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of patients who developed botulism in Riyadh in 2024 after consuming mayonnaise from a well-known local chain of restaurants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records and interviewed patients or their attendants for all hospitalized cases of foodborne botulism at Riyadh First Health Cluster. For each patient, a standard case report form was completed, containing information on demographics, clinical aspects, botulinum test results, and type of exposure. Descriptive statistics were applied to assess the data. During the outbreak, nineteen patients with foodborne diseases were admitted to Riyadh First Health Cluster Hospitals. Following thorough physical examinations, botulism was suspected in each case.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight of the 19 suspected foodborne illness patients fully satisfied the botulism case definition requirements set forth by the Saudi Arabian Public Health Authority (Weqaya). Among these eight patients, 2 (25%) were male and 6 (75%) were female, with a mean age of 23.25 ± 9.29 years (range: 12-38 years). The incubation period for our patients was 36.25 ± 26.26 h. Notable symptoms included dysphagia in all eight patients (100%), dysarthria, generalized weakness, nausea and vomiting in seven patients (88%), diplopia in four patients (50%), and stomach discomfort in three patients (38%). Of the eight cases, six required intubation, one mimicked brain death, and two were stable. The presence of Clostridium botulinum spores as the cause of the outbreak was confirmed by detecting botulinum spores in contaminated food.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Diplopia and dysarthria were the most common early sign of botulism. Early manifestations may include respiratory symptoms without any musculoskeletal symptoms. or nausea, vomiting and disorientation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Video Game Addiction and its Relationship with Sleep Quality among Medical Students.","authors":"Faisal Ahmed Dakheel-Allah Alghamdi, Faisal Ahmed Ghanim Alghamdi, Abdullah Abusulaiman, Abdulaziz Jabr Alsulami, Mohammed Bamotref, Albraa Alosaimi, Omar Bamousa, Siraj Omar Wali","doi":"10.1007/s44197-024-00265-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44197-024-00265-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although many health problems, including sleep disorders, have been associated with video gaming, further studies are required to establish the validity of these connections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gaming addiction among medical students and its association with poor sleep quality, which may be reflected in academic performance.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and June 2023 among medical students at the institution under study. An online survey was conducted and was divided into three sections. The first section included the demographic data, the second section included the 7-item Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS), and the third section included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Using the GAS, and based on the total score, gamers were classified as addicted, problematic, engaged, or normal. Hence, abnormal gamers include engaged, problematic, and addicted gamers.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>There were 356 participants with a mean age of 22.5 -/+ 1.8 years, and 75.3% were males. The data showed that 38.8% of the study population were abnormal gamers: 40 (11.2%) engaged gamers, 81 (22.8%) problematic gamers, and 17 (4.8%) addicted gamers. Furthermore, abnormal gaming was linked to poor sleep quality when comparing abnormal gamers with normal gamers (92% vs. 80.3%, p = 0.002). Further comparison between the types of abnormal gamers revealed that addicted gamers were found to rely on sleep medication to help them sleep at night and took longer time to fall asleep (p = 0.050 and p = 0.045, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Abnormal gamers are common among medical students and strongly associated with poor sleep quality compared to normal gamers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141419452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Excess Mortality of Baby Boomers from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Taiwan Omicron-naïve Cohort.","authors":"Ting-Yu Lin, Chen-Yang Hsu, Amy Ming-Fang Yen, Sam Li-Sheng Chen, Tony Hsiu-Hsi Chen","doi":"10.1007/s44197-024-00262-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44197-024-00262-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Asia's elderly Baby Boomer demographic (born between 1946 and 1964) faced a huge problem during the COVID-19 pandemic due to increased all-cause mortality. We aimed to provide a unique Taiwan situation regarding the impact of Baby Boomers on excess mortalities from all causes relative to non-Baby Boomers throughout distinct times of SARS-CoV-2 mutations during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used the Poisson time series design with a Bayesian directed acyclic graphic approach to build the background mortality prior to the COVID-19 pandemic between 2015 and 2019. It was then used for predicting the expected all-cause deaths compared to the reported figures during the COVID-19 pandemic period based on Taiwan residents, an Omicron-naïve cohort.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baby Boomers experienced a 2% negative excess mortality in 2020 (Wuhan/D614G) and a 4% excess mortality in 2021 (Alpha/Delta) with a rising background mortality trend whereas non-Baby Boomers showed the corresponding figures of 4% negative excess and 1% excess with a stable trend. Baby Boomer and non-Baby Boomer excess mortality soared to 9% (95% CI: 7-10%) and 10% (95% CI: 9-11%), respectively, during the epidemic Omicron period from January to June 2022. Surprisingly, Baby Boomers aged 58-76 experienced the same 9% excess mortality as non-Baby Boomers aged 77 and beyond. Non-COVID-19 deaths were more prevalent among Baby Boomers than non-Baby Boomers (33% vs. 29%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Baby Boomers were more likely to die from COVID-19 in early pandemic and had more non-COVID-19 deaths in late pandemic than older non-Baby Boomers demonstrated in Taiwan Omicron-naïve cohort. For this vulnerable population, adequate access to medical care and medical capacity require more consideration.</p>","PeriodicalId":15796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444035/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141432075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporally Explicit Epidemic Model for West Nile Virus Outbreak in Germany: An Inversely Calibrated Approach.","authors":"Oliver Chinonso Mbaoma, Stephanie Margarete Thomas, Carl Beierkuhnlein","doi":"10.1007/s44197-024-00254-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44197-024-00254-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the first autochthonous transmission of West Nile Virus was detected in Germany (WNV) in 2018, it has become endemic in several parts of the country and is continuing to spread due to the attainment of a suitable environment for vector occurrence and pathogen transmission. Increasing temperature associated with a changing climate has been identified as a potential driver of mosquito-borne disease in temperate regions. This scenario justifies the need for the development of a spatially and temporarily explicit model that describes the dynamics of WNV transmission in Germany. In this study, we developed a process-based mechanistic epidemic model driven by environmental and epidemiological data. Functional traits of mosquitoes and birds of interest were used to parameterize our compartmental model appropriately. Air temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity were the key climatic forcings used to replicate the fundamental niche responsible for supporting mosquito population and infection transmission risks in the study area. An inverse calibration method was used to optimize our parameter selection. Our model was able to generate spatially and temporally explicit basic reproductive number (R₀) maps showing dynamics of the WNV occurrences across Germany, which was strongly associated with the deviation from daily means of climatic forcings, signaling the impact of a changing climate in vector-borne disease dynamics. Epidemiological data for human infections sourced from Robert Koch Institute and animal cases collected from the Animal Diseases Information System (TSIS) of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute were used to validate model-simulated transmission rates. From our results, it was evident that West Nile Virus is likely to spread towards the western parts of Germany with the rapid attainment of environmental suitability for vector mosquitoes and amplifying host birds, especially short-distance migratory birds. Locations with high risk of WNV outbreak (Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Hamburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony) were shown on R₀ maps. This study presents a path for developing an early warning system for vector-borne diseases driven by climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":15796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141534539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost of Cholera for Households and Health Facilities, Somalia.","authors":"Salvador Figuereo, Ian Yoon, Ssentamu Simon Kaddu, Mutaawe Lubogo, Joaquin Baruch, Asm Amjad Hossain, Sahra Isse Mohamed, Ali H A Abubakar, Khalid Mohamed Mohamud, Sk Md Mamunur Rahman Malik","doi":"10.1007/s44197-024-00278-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44197-024-00278-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cholera remains a substantial public health challenge in Somalia. Ongoing droughts in the country have caused significant outbreaks which have negatively affected the lives of many individuals and overwhelmed health facilities. We aimed to estimate the costs associated with cholera cases for households and health facilities in Somalia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cost-of-illness study was conducted in five cholera treatment centres in Somalia and 400 patients treated in these facilities. Data collection took place during October and November 2023. Given that a significant portion of the patients were children, we interviewed their caregivers to gather cost data. We interviewed staff at the centres and the patients. The data obtained from the household questionnaire covered direct (medical and non-medical) and indirect (lost wages) costs, while direct costs were estimated for the health facility (personnel salaries, drugs and consumables used to treat a patient, and utility expenses). All costs were calculated in US dollars (USD), using 2023 as the base year for the estimation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average total cost of a cholera episode for a household was US$ 33.94 (2023 USD), with 50.4% (US$ 17.12) being direct costs and 49.6% (US$ 16.82) indirect costs. The average total cost for a health facility to treat an episode of cholera was US$ 82.65. The overall average cost to households and health facilities was US$ 116.59. The average length of stay for a patient was 3.08 days. In the households, patients aged 41 years and older incurred the highest mean total cost (US$ 73.90) while patients younger than 5 years had the lowest cost (US$ 21.02). Additionally, 61.8% of households had to use family savings to cover the cost of the cholera episode, while 14.5% had to borrow money. Most patients (71.8%) were younger than 16 years- 45.3% were 5 years or younger- and 94.0% had never received a cholera vaccine.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study suggests that preventing one cholera episode in Somalia could avert substantial losses for both the households and cholera treatment centres. The findings shed light on the expenses associated with cholera that extend beyond healthcare, including substantial direct and indirect costs borne by households. Preventing cholera cases could lead to a decrease in this economic burden, consequently our study supports the need for preventive measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":15796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141633678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}