Nor El Houda Fardjaoui, Fatima Zohra El Berrichi, Joelle Duplay, Ibtissem Slatni, Hamdi Mekhlouf, Sara Djebiha, Dhikra Mahieddine, Raja Benamar, Noureddine Bouchemal, Brahim Gasmi, Ilhem Rekkab, Ammar Maoui
{"title":"Optimization of adsorption performance by mesoporous materials developed from local clays and zeolite. Application in the treatment of real pharmaceutical effluents.","authors":"Nor El Houda Fardjaoui, Fatima Zohra El Berrichi, Joelle Duplay, Ibtissem Slatni, Hamdi Mekhlouf, Sara Djebiha, Dhikra Mahieddine, Raja Benamar, Noureddine Bouchemal, Brahim Gasmi, Ilhem Rekkab, Ammar Maoui","doi":"10.1080/03601234.2024.2444123","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03601234.2024.2444123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The treatment of effluents from the pharmaceutical industry currently remains a major challenge due to their impact on the environment and public health along with the cost of treatments. Considering these issues, our work focused on the development of materials with effective adsorption properties to treat industrial effluents based on locally available and inexpensive clays and zeolite. Local Algerian kaolin (Djebel Debbagh), palygorskite (Ghoufi) and zeolite (Tinbdar) were treated thermally and chemically prior to synthesis into mesoporous materials of hexagonal structure using pluronic P123 as surfactant. The raw and synthesized materials were tested in the adsorption of pharmaceutical effluents from industries producing antihistamine and diuretic-type drugs. Analyses of physicochemical parameters (chemical and biological oxygen demand) as well as measurement of the concentrations of PO<sub>4</sub>³<sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> of effluents were done before and after the adsorption process by the raw and mesoporous clays and zeolite. The results showed a reduction of all parameters with greater efficiency of mesoporous DD3 which indicated that it is a promising mesoporous adsorbent for treating pharmaceutical effluents. Reduced rates of these three physical parameters (PO<sub>4</sub>³<sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) in the case of NEUROVIT<sup>®</sup> by mesoporous DD3 are 61%, 98% and 77%. However, PO<sub>4</sub>³<sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> elimination percentages DIAPHAG<sup>®</sup> onto DD3 are 79% and 87%, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":15720,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes","volume":" ","pages":"28-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142885842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nguyen Thi Mai Huong, Nguyen Thi Thuy, Pham Thi Thu Hoai, Do Thi Minh Hanh
{"title":"Effective removal of carbofuran pesticide in wastewater using silver-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst.","authors":"Nguyen Thi Mai Huong, Nguyen Thi Thuy, Pham Thi Thu Hoai, Do Thi Minh Hanh","doi":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2457277","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2457277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents effective methods for utilizing the TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst in environmental remediation, with a particular focus on the removal of the carbofuran pesticide (CBFP) from wastewater. Silver (Ag) was selected as a potential dopant to improve the optical properties as well as the electron-hole pair separation efficiency of TiO<sub>2</sub>. Ag-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> (Ag-TiO<sub>2</sub>) effectively decomposed 92.8% CBFP under solar light, which was significantly higher than that of TiO<sub>2</sub> (21.3%). Ag-TiO<sub>2</sub> also exhibited good reusability for CBFP degradation, with a reduction in removal efficiency of less than 3% after three cycles. In practical applications, Ag-TiO<sub>2</sub> successfully degraded 89.3% of CBFP in wastewater and 98.7% in surface water. The findings of this work bring an effective method for removing pesticide pollutants using Ag-TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst.</p>","PeriodicalId":15720,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes","volume":" ","pages":"111-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143070860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eliza Vitoria Marinho Viana, Marilza da Silva Costa, Jefferson Marcelo Arantes da Silva, Henrique Fonseca Goulart, Miriam Hiroko Inoue, Mônica Josene Barbosa Pereira
{"title":"Environmental Risk Index of the main insecticides used In the state of Mato Grosso.","authors":"Eliza Vitoria Marinho Viana, Marilza da Silva Costa, Jefferson Marcelo Arantes da Silva, Henrique Fonseca Goulart, Miriam Hiroko Inoue, Mônica Josene Barbosa Pereira","doi":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2496064","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2496064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mato Grosso is the largest consumer of pesticides in Brazil, and although their role in phytosanitary control is evident, environmental contamination is a concern due to their intensive use. Therefore, identifying the behavior of pesticides in the environment can assist in risk management, and the Environmental Risk Index (ERI) is an indirect way of knowing the potential of these compounds. This study was aimed at evaluating the ERI of the most sold insecticides in Mato Grosso used for the control of lepidopteran pests. The parameters evaluated were persistence in the soil, leaching, volatility, toxicological profile and recommended dose. Our findings reported on 24 insecticides, which totaled an annual amount of 23,046,348 kg of active ingredients, with acephate at the top of the ranking with 8,974,413 kg sold in 2020. This insecticide, despite being widely used, had the lowest ERI due to low persistence, leaching and volatility, and its critical factor was animal toxicity. Malathion, methoxyphenozide, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, and beta-cyfluthrin had the highest ERI, with toxicological profile and persistence in the environment as critical factors. In general, all compounds exhibited medium to very high levels of toxicity, indicating the need to manage risks associated with insecticide use and select those with lower impact, to minimize damage to agroecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15720,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes","volume":" ","pages":"245-252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of an Interpretable QSAR Model for Predicting Acute Oral Toxicity of Organophosphates in Rats Based on GA-MLR Algorithm.","authors":"Guanqi Yu, Qianlan Zhuo, Chuan Wang","doi":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2489259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2025.2489259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organophosphates (OPs) are highly hazardous chemicals with broad-spectrum toxicity. Traditional <i>in vivo</i> methods for determining OP toxicity are time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this study, we developed a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model to predict acute rat toxicity of OPs using two-dimensional molecular and quantum chemical descriptors, optimized through genetic algorithm-based multiple linear regression (GA-MLR). The optimal model demonstrated robust performance with the following statistical parameters: coefficient of determination (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>) of 0.7451, leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) coefficient (<i>Q</i><sup>2</sup><sub>Loo</sub>) of 0.6208, external test set coefficient of determination (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup><sub>ext</sub>) of 0.7360. These metrics indicate excellent generalization and predictive capabilities of the model. Interpretative analysis of the model revealed that NumHDonors and PEOE_VSA were the most significant descriptors influencing OP toxicity. An increase in hydrogen bond donors within OP molecules reduces toxicity, as these donors enhance hydrophilicity, diminishing membrane permeability. Moreover, the PEOE_VSA descriptor characterizes the partial charge properties of OP molecules, reflecting their electrostatic interactions with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) during binding, which influences toxicity. This study presents an optimized modeling strategy designed for small datasets, enabling stable feature selection and accurate assessment of their contributions to toxicity prediction. This research provides a reliable QSAR approach for OP toxicity prediction while offering new insights into toxicity mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15720,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes","volume":"60 5","pages":"219-231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144011843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khalid Hussain Rind, Madeeha Arshad, Saima Majeed, Syed Sikandar Habib, Salim S Al-Rejaie, Mohamed Mohany, Francesca Aragona, Francesco Fazio
{"title":"Impact of heavy metals on health and quality of <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> cultured in biofloc and earthen pond systems.","authors":"Khalid Hussain Rind, Madeeha Arshad, Saima Majeed, Syed Sikandar Habib, Salim S Al-Rejaie, Mohamed Mohany, Francesca Aragona, Francesco Fazio","doi":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2468065","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2468065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal contamination in aquaculture threatens fish health and consumer safety, with bioaccumulation differing between farming systems. The study compares heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Pb and Cu) contamination in fish feed, water and organs (muscle, gills and liver) of Nile tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) from biofloc and pond farming systems. Samples were collected from ten biofloc tanks and ten earthen ponds, with heavy metals quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Heavy metal levels in fish feed were below permissible limits, while pond water showed significantly higher (<i>P</i> < 0.05) contamination than biofloc water. Pond-reared tilapia exhibited higher heavy metal accumulation in muscles, gills and liver compared to biofloc-reared fish. The liver showed the highest bioaccumulation, followed by gills, in both systems. Cd levels exceeded standard limits in the liver and gills of pond-reared fish. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis revealed strong correlations between heavy metals in gills, water and liver, while muscles and feed formed a separate cluster. Pb, Cd and Cu were closely associated, suggesting a common contamination source. The health index (HI) for muscle was <1 in both systems, indicating safety for consumption. Overall, biofloc-reared tilapia was found safer for human consumption compared to pond-reared fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":15720,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes","volume":" ","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effective inhibition of antibiotic residues and bacterial pathogens in wastewater using TiO<sub>2</sub> metal oxide photocatalyst.","authors":"Nguyen Thi Mai Huong, Nguyen Thi Thuy, Pham Thi Thu Hoai, Pham Thi Huong","doi":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2450931","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2450931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic residues have become serious health concerns due to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The treatment of antibiotic pollutants in wastewater is necessary for reducing the issue of antibiotic resistance. In this work, the metal oxide photocatalyst titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) was evaluated for the removal of the tetracycline antibiotic (TC-A) and the deactivation of <i>E. coli</i> bacteria (E-B) from wastewater. Based on the oxidation process, TiO<sub>2</sub> can successfully degrade TC-A in wastewater with an efficiency of up to 96.4%. It is also employed for the deactivation of <i>E. coli</i>, completely inactivating the bacteria within 30 min. Moreover, after five cycles of reuse, TiO<sub>2</sub> demonstrated high removal efficiencies of over 80% and 95% for TC-A and E-B, respectively. Finally, the proposed mechanism for the removal of TC-A and the deactivation of <i>E. coli</i> using the TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst is presented. This work provides a simple method for removing antibiotic pollutants and deactivating bacteria in wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":15720,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes","volume":" ","pages":"70-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roberta Minutoli, Francesco Fazio, Antonia Granata, Francesca Aragona, Vincenzo Parrino
{"title":"Pesticide and hydrocarbon toxicity in fish: effects on <i>Chelon labrosus</i> (Risso, 1827) along the northeastern Sicilian coast (Italy) evaluated by enzymatic biomarkers.","authors":"Roberta Minutoli, Francesco Fazio, Antonia Granata, Francesca Aragona, Vincenzo Parrino","doi":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2471203","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03601234.2025.2471203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticides intoxication affects aquatic organisms as well as a group of contaminants that are represented by crude oil, petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives. Useful tools for ecotoxicological studies of marine ecosystems are based on biomarker application on bioindicator key fish species. The aim of the present study was to highlight the presence of pesticides and hydrocarbons in a coastal marine environment, the harbour of Capo d'Orlando town (northeastern Sicily, Italy), by using the ecotoxicological biomarker Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymatic activities in the key fish species <i>Chelon labrosus</i>. A reference site was selected. Chemical analysis of water samples was also carried out to analyze and eventually confirm the presence of pesticides in the study area. Results showed significant inhibition in AChE (80%) and BChE (77%) activities in fish from the harbour of Capo d'Orlando compared to the reference site. The esterase inhibition is primarily due to the presence of organophosphorus insecticides and carbamates, that resulted in higher concentrations of contaminants in the water of the harbour of Capo d'Orlando compared to the reference quality standard decree (Ministerial Decree 260, 2010). This study highlighted the contamination by insecticides and most probably by hydrocarbons in fish from the harbour of Capo d'Orlando, which also represents a threat to the human population consuming affected fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":15720,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes","volume":" ","pages":"139-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"QuEChERS methodology and Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry for detection of 345 pesticide residues in Egyptian poultry feed: a comprehensive study.","authors":"Mostafa Ali Elmadawy","doi":"10.1080/03601234.2024.2444116","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03601234.2024.2444116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal feed significantly influences the content and quality of animal products consumed by humans and plays a crucial role in the food chain. To simultaneously analyze 345 pesticide residues in poultry feed, a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method was developed, utilizing gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Validation studies were conducted with spiked pesticide standards, and commercial poultry feed samples were analyzed. The linearity of the QuEChERS method was evaluated, showing high coefficients of determination (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> ≥0.995) for all analytes. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> ≥0.995), recovery rates (86.8-109.2%), and precision (RSD ≤14.8%), meeting SANTE criteria. Limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.5 to 5 ng/kg and limits of quantification (LOQ) from 1 to 10 ng/kg, enhancing the method's reliability. Analysis of the poultry feed revealed that 15 out of the 345 pesticide residues were detected in the samples, with concentrations ranging from 2.1 to 120 µg/kg. The detected pesticide categories included insecticides, fungicides, plant growth regulators, and herbicides, in that order. In conclusion, the QuEChERS method combined with the GC-MS/MS approach provides a reliable technique for the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in complex feed matrices.</p>","PeriodicalId":15720,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes","volume":" ","pages":"15-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed A Fathi, Dan Shen, Lu Luo, Yansen Li, Shaaban S Elnesr, Chunmei Li
{"title":"The exposure <i>in ovo</i> to glyphosate on the integrity of intestinal epithelial tight junctions of chicks.","authors":"Mohamed A Fathi, Dan Shen, Lu Luo, Yansen Li, Shaaban S Elnesr, Chunmei Li","doi":"10.1080/03601234.2024.2319006","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03601234.2024.2319006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glyphosate is an ingredient widely used in various commercial formulations, including Roundup®. This study focused on tight junctions and the expression of inflammatory genes in the small intestine of chicks. On the sixth day of embryonic development, the eggs were randomly assigned to three groups: the control group (CON, <i>n</i> = 60), the glyphosate group (GLYP, <i>n</i> = 60), which received 10 mg of active glyphosate/kg egg mass, and the Roundup®-based glyphosate group also received 10 mg of glyphosate. The results indicated that the chicks exposed to glyphosate or Roundup® exhibited signs of oxidative stress. Additionally, histopathological alterations in the small intestine tissues included villi fusion, complete fusion of some intestinal villi, a reduced number of goblet cells, and necrosis of some submucosal epithelial cells in chicks. Genes related to the small intestine (ZO-1, ZO-2, Claudin-1, Claudin-3, JAM2, and Occludin), as well as the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-1β, and IL-6), exhibited significant changes in the groups exposed to glyphosate or Roundup® compared to the control group. In conclusion, the toxicity of pure glyphosate or Roundup® likely disrupts the small intestine of chicks by modulating the expression of genes associated with tight junctions in the small intestine.</p>","PeriodicalId":15720,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes","volume":" ","pages":"183-191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139944207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Herbicide contamination of Batak plain agricultural soils and risk assessment.","authors":"Burak Polat, Osman Tiryaki","doi":"10.1080/03601234.2024.2322900","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03601234.2024.2322900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herbicide residue levels were analyzed in agricultural soils of Batak plain and health risk assessments were made for relevant pesticides. Herbicide contamination levels were analyzed with the use of Quick-Easy-Cheap-Efficient-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS)-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure. Herbicide-free soil samples were spiked at two different levels. Overall recovery of the method was 87.32%. Present findings were parallel to SANTE recovery limits. About 50% of collected samples from the study sites contained herbicides at different concentrations. Totally, eight herbicides were detected, and herbicide concentrations ranged between 1.085 and 1724.23 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>. Metolachlor had the highest concentration (1724.23 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>) in a sample taken close to the pesticide waste disposal area. Six herbicides were detected at different concentrations in the same sample. Persistent herbicides (terbuthylazine and pendimethalin) were detected in 35 samples. Risk assessments revealed that hazard index (HI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were less than 1. The greatest HQ values were identified for terbuthylazine as 2772.48 × 10<sup>-7</sup> and 20793.61 × 10<sup>-7</sup> for adults and children, respectively. The HI for all herbicides were 3916.05 × 10<sup>-7</sup> for adult and 29370.39 × 10<sup>-7</sup> for children.</p>","PeriodicalId":15720,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes","volume":" ","pages":"203-208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139990203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}