Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology最新文献

{"title":"Navigating Nature's Terrain: Jumping Performance Robust to Substrate Moisture and Roughness by Blackspotted Rockskippers (Entomacrodus striatus)","authors":"Daniel T. Bartlett,&nbsp;Kaylin O. Raffle,&nbsp;Hayley N. Pettit,&nbsp;Miranda K. Brainard,&nbsp;Paityn M. Houglan,&nbsp;Kaelyn Gamel,&nbsp;Zachary O. Nopper,&nbsp;Rebekah K. Harden,&nbsp;Austin M. Garner,&nbsp;Richard L. Londraville,&nbsp;Henry C. Astley","doi":"10.1002/jez.2903","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2903","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Escape responses are vital for the survival of prey. The high speeds and accelerations needed to evade predators successfully require exerting forces on the environment. Unlike water, terrestrial habitats can vary in ways that constrain the forces applied, requiring animals to adjust their behavior in response to variable conditions. We evaluated the terrestrial jumping of an amphibious fish, the blackspotted rockskipper (<i>Entomacrodus striatus</i>), to determine if substrate roughness and wetness influence jumping performance. We predicted that rockskippers would produce a greater force output as substrate roughness increased and wetness decreased. Using a novel waterproof force plate capable of detecting millinewton loads, we collected ground reaction forces from rockskippers jumping on wet and dry sandpapers of varying grits. We also used micro-CT scans to quantify muscle mass as a relative fraction of body mass to determine if these jumps could be performed without power amplification. Mixed-model analysis of jumps revealed significantly higher maximum horizontal forces, jump duration, and maximum power on dry versus wet substrates, but no effect of substrate roughness. However, the final jump outcomes (takeoff speed and angle) were unaffected. Peak jump power was within the range of typical fish muscle. Thus, these fish display a jumping behavior which is robust to substrate property variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"521-530"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143066114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Blue Light on Locomotion and Cognition in Early Adult Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Rui Han,&nbsp;Jun Zhang,&nbsp;Guan-Xiong Huang,&nbsp;Ruo-Xi Yuan,&nbsp;Yun-Shan Lian,&nbsp;Meng-Ying Zhao,&nbsp;Yu-Yuan Lu,&nbsp;Hao Huang,&nbsp;Yu-Chen Wang,&nbsp;Yi-Jie Chen,&nbsp;Chung-Chuan Lo,&nbsp;Yi-Heng Tan","doi":"10.1002/jez.2900","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2900","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Artificial light sources, particularly blue light, have raised concerns about their impact on biological health and behavior. In this study, we explored the effects of blue light on the locomotion and cognitive functions of early adult <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Our experiments were conducted in a custom-designed behavioral arena to assess how blue light influences these parameters. We found that after ~2 weeks of blue light exposure, the locomotion of fruit flies, including movement speed and activity levels, significantly increased, but these effects disappeared by the third week. However, this exposure also led to a notable reduction in lifespan and had adverse effects on cognitive functions, including attention and short-term spatial memory. These findings may reveal the profound impacts of blue light on neural behavioral functions and lifespan, highlighting the importance of further research into the biological effects of blue light.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"511-520"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congeneric Rodents Differ in Immune Gene Expression: Implications for Host Competence for Tick-Borne Pathogens","authors":"Vania R. Assis,&nbsp;Gabriella Cifarelli,&nbsp;Allison M. Brehm,&nbsp;John L. Orrock,&nbsp;Lynn B. Martin","doi":"10.1002/jez.2908","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2908","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mice in the genus <i>Peromyscus</i> are abundant and geographically widespread in North America, serving as reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, including <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> (<i>B. burgdorferi</i>), the causative agent of Lyme disease, transmitted by <i>Ixodes scapularis</i> ticks. While the white-footed mouse (<i>Peromyscus leucopus</i> (<i>P. leucopus</i>)) is the primary reservoir in the United States, the deer mouse (<i>P. maniculatus</i>), an ecologically similar congener, rarely transmits the pathogen to biting ticks. Understanding the factors that allow these similar species to serve as a poor and competent reservoir is critical for understanding tick-borne disease ecology and epidemiology, especially as climate change expands the habitats where ticks can transmit pathogens. Our study investigated immunological differences between these rodent species. Specifically, we compared the expression of six immune genes (i.e., TLR-2, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, GATA-3, TGF-β) broadly involved in bacterial recognition, elimination, and/or pathology mitigation in ear biopsies collected by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) as part of their routine surveillance. A principal components analysis indicated that immune gene expression in both species varied in two dimensions: TLR2, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 (comprising PC1) and TGF-β and GATA3 (comprising PC2) expression tended to covary within individuals. However, when we analyzed expression differences of each gene singly between species, <i>P. maniculatus</i> expressed more TLR2, IL-6, and IL-10 but less IFN-γ and GATA3 than <i>P. leucopus</i>. This immune profile could partly explain why <i>P. leucopus</i> is a better reservoir for bacterial pathogens such as <i>B. burgdorferi</i>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"502-510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Presence of a Shelter in an Open Field Test Has Differential Effects on the Behavior and Stress Response of Two Mouse Species","authors":"Rita I. Monarca,&nbsp;Ricardo F. B. Silva,&nbsp;Sofia I. Gabriel,&nbsp;Ana M. Cerveira,&nbsp;Sophie von Merten","doi":"10.1002/jez.2904","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2904","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The open field test (OFT) is frequently used in research to assess anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity. Its simple design can lead to the misconception that it is a standardized procedure comparable between laboratories. However, some modifications in the setup can cause changes in behavior. Different species might also react differently to the modifications introduced. There is thus need for a better understanding of the impact of modifications and their value for the species in question. Here, we tested two closely related mouse species, <i>Mus musculus</i> and <i>Mus spretus</i>, in an OFT with and without the presence of a shelter. We assessed mouse exploratory behavior through the analysis of multiple behavioral traits, and stress response through the measurement of circulating cortisol levels. Both species had elevated cortisol levels during the OFT in contrast to control animals which were not exposed to the OFT. While the presence of a shelter in the OFT increased the exploratory behavior in both mouse species, <i>M. spretus</i>, but not <i>M. musculus</i>, showed a reduction in cortisol levels. Also, other measured behaviors show a rather proactive coping strategy of the commensal <i>M. musculus</i> in contrast to a reactive strategy of the non-commensal <i>M. spretus</i>. Our study revealed a strong species-specific influence of the OFT design on the resulting behavior and stress levels of mice, illustrating the importance of OFT designs to account for the characteristics of the species under study. The addition of a shelter might be considered to improve experimental results by promoting animal welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"480-492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using an Oral Sugar Test to Biologically Validate the Use of a Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay to Measure Salivary Insulin in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)","authors":"Kaylin S. Tennant,&nbsp;Elena H. Less,&nbsp;Mary Ann Raghanti,&nbsp;Laura A. Amendolagine,&nbsp;Kristen E. Lukas,&nbsp;Mark A. Willis,&nbsp;Patricia M. Dennis","doi":"10.1002/jez.2907","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2907","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Noninvasive evaluations of hormones can contribute to the assessment of health and welfare of animals. Variations in insulin levels and sensitivity, for example, have been linked to health concerns in non-human and human primates including insulin resistance, diabetes, and heart disease, the leading cause of death in zoo-housed gorillas. Few published studies have assessed insulin concentrations in western lowland gorillas (<i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</i>), and all did so using serum. Anesthesia is typically required to collect blood samples from zoo-housed gorillas, limiting sampling frequency and restricting samples to the fasted state. The ability to measure insulin levels in saliva would eliminate these constraints and provide a minimally invasive means for monitoring this hormone. The purpose of this study was to analytically and biologically validate the measurement of insulin in saliva of western lowland gorillas using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay. For validation, an oral sugar test was conducted on five adult gorillas residing at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. Such assessments are common practice in both human and equine medicine to evaluate the body's insulin response to ingestion of sugars. The test involved measuring salivary insulin at timed intervals before and after gorillas consumed doses of sugar. Salivary insulin levels increased from 15 min post-sugar ingestion and peaked after 90 to 120 min. One female had a high response and peaked at 990.21 mU/L. The other four gorillas had peaks between 49.82 and 167.04 mU/L. The assessment provided a biological validation for the measurement of salivary insulin in western lowland gorillas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"493-501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibodies and Inflammation: Fecal Biomarkers of Gut Health in Domestic Ruminants","authors":"A. M. Burton,&nbsp;K. J. Else,&nbsp;J. Irving,&nbsp;I. Mair,&nbsp;S. Shultz","doi":"10.1002/jez.2896","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2896","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gastrointestinal infections present major challenges to ruminant livestock systems, and gut health is a key constraint on fitness, welfare, and productivity. Fecal biomarkers present opportunities to monitor animal health without using invasive methods, and with greater resolution compared to observational metrics. Here we developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for three potential fecal biomarkers of gut health in domestic ruminants: two immunological (total immunoglobulin [Ig]A and total IgG) and one inflammatory (lactoferrin). We analytically validated the assays, then evaluated whether they could be used as a biomarker of clinically diagnosed gastrointestinal pathologies in cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i>), and finally compared them with helminth fecal egg counts in sheep (<i>Ovis aries</i>). The analytes were detected above the lower limits of detection in cattle, sheep, and goats. Fecal IgA and lactoferrin were higher in cattle with infectious pathologies (strongyles, coccidiosis and symptomatic Johne's disease) compared to healthy controls. Lactoferrin was additionally higher in animals with infectious pathologies compared to noninfectious pathologies, and to asymptomatic Johne's cases. No significant relationships were found with sheep fecal egg counts. These initial findings suggest that fecal IgA and lactoferrin may be useful biomarkers of poor gastrointestinal health in cattle, and that fecal lactoferrin is specific to active inflammation caused by infectious agents. These could be incorporated into the growing suite of noninvasive ecoimmunological tools and used to understand ruminant gut health in a range of species. Applications include improving treatment regimens for gastrointestinal infections, and understanding wildlife physiological responses to infectious challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"468-479"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal Corticosterone Impacts Nestling Condition and Immunity in Eastern Bluebirds","authors":"Taylor M. Miller,&nbsp;Kristen J. Navara","doi":"10.1002/jez.2898","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2898","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Exposure of avian mothers to stressful conditions permanently alters offspring behavior and physiology. Yet, the effects of maternal stress on the development of offspring immunity in birds remain unclear, particularly in wild species. We injected Eastern bluebird (<i>Sialia sialis</i>) eggs with either a corticosterone or control solution, then measured the impacts on nestling morphology and two measures of immunity, bactericidal capacity and swelling responses to phytohemagglutinin. Nestlings from corticosterone-treated eggs had lower condition indices at hatch but quickly caught up to their control counterparts by Day 5 posthatch and until fledging. Corticosterone-exposed nestlings also mounted smaller swelling responses to phytohemagglutinin, whereas there were no effects on bactericidal capacity. These results indicate that maternal stress can impact offspring immunocompetence, fitness prospects, and potentially their ability to fend off parasites and pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 3","pages":"427-437"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2898","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circadian Modulation of Behavioral Stress Responses in Zebrafish Is Age-Dependent","authors":"Santiago Pintos,&nbsp;Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato,&nbsp;Luisa María Vera,&nbsp;Francisco Javier Sánchez-Vázquez,&nbsp;Cristiano Bertolucci","doi":"10.1002/jez.2905","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2905","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the wild, stressors occur with varying likelihood throughout the day, leading animals to evolve plastic stress responses that exhibit circadian rhythmicity. In mammals, studies have revealed that the circadian plasticity of stress response may differ with age. However, such developmental effects have been largely overlooked in other vertebrate groups. In our research, we explored the presence of developmental variation in the daily pattern of behavioral stress response in a teleost fish model: the zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>). We compared juvenile and adult individuals in two behavioral paradigms commonly used to analyze fish stress response, such as the open-field test and the diving test. Our comparisons were conducted every 4 h during a 24-h cycle to analyze daily variations. Significant daily rhythms were detected for almost all analyzed behaviors in both tests. In general, the analyses suggested a greater stress response in adults during the daytime and in juveniles during the night-time, although not all indicators aligned in this direction. Moreover, we found average differences in zebrafish behavior, suggesting that juveniles were more sensitive to stress. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of considering developmental variation in the circadian pattern of stress response in non-mammalian species like zebrafish.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"457-467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2905","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Challenges and Co-Infection Modulate Resistance and Tolerance Against Trypanosoma Cruzi and Trichinella Spiralis in Rats","authors":"Cintia C. Palavecino,&nbsp;Pablo F. Cuervo,&nbsp;María C. Fantozzi,&nbsp;Ivan A. Bontempi,&nbsp;Marcelo F. Ruiz,&nbsp;Rafael E. Marengo,&nbsp;Pablo M. Beldomenico,&nbsp;Andrea L. Racca","doi":"10.1002/jez.2902","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2902","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To overcome infection, hosts employ two defense strategies: resistance (which limits pathogen fitness), and tolerance (which reduces infection damage). These strategies may be influenced by environmental challenges such as food shortage, social conflict, and co-infections. Here, our objective was to assess defense strategies in rats infected with <i>Trichinella spiralis</i> and/or <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> under environmental challenges. After four weeks of treatment with environmental challenges (food restriction [0/1] and/or social conflict [0/1]), rats were exposed to <i>Tri. spiralis</i> [0/1] and/or <i>Try. cruzi</i> [0/1]. Six weeks postinoculation, we measured parasite intensity and several indicators of health or pathology. Tolerance to <i>Try. cruzi</i> increased in the presence of social conflict and food restriction. Coinfected animals showed reduced tolerance compared to mono-infected. However, food-restricted mono-infected rats had lower tolerance than other groups. No significant differences were found in resistance to <i>Try. cruzi</i>. Tolerance to <i>Tri. spiralis</i> was higher in food-restricted rats and Coinfected rats. Moreover, we found a potential shift in defense strategy: rats that are mono-infected and exposed to social conflict may be more resistant but less tolerant to <i>Tri. spiralis</i> than all other experimental groups. Overall, our findings highlight that defense strategies are context-dependent in the nematode-protozoan infection model studied, and provide evidence of a shift in the defense strategy to accommodate during environmental challenges. Given that rodents play a key role as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, understanding the range and variability of defense strategies in these animals is of utmost importance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 3","pages":"438-451"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body Temperature Regulation in Domestic Dogs After Agility Trials: The Effects of Season, Training, Body Characteristics, Age, and Genetics","authors":"William Andrew Russel,&nbsp;Ana Gabriela Jiménez,&nbsp;Kailey D. Paul,&nbsp;Barbara C. Hoopes,&nbsp;Ahmet Ay","doi":"10.1002/jez.2899","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2899","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An animal's body mass is said to be indirectly related to its rate of heat loss; that is, smaller animals with higher surface area to volume tend to lose heat faster than larger animals. Thus, thermoregulation should be related to body size, however, generalizable patterns are still unclear. Domestic dogs are a diverse species of endothermic mammals, including a 44-fold difference in body size. Previous work in sedentary dogs has determined that body size and other morphological variables tend to predict the thermoregulation of exercising pet dogs. Here, we aimed to address three questions: (1) whether thermoregulatory differences in domestic dogs across seasons are dictated strictly by external environmental temperatures or if individual thermal acclimation is affected by seasonal temperature variation, even indoors; (2) whether athleticism (or training experience) affects or changes thermoregulation in dogs, as it does in humans; and (3) whether thermoregulation in domestic dogs has a genetic basis. We obtained tympanic membrane (T_ear) temperatures and thermal images to measure the rate of temperature change in the eyes, mouth, and nose of athletic dogs following an indoor agility trial. Additionally, we used image analysis to determine body morphology differences. We found body mass to play a strong role in thermoregulation in winter trials (T_mouth <i>p</i> = 0.017, T_nose <i>p</i> = 0.052) but a less determinate role in summer trials. We found distinct differences in thermoregulation patterns between winter and summer. Particularly, coat morphology and length may play different roles in thermoregulation across seasons. Additionally, we found that rates of mouth temperature change differ by an interaction between environmental temperature and training experience (<i>p</i> = 0.044), suggesting seasonal thermoregulation patterns in dogs depend on relative athleticism. Lastly, we found important genetic predictors of temperature change rate, such as GORAB and IGF1, as well as others that exert influence over body size, mitochondrial function, or coat characteristics. These genetic markers indicate markers similar to our whole-animal physiological results. Overall, our data suggest that domestic dogs demonstrate thermal acclimation across seasons, that athleticism changes thermoregulatory patterns in domestic dogs, and that body size-related genes are associated with thermoregulation in dogs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 3","pages":"400-415"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}