Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology最新文献

{"title":"The Impairment of Body Condition Transiently Increases Oxidative Stress: A Dietary Restriction Experiment in Partridges.","authors":"Nerea López-Castañón, Silvia Casquero, Virginia Villanueva-Santos, Lorenzo Pérez-Rodríguez, Ana Ángela Romero-Haro","doi":"10.1002/jez.2930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A proper body condition determines the correct functioning of physiological processes and the optimal expression of fitness-related traits. Among these processes, maintaining the redox balance is essential to protect the organism from damage caused by oxidative stress. Yet, the causal link between an impaired body condition and a consequent increase in oxidative stress remains surprisingly far from clear. We experimentally tested such link by imposing a dietary restriction (DR), that is, decreased food availability, to nonreproductive adult red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) and measuring a battery of oxidative stress biomarkers. Levels of oxidative status (ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione [GSH:GSSG] in erythrocytes), oxidative damage in plasma lipids (MDA), and plasma antioxidant capacity (OXY and TEAC assays) were quantified before the DR, twice during the DR, and once after the end of the DR. The GSH:GSSG ratio remained steady throughout the experiment. By contrast, after 19 days under DR, individuals showed an increase in MDA levels and an altered antioxidant capacity (a reduction in OXY and an increase in TEAC) with respect to controls, showing that the worsening of body condition indeed leads to an increase of the oxidative stress. However, these effects were transitory, appearing only by 19 days under DR and disappearing afterwards. These findings suggest that, despite the temporary increase in oxidative damage, individuals adapt their oxidative physiology to overcome resource restriction, possibly by reallocating resources from other physiological processes. This highlights the importance of considering dynamic changes when evaluating the impact of stressful conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunohistochemical Detection of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Receptors in the Rabbit Vagina.","authors":"Fatma El-Zahraa Ahmed Mustafa","doi":"10.1002/jez.2929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vagina is a critical part of the reproductive canal. It is considered part of the birth canal and the site of semen deposition. The vagina is controlled by a variety of important physiological factors, including hormones. One of the most popular lab animals is the rabbit. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) expression in the vagina at early pregnancy were observed on basic histological constituents of the vagina and newly discovered histological components including telocyte, vascular compartments, interstitium, and lymph. mmunoreactivity to NSE with different intensity detected at vaginal lining epithelium and smooth muscle fibers. Mild immunoreactivity was observed on mucosal crypt-lining cells. Strong immunoreactivity to NSE was detected in lymphocytes, telocytes, endothelium, red blood cells, interstitium, and lymph. However, immunoreactivity to PR was strong on the nucleus of the vaginal lining epithelium, crypts, smooth muscle, cytoplasm of the intraepithelial lymphocytes, lining epithelium of lymph vessels, interstitium, and lymph. Also, there is strong immunostaining for ER on the red blood cells, interstitium, and lymph. Mild immunoreactivity was noticed on the blood and lymph vessels' endothelial lining.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Sample Storage Conditions and Individual Characteristics on Innate Immune Assays in Box Turtles.","authors":"Thomas M Kay, Bradley D Johnson, Daren A Glore, Jacob T Penrose, Brigham J Anderson, Brian L Dobbels, Bradley E Carlson","doi":"10.1002/jez.2926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune assays are increasingly being used to study immunity in wild animals, with applications in ecology, evolution, and conservation. However, the use of immune assays is hindered by the limited taxonomic breadth of studies that validate assays in non-model organisms and by limited understanding of the variables that can affect assay results. While freezing blood samples in the field for later laboratory analysis is a common practice, the effect of storage conditions on the viability of samples is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of plasma storage conditions (refrigerated or frozen) on the results of two immune assays (bacterial killing assay [BKA] and hemagglutination) in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), a declining species that is threatened by disease. We concurrently tested how individual identity and phenotypic or environmental variables influenced immune assay results. We found that freezing plasma samples for 3-17 days produced more repeatable BKA results than refrigerating the samples for up to 3 days, without significantly affecting average immune performance. However, BKA performance was reduced after holding samples frozen for 3-4 months. Additionally, we found that there was no significant difference in hemagglutination between frozen and refrigerated samples. Furthermore, males in general had higher hemagglutination but lower bacterial killing ability than the females. At an individual level, turtles had repeatable differences in immune activity, and the two immune measures were generally correlated with each other. Our findings indicate that freezing of plasma samples for up to 2 weeks is appropriate for both BKA and hemagglutination immune assays in T. c. carolina, and this may extend to related species. Furthermore, we found that individual and sex differences within a species can affect particular immune assays, and future work should evaluate this in other species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeated Experimental Cold Exposure During Early Life Affects Several Metrics of Success but not Telomeres in a Common Songbird.","authors":"Anuj Ghimire, Rebecca C Young, David F Westneat, Britt J Heidinger","doi":"10.1002/jez.2927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change is increasing temperature variability and exposure to extreme temperature events, including cold snaps. Although there is evidence that exposure to cooler developmental temperature can have widespread phenotypic consequences, the degree to which temperature exposures might interact across developmental stages to affect offspring is poorly understood. Here we experimentally exposed free-living house sparrows to repeated bouts of parental absence, which cooled embryos and both cooled and deprived nestlings in a crossed design and examined the effects on growth, body mass, telomeres, and survival. We found that exposure to cooler temperatures during embryonic development had several negative consequences including extending incubation and reducing hatching success and body mass of recent hatchlings. However, there were no significant effects on telomeres. There were also no main effects of cooling and short-term food deprivation during post-hatching development or interactions across developmental stages on any developmental outcomes including telomeres. Taken together, these results suggest that some developmental stages and traits are more sensitive to repeated cooling than others. In songbirds, offspring may be more sensitive to repeated cooling at earlier life stages and telomeres may be largely resilient to these developmental insults.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Softening and Cross-Susceptibility: Exposure to Heat and Desiccation Reduces Future Stress Tolerance in an Insect","authors":"L. N. Harter,&nbsp;Z. R. Stahlschmidt","doi":"10.1002/jez.2928","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2928","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The frequency and duration of environmental stressors, such as heat waves and drought, will continue to grow due to ongoing climate change, thereby increasing the likelihood that organisms will experience stressors consecutively. Exposure to one stressor can improve or impair future tolerance to the same stressor (i.e., hardening or softening, respectively), or enhance or reduce future tolerance to a different stressor (i.e., cross-protection or cross-susceptibility, respectively). Understanding whether stress improves or impairs animals’ abilities to withstand future stressors is critical for determining the physiological sensitivity of animals to ongoing climate change. Here, we used a factorial design with the variable field cricket (<i>Gryllus lineaticeps</i>) to evaluate whether prior heat or desiccation stress influenced subsequent heat or dessication tolerance. Given the potential energetic costs of hardening and cross-protection, we further examined whether resource (food) acquisition promoted hardening and cross-susceptibility. Prior heat exposure reduced future heat tolerance (i.e., softening), and prior exposure to both heat and desiccation reduced future desiccation tolerance (i.e., softening and cross-susceptibility), potentially due to terminal reproductive investment. Further, resource acquisition (amount of body mass gained) did not influence stress tolerance because individuals that acquired more resources were not more likely to exhibit benefits (rather than costs) to their future stress tolerance. In sum, our results suggest the increasing frequency of climate-related stressors may pose a significant physiological risk to some animals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 6","pages":"641-649"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Approach in Investigation the Chemotaxis Response of Mammalian Parasitic Nematode: In Vitro Study","authors":"Nahla A. Radwan,&nbsp;Walid Tawfik,&nbsp;Diaa Atta,&nbsp;Mohamed F. Ageba,&nbsp;Saly N. Salama,&nbsp;Mohamed N. Mohamed","doi":"10.1002/jez.2925","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2925","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chemotaxis is the biologically intrinsic navigation towards or away from chemical stimuli. It is a crucial behavioral response for animals when interacting with their environment and a tool for locating sustenance, hosts, and other vital environmental signals. Prior research has predominantly concentrated on the chemotactic behaviors of free-living and entomopathogenic nematodes in response to volatile soil constituents. The present work conducts for the first time the chemotaxis assay of <i>Syphacia obvelata</i> (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) parasitizing the vertebrate cecum as an experimental model for detecting this behavior in parasitic nematodes. We tested two mouse biological samples, namely urine, and serum, as odorants to study the in vitro chemotactic behavior of <i>S. obvelata</i>. The experiments were conducted in triplicate groups of twenty-two worms for gradient dilutions between 10^-0, 10^-1, 10^-3, and 10^-5ml, using a semi-solid formula of agar (Brenner 1974; Stiernagle. 2006) as a nutrient surface medium for cultivation. The chemotaxis chamber and photography system were applied according to Hirotsu et al. 2015 with some modification to be convenient with the current experiment. The chemotaxis index is computed along with the cultivated worms’ mean number attracted toward or repulsed away from the odorants. The control groups included ten worms with an ablated olfactory sense organ (amphid) that was targeted using a 785 nm picosecond pulsed laser with a power of 10 mW and a confocal Raman microscope. dose-dependent chemotactic response to both urine and serum, with diluted concentrations (10⁻⁵) acting as attractants and undiluted forms acting as repellents. There is also a time-dependent enhancement of chemotaxis, with stronger positive responses at 60 min for both stimuli. Unexpectedly, the high concentration of anal gland secretion consistently repels worms, with stronger repulsion over time. This study advances our knowledge of the sensory mechanisms of Oxyuridae, life cycle navigation, and parameters that promote retro-infection. It also provides the first insight into the chemotactic behavior of these creatures. It also highlights the potential of laser microsurgery as a precise tool for investigating complex sensory systems in minute organisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 6","pages":"650-663"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144026220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium Retention in Large Herbivores: Physiological Insights and Zoogeochemical Consequences","authors":"Andrew J. Abraham,&nbsp;Ethan S. Duvall,&nbsp;Christopher E. Doughty,&nbsp;Barbara Riond,&nbsp;Sylvia Ortmann,&nbsp;Melissa Terranova,&nbsp;Elizabeth le Roux,&nbsp;Marcus Clauss","doi":"10.1002/jez.2924","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2924","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The assimilation, retention, and release of nutrients by animals fundamentally shapes their physiology and contributions to ecological processes (e.g., zoogeochemistry). Yet, information on the transit of nutrients through the bodies of large mammals remains scarce. Here, we examined how sodium (Na), a key element for animal health and ecosystem functioning, travels differently through fecal and urinary systems of cows (<i>Bos taurus</i>) and horses (<i>Equus ferus caballus</i>). We provided a large dose of Na and compared its timing of release in feces and urine to that of nonabsorbable markers. Na excretion by urine occurred approximately twice as fast as excretion by feces, yet both were shorter than indigestible particle markers. These differences correspond to rapid absorption of Na in the upper gastrointestinal tract and transport by blood to the kidneys (urine Na excretion) or resecretion of Na into the lower intestinal tract (fecal Na excretion). Interestingly, for cows, we found a second peak of Na excretion in urine and feces &gt; 96 h after dosage. This result may indicate that surplus Na can be rapidly absorbed and stored in specific body cells (e.g., skin), from which it is later released. Using a propagule dispersal model, we found that the distance of cattle- and horse-driven nutrient dispersal by urine was 31% and 36% less than the fecal pathway and 60% and 41% less than the particle marker pathway, which is commonly used to estimate nutrient dispersal. Future physiological and zoogeochemical studies should resolve different pathways of nutrient retention and release from large mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 6","pages":"664-676"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2924","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serotonin–Induced Sperm Hyper-Motility In Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea Gigas) Associates With K+ Efflux and Membrane Hyperpolarization","authors":"Sayyed Mohammad Hadi Alavi,&nbsp;Sepideh Barzegar-Fallah,&nbsp;Manabu Yoshida,&nbsp;Ian A. E. Butts,&nbsp;Makoto Osada","doi":"10.1002/jez.2918","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2918","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Serotonin (5-HT) induces sperm hyper-motility in bivalves. This process has been suggested to be associated with K⁺ efflux due to higher concentrations of K⁺ ions in testicular fluid compared to that of seawater. This hypothesis was supported by inhibition of 5-HT–induced sperm hyper-motility in artificial seawater (ASW) containing high extracellular K⁺ ions or in the presence of a voltage-dependent K⁺ channel blocker (4-AP). Here, we studied changes of sperm membrane potential to elucidate 5-HT–induced sperm hyper-motility signaling in Pacific oyster (<i>Crassostrea gigas</i>). Sperm motility was partially initiated (48.34 ± 7.80%) in ASW, and decreased at 5 min post-activation (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In the presence of 10^–5 M 5-HT, sperm motility was recorded 81.63 ± 3.55%, which remained unchanged within 60 min post-activation. After sperm activation in ASW with or without 5-HT, fluorescence intensity of membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent (DiSC₃(5)) was decreased to lower than that of the resting stage, indicating membrane hyperpolarization. Induction of membrane hyperpolarization, using valinomycin or in K⁺-free ASW (KF-ASW) could not trigger sperm hyper-motility, suggesting that hyperpolarization itself did not induce sperm hyper-motility. Next, we showed that membrane hyperpolarization was due to K⁺ efflux. The fluorescence intensity of DiSC₃(5) was increased in ASW or KF-ASW containing 4-AP, suggesting membrane depolarization due to inhibition of K⁺ efflux. The valinomycin–induced membrane hyperpolarization was changed to depolarization by subsequent additions of KCl, suggesting that changes in the electrochemical gradient of K⁺ ions resulted in the retention of intracellular K⁺ ions. Observed membrane depolarization in the presence of 4-AP or high K⁺ ions was associated with inhibition of 5-HT–induced sperm hyper-motility. Taken together, this study shows that 5-HT–induced sperm hyper-motility was associated with membrane hyperpolarization due to K⁺ efflux.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 6","pages":"677-692"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frogs in a Hurry: Morphological and Physiological Correlates of Inter-Site Movement Success in an Aquatic Invader","authors":"Colin M. Goodman,&nbsp;Katherine Buckman,&nbsp;Jeffrey E. Hill,&nbsp;Steve A. Johnson,&nbsp;Miguel A. Acevedo,&nbsp;Christina M. Romagosa","doi":"10.1002/jez.2923","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2923","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Movement is a key driver of population dynamics. Movement ability and propensity often vary among populations and individuals. These differences may be particularly strong in aquatic species, where the ability to move within a site is not necessarily correlated to the ability to move between sites. In periods of range expansion, these differences can lead to non-equilibrium dynamics, whereby more mobile phenotypes arrange themselves spatially. This can be even more pronounced when dispersal success is nonrandom with respect to a heritable trait, thus acting as an agent of selection. This process—dubbed spatial sorting—can be particularly pronounced in non-native species, often hastening the speed of invasion spread. However, before spatial sorting occurring, there must first be individual differences in traits that confer greater movement success. Recently, a high-density breeding and expanding population of the non-native pipid frog, <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i>, in west-central Florida, offering a great opportunity to test whether movement success is predicted by individual differences in morphology or locomotor capacity. To test this, we compared the morphology, maximal exertion capacity, and jumping performance of movers and residents. We found that relative to residents, movers had longer hindlimbs, wider ilia, and traveled for greater time intervals before reaching exhaustion. These results suggest functional morphological and physiological traits are important in determining inter-site movement success.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 6","pages":"703-713"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Butorphanol or a Combination of Ketamine and Xylazine Do Not Interfere With Arrhythmogenic Parameters in Agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) Obtained Through High-Resolution Electrocardiogram","authors":"Charlys Rhands Coelho de Moura,&nbsp;Hermínio José da Rocha Neto,&nbsp;Regina Lucia dos Santos Silva,&nbsp;Nayla Maria da Silva Rezende Amorim,&nbsp;José Lindenberg Rocha Sarmento,&nbsp;Miguel Ferreira Cavalcante Filho,&nbsp;Wanderson Gabriel Gomes de Melo,&nbsp;Dayseanny de Oliveira Bezerra,&nbsp;Maria Acelina Martins Carvalho,&nbsp;Napoleão Martins Argolo Neto","doi":"10.1002/jez.2922","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2922","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Introduction/Objectives: Agoutis is a medium-sized wild rodent with potential for use as an experimental model. This study aimed to evaluate physiological parameters of arrhythmogenesis in this species, by HR-ECG and VCG techniques, under physical and pharmacological containment (ketamine-xylazine and butorphanol). Materials and methods: Eight agouti in which the physiological parameters of arrhythmogenesis were evaluated by HR-ECG and VCG techniques, under physical and pharmacological containment. We evaluated cardiac and pulmonary foci sounds, made femoral pulse inspection, body score analysis, gestational evaluation, echocardiographic examination, blood pressure measurement, and conventional electrocardiography. Results: The non-sedated agoutis exhibited QRS duration of 93.25 ± 9.51, LAS &lt; 40 μV of 28.50 ± 4.65 and RMS of 93.50 ± 29.75. The value of QRS duration decreased in animals treated with ketamine-xylazine and increased in those receiving butorphanol. The non-sedated agoutis exhibited QRS duration of 93.25 ± 9.51, LAS &lt; 40 μV of 28.50 ± 4.65 and RMS of 93.50 ± 29.75. The value of QRS duration decreased in animals treated with ketamine-xylazine and increased in those receiving butorphanol. The sedation protocols did not cause alterations for LAS &lt; 40 μV and RMS. The sQRST value in non-sedated animals was 54.20° ± 43.63 and the administration of ketamine-xylazine increased this index to 102.87° ± 53.57, while butorphanol did not induce alteration. The mean systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures differed between physical and pharmacological restraints. Both pharmacological constraints reduced the blood pressure of the agoutis, analogously and mildly. Conclusion: The adoption of sedation protocols using the ketamine-xylazine association and butorphanol did not interfere with HR-ECG values and exhibited minimal VCG data and blood pressure changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 6","pages":"693-702"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}