Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal Modulation of Splenic Immune Architecture and Proliferative Activity in the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius): An Ecological Perspective.","authors":"Nora A Taher, Marwa M Hussein, Enas A AbdElhafez, Doaa M Mokhtar","doi":"10.1002/jez.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seasonal environmental fluctuations in desert ecosystems impose significant physiological and immunological challenges on mammals. This study investigated the impact of seasonal variation on the histological organization, immune cell distribution, and proliferative activity of the spleen in adult male dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Spleen samples were collected during winter and summer and analyzed using histological, semithin, immunohistochemical (CD3, CD20, and Ki-67), and morphometrical approaches. Histological examination revealed that the splenic architecture in both seasons consisted of distinct white and red pulp regions. However, summer samples exhibited increased thickness of the splenic capsule and trabeculae, along with more prominent lymphoid follicles and enhanced lymphocyte density. Semithin analysis confirmed a higher cellular density within the germinal centers during summer. Notably, specialized vascular structures, including throttle arteries and glomus-like bodies, were more frequently observed in the red pulp during summer. Immunohistochemically, CD3-positive T lymphocytes were predominantly localized in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath, with a significant increase in their proportion during summer. CD20-positive B lymphocytes were extensively distributed within the white pulp in both seasons, with significant increased cellular density during summer. Ki-67 immunoreactivity demonstrated increased proliferative activity during summer, particularly within germinal centers. These findings demonstrate that the camel spleen exhibits marked seasonal plasticity, characterized by coordinated changes in immune cell distribution, proliferative activity, and vascular specialization. Such adaptations likely contribute to maintaining immune competence under the extreme environmental conditions of desert habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking the Pulse of the Dunes: Seasonal Metabolic Responses of Liolaemus arambarensis to Climatic Variability.","authors":"Artur Antunes Navarro Valgas, Gustavo Kasper Cubas, Diogo Reis de Oliveira, Jessica Fonseca Araujo, Guendalina Turcato Oliveira, Laura Verrastro","doi":"10.1002/jez.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seasonal environmental fluctuations profoundly influence ectothermic vertebrates, regulating their physiology, metabolism, and life cycles. This study investigated the metabolic and morphometric seasonal dynamics of the subtropical sand lizard Liolaemus arambarensis, an endangered species endemic to the coastal dunes of southern Brazil. Over two annual cycles (July 2020 to May 2022), 133 individuals (43 males, 45 females, 45 juveniles) were sampled across all seasons. Through an ecophysiological and biochemical approach, we quantified intermediate metabolism biomarkers-including glucose, proteins, albumin, uric acid, lactate, triglycerides, cholesterol, glycogen, and total lipids-in plasma, liver, gonads, and skeletal muscles, alongside somatic and organ indices. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLMs) with gamma distribution and log-link, followed by type III ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. Marked sex- and age-specific seasonal patterns were detected. Females exhibited strong reproductive investment in spring and summer, characterized by increased gonadal proteins and triglycerides, elevated plasma albumin and cholesterol, and depletion of hepatic and muscular reserves-consistent with vitellogenesis and egg production. Males initiated reproductive investment earlier, accumulating hepatic and muscular glycogen and lipids in autumn-winter and mobilizing these reserves during spring for spermatogenesis and reproductive behaviors. Juveniles displayed strategies oriented toward somatic growth and survival, with high tissue lipid content in summer (yolk-derived reserves), hyperglycemia and hepatic glycogen accumulation in winter (suggesting cryoprotective or osmotic roles), and metabolic depletion in autumn, likely due to intraspecific competition for limited resources. The results reveal a plastic physiological strategy combining temperate-like energy conservation during cold periods with tropical-like reproductive allocation in warm months. Such metabolic flexibility underlies the species' adaptation to subtropical thermal variability and provides valuable predictive indicators for ecological modeling and conservation planning in the context of ongoing climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Activation Reshapes Male Reproductive Investment and Induces Intergenerational Effects on Offspring.","authors":"Francesca Coll, Jose C Noguera","doi":"10.1002/jez.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The activation of the immune system is a major physiological challenge that can compromise reproductive investment in males. While its effects on visual sexual signals have been widely investigated, much less is known about how immune activation influences acoustic signaling and other key reproductive traits. In this context, traits such as sperm production and sperm oxidative status (i.e., the balance between antioxidant and pro-oxidant molecules that ultimately determines the level of damage accumulation) are especially relevant, as they may potentially affect not only male fertility but also offspring development and behavior. Here, by experimentally activating the immune system of male field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) with a nylon monofilament (i.e., a non-pathogenic immune elicitor), we show that our immune treatment decreased male investment in acoustic sexual signaling, but had no effects on sperm production or sperm oxidative status (i.e., antioxidants and protein oxidative damage levels). However, the eggs fertilized by immune-challenged males showed higher hatching success than those of control (immune-unchallenged) males. Moreover, after hatching, the nymphs sired by immune-challenged males exhibited altered behavioral development, displaying increased locomotor activity and exploratory behavior. These findings suggest that immune activation does not impose uniform costs across pre- and post-copulatory sexually selected traits. Instead, they suggest that when facing an immune challenge, males may strategically prioritize fertility success over sexual attractiveness and mate attraction. Importantly, our results reveal that such shifts extend beyond the male's own reproductive investment to influence offspring behavioral phenotypes, highlighting a previously underappreciated pathway linking immunity to intergenerational behavioral variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147729200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Impacts of Co-Exposure to Microplastics and Vibrio harveyi on the Immune and Stress Responses of the Big-Belly Seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis.","authors":"Jin A Kim, Min-Min Jung, Seong Don Hwang, Jun-Hwan Kim, Cheol Young Choi","doi":"10.1002/jez.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MPs) originating from synthetic polymers can act as vectors for harmful microorganisms and pollutants, exacerbating ecological risks. Vibrio harveyi, commonly found in seawater, is a major opportunistic pathogen causing vibriosis in marine fish. MPs and pathogenic bacteria such as V. harveyi have increasingly been recognized as co-contaminants in marine environments. This study investigated the physiological responses of the big-belly seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis exposed to MPs and V. harveyi, both individually and in combination. Seahorses were exposed to small (0.2 μm) and large (1.0 μm) polystyrene MPs (50 beads/L) and V. harveyi (1 × 10³ CFU/mL) for 4 days under controlled conditions. Biochemical parameters and molecular analyses were conducted to assess hepatic function, immune regulation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis-related responses. MP exposure promoted V. harveyi proliferation within seahorse tissues, with higher bacterial copy numbers in the kidney than in the liver, indicating the kidney's active immune role. Plasma biochemical indices (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and glucose) and immune-related genes, including lysozyme G, interferon regulatory factor 8, and interleukin 10, were significantly elevated in co-exposure groups compared with individual exposures. Expression of heat shock protein 75 and caspase 8 was also upregulated, suggesting enhanced oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways. These findings indicate that MPs and V. harveyi exert synergistic physiological stress, disrupting immune homeostasis and promoting apoptosis in seahorses. This study provides mechanistic insights into combined MP-pathogen toxicity and establishes the big-belly seahorse as a sensitive bioindicator for complex marine pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147673909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Temperature on Trophic Discrimination of Stable Isotopes (¹³C and ¹⁵N) and Biokinetics in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio, L. 1758).","authors":"I Kuklina, J Kubec, P Balzani, T B Meador, M J Kainz, M Buřič, L Veselý","doi":"10.1002/jez.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stable isotope analysis (SIA) provides essential information toward a better understanding of trophic ecology. However, the interpretation of SIA results relies on assumptions about the trophic discrimination factor (TDF), which aims to improve the accuracy but may lead to bias. In aquatic ecosystems, most biota are poikilothermic organisms, thus temperature is one of the most important parameters affecting all biological processes, including the trophic discrimination of stable isotopes. Therefore, we conducted an experiment to establish TDF for freshwater fish under different temperature regimes (15°C, 25°C, and natural ambient pond temperatures from July to September). We used common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L., 1758) as a model organism. In the first phase of the experiment (weeks 1-6), all fish were fed a defined fish feed to establish a baseline isotopic signal for all individuals. In the second phase (weeks 7-18), fish were randomly divided into three temperature groups and were all fed different types of fish feed. Results indicated temperature-dependent TDF, with nitrogen showing higher temperature dependency, where highest TDF were observed in the 15°C treatment and lowest in the 25°C treatment. In contrast, for carbon, an equilibrium of muscle isotopic values was reached only in the natural ambient temperature regime. Presumably, discrimination of nitrogen isotopes was related to metabolic turnover rates, where all values were significant, while for carbon, only significant values were found under natural ambient temperature conditions. These findings highlight the importance of considering environmental thermal conditions in evaluating stable isotope signatures in trophic studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ovulating Female of Nine-Spined Sticklebacks (Pungitius sinensis) Are Attracted to Substances Derived From Male Kidneys.","authors":"Miki Nagaya, Hidenobu Yambe, Yasunori Koya","doi":"10.1002/jez.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Male sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae) produce an adhesive protein called \"spiggin\" in the tubular epithelial cells of their kidneys, which they use to attach plants or plant debris together and build nesting sites. Spiggin is a glycoprotein excreted in urine. A similar substance has been reported in freshwater sculpins (Cottidae), and it is thought that male sculpins that nest under stones use this glycoprotein in their enlarged kidneys to attract females to their nests. Based on the phylogenetic closeness of sticklebacks and sculpins and the physiological similarities in their kidneys, we hypothesized that spiggin may play a role in attracting females to nesting sites in sticklebacks. We tested this hypothesis using a Y-maze with the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius sinensis), a member of the Gasterosteidae. Ovulated females were more consistently attracted to male kidney extracts than female kidney extracts. The high-molecular-weight fraction (molecular weight > 3000) separated from the male kidney extract using a dialysis membrane had an attractive effect on ovulating females, while the low-molecular-weight fraction (molecular weight < 3000) had a repellent effect. The water in the aquarium containing nests built by males significantly attracted ovulating females. These results suggest that spiggin or an unknown component associated with spiggin functions to attract ovulating females. In sticklebacks, which evolved from territorial breeding to building elaborate nests, it is possible that the substance that attracts females produced in the male kidney has evolved into an adhesive component that solidifies the nest.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domestication Effects on Immune Response: Comparison of Phytohemagglutinin-Induced Skin Swelling in Domesticated Bengalese Finch and Its Wild Ancestor, White-Rumped Munia.","authors":"Kenta Suzuki, Kazuo Okanoya","doi":"10.1002/jez.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The domesticated Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica) exhibits more complex songs and altered physiological and behavioral traits compared with its wild ancestor, the white-rumped munia (Lonchura striata). Domestication has been suggested to be associated with immune function, and domestication-related physiological and behavioral traits are thought to co-vary with immune traits. Comparing immune responses between the Bengalese finch and the white-rumped munia provides an opportunity to explore phenotypic differences associated with domestication. In this study, we assessed cell-mediated immune responses using phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a lectin that induces local skin swelling. This PHA-induced swelling (PHA response) is a widely used index of T cell-mediated immunity in ecological immunology. Our results showed that the Bengalese finch exhibited a significantly greater PHA response than the white-rumped munia, indicating higher cell-mediated immune activity in the domesticated birds. These findings suggest a possible association between immune function and domestication-related phenotypic changes, including fearfulness, song complexity, and stress responsiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joint Angular Excursions and Angular Range Utilization During Stance-Phase Locomotion in Terrestrial Mammals: A Comparative Morphofunctional Data Set","authors":"Paul Medina-González","doi":"10.1002/jez.70069","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Morphofunctional inferences based on anatomical structure often rely on static skeletal features, with limited integration of dynamic locomotor behavior. Although mammalian limb movement exhibits conserved kinematic synergies, to our knowledge no broad comparative data set has quantified how joint poses, angular excursions, and angular range utilization vary across biological factors. A comparative data set of joint motion during the stance phase of walking is presented for 182 terrestrial mammal species spanning 15 orders, classified by limb posture, body mass, top speed, and locomotor habit. Using sagittal-plane video analysis and published sources, joint angles at touchdown, midstance, and toe-off were measured for six major limb joints. From these data, joint angular excursion (JAE), total angular excursion (TAE), and an angular utilization index (AUI% = TAE/∑JAE) expressed as the percentage of summed joint excursion that is realized as net limb excursion during stance, were calculated. Using phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) to account for nonindependence among species, I found that JAE and TAE covaried with the factors considered, with body mass emerging as the dominant predictor. Hindlimb and forelimb TAE decreased with increasing log₁₀ body mass, whereas posture effects were subtle and largely overlapping among categories. Plantigrade, small-bodied and arboreal species tended to display broader angular profiles, whereas unguligrade, cursorial and fast-moving taxa generally used smaller excursions. Quadrant-based comparisons of forelimb and hindlimb AUI further highlighted locomotor strategies aligned with biological factors. Together, these findings indicate that mammals modulate the magnitude and distribution of joint excursions across size and ecological gradients while broadly preserving the proportion of the summed joint excursions range used during stance, providing a reproducible framework for interpreting limb dynamics in extant and extinct mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"345 4","pages":"361-376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146149771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-Metabolomic Signatures of Frog Skin Secretions Reveal Environmental Stress Biomarkers Across Pond Disturbance Gradients","authors":"Dasi Ong,&nbsp;Mohd Nazri Ismail","doi":"10.1002/jez.70074","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Frogs are highly sensitive bioindicators whose skin secretions reflect physiological responses to environmental change. Yet, no study has directly linked amphibian skin metabolomes to quantified habitat parameters across a disturbance gradient. We applied an eco-metabolomics approach to <i>Hylarana erythraea</i> from eight pond sites in northern Peninsular Malaysia, spanning natural to heavily modified habitats. Thirty ecological parameters defined two habitat categories: minimally disturbed and moderately-to-heavily disturbed. Untargeted QTOF LC-MS/MS revealed distinct metabolomic profiles between categories (PERMANOVA, F = 11.78, <i>R</i>² = 0.67, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Frogs from minimally disturbed habitats had higher lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC 18:0, LPC 18:1), consistent with membrane integrity and physiological homeostasis, whereas disturbed sites showed elevated xenobiotic-related compounds (e.g., Triton X-45, Lauramine oxide) and histamine, indicating anthropogenic stress. Generalized linear models identified water clarity, aquatic vegetation, and pond size as the strongest predictors of metabolomic variation (ΔAIC ≤ 2). Our findings provide the first molecular-level evidence linking frog skin metabolites to quantified ecological drivers, demonstrating their value as early-warning biomarkers within amphibian conservation and One Health monitoring frameworks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"345 4","pages":"399-413"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146213420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Seasonal Effects of Temperature on Bite Performance of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temminckii)","authors":"Ashley H. Gagnon,&nbsp;David A. Penning,&nbsp;Lexis Mader,&nbsp;Nathan Piccoli,&nbsp;Day B. Ligon","doi":"10.1002/jez.70071","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Environmental temperatures influence most aspects of ectotherm biology, especially when fluctuating on daily and seasonal scales. The Alligator Snapping Turtle (<i>Macrochelys temminckii</i>) is a species of conservation concern inhabiting temperate latitudes in the southeastern United States. To study the effect of temperature and season on the bite performance of <i>M. temminckii</i>, we used a force transducer and high-speed videography to measure bite force and kinematics, including bite duration, jaw velocity and acceleration, and lunge velocity and acceleration, for 21 captive subadult <i>M. temminckii</i>. We also recorded bite behaviors, including willingness to gape and bite, and pre-bite aggressive displays. We conducted trials at 5°C, 15°C, and 25°C, and repeated our measurements in summer and winter. Maximum bite force varied significantly with temperature, albeit not to an extent likely to be biologically relevant. All bite kinematics varied significantly across at least one of the testing temperatures within seasons, with individuals performing maximally at 25°C. Willingness to bite was more affected by temperature than willingness to gape, with subjects requiring more provocation to gape and bite at 5°C than at higher temperatures and displaying fewer pre-bite aggressive behaviors. There was limited evidence of seasonal acclimation in bite kinematics, with higher summer temperatures yielding maximal performance, and measurements at lower temperatures varying little between seasons. Our findings support the need for rigorous standardization of temperature in studies of ectotherm performance and suggest that care must be taken in selecting the time of year in which temperature studies are conducted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"345 4","pages":"389-398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146201915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}