Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology最新文献

{"title":"Incubation and Overwintering Conditions Influence Righting Performance of Hatchling Turtles","authors":"Molly Folkerts Caldwell,&nbsp;Daniel A. Warner,&nbsp;Matthew E. Wolak","doi":"10.1002/jez.70065","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Conditions experienced during early life stages may influence an array of fitness-relevant phenotypes, especially in oviparous ectotherms. The pond slider (<i>Trachemys scripta</i>) has two life stages particularly vulnerable to the influence of ambient conditions: the egg stage and hatchling overwintering stage. We aimed to determine the influence of both incubation temperature and overwinter environment on hatchling turtle performance. In 2019 and 2020, we incubated pond slider eggs at five constant temperatures (24°C, 26°C, 28°C, 30°C, 32°C). After hatching, turtles were distributed to two housing treatments that simulated overwintering in a terrestrial nest or an aquatic environment. In the spring following hatching, we conducted righting response trials, which are frequently used performance measures that may be associated with coordination and neuromuscular function. Our linear mixed-effects models show that incubation temperature, overwinter environment, and their interaction significantly influenced hatchling phenotypes (e.g., shell and tail dimensions, body mass) and righting performance (e.g., total righting response time, latency to right). Aquatically overwintering hatchlings that were incubated at cooler temperatures righted themselves faster than those incubated at warmer temperatures. This relationship did not exist in terrestrially overwintering hatchlings, which had faster overall righting times that were not affected by incubation temperature, suggesting overwintering in the nest may better equip hatchlings for post-emergence dispersals over land.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"345 4","pages":"337-350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146010316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Partner Workload and Increasing Environmental Temperature on Nestling Provisioning and Body Temperature in a Declining Aerial Insectivore","authors":"Megan C. Heft,&nbsp;Bronwen Hennigar,&nbsp;Gary Burness","doi":"10.1002/jez.70075","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With climate change, birds will face increasing thermoregulatory demands, which may alter reproductive behaviors such as offspring provisioning. Experimental studies have shown that the provisioning capacity of female tree swallows (<i>Tachycineta bicolor</i>) is limited by their risk of overheating. Given that parental investment strategies may vary between sexes, the thermal environment may have a different impact on males. We experimentally trimmed ventral feathers from male tree swallows to create a “thermal window” through which they could dissipate heat. We remotely monitored provisioning rate and core body temperature of males and their female partners. At high temperatures, all males decreased their nestling provisioning rates irrespective of trimming treatment. In addition, trimmed males maintained core body temperatures similar to those of controls. This suggests that in contrast to previous work with females, males limit provisioning rates to levels below the threshold at which they would overheat. Regardless of male treatment, females adjusted their own activity to match that of their male partners; whether there are costs to females is unknown. Combined, these studies highlight that sex-specific differences in thermal physiology and behavior must be considered when predicting responses to climatic warming.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"345 4","pages":"414-426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054776/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147283834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Investigations on Angiogenesis and Oxidative Stress in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Bucks' Testes Throughout the Reproductive Cycle","authors":"Ilaria Troisio,&nbsp;Domenico Ventrella,&nbsp;Bálint Lóránt Hausz,&nbsp;Mattia Cesauri,&nbsp;Niccolò Ian Vannetti,&nbsp;Maria Laura Bacci,&nbsp;Alberto Elmi,&nbsp;Augusta Zannoni","doi":"10.1002/jez.70067","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Animals with seasonal reproductive cycles, as the Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), have developed mechanisms to synchronize reproduction with the environmental cycle in order to optimize reproductive success through melatonin. Angiogenesis and oxidative stress are key processes in spermatogenesis, contributing to testicular remodeling and recovery after reproductive effort. This study carried out a gene expression analysis on 18 samples of mature male Roe deer testicles, collected during the local hunting season in pre-rut (<i>N</i> = 9) and post-rut (<i>N</i> = 9) periods. A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) array targeting 84 genes involved in oxidative stress and 84 in angiogenesis were used, followed by validation through individual qPCR of selected genes and related protein quantification by ELISA assays. Post-rut animals showed upregulation of several antioxidant genes: Peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4), Scavenger receptors class A member 3 (SCARA3), Superoxide Dismutase 3 (SOD3). Instead, Leptin (LEP) and Thrombospondin Ⅱ (THBSⅡ), a known angiogenesis inhibitor, are downregulated. A novel insight is represented by the upregulation of Neuropilin (NRP2) in post-rut period that, given to its posttranscriptional silencing too, needs better investigations. The pleiotropic nature of NRP2, including roles in neurodevelopment, immune modulation, and vascular remodeling, makes this gene an interesting candidate for further study, cause its function in reproductive tissues remains poorly understood.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"345 4","pages":"351-360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054778/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146052315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Salinity on Gill Ultrastructure of Alligator Gar Atractosteus spatula","authors":"Brandon P. Sorrell,&nbsp;Orion S. Rivers,&nbsp;Jonathan M. Wilson,&nbsp;Peter J. Allen","doi":"10.1002/jez.70076","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The alligator gar, <i>Atractosteus spatula</i> (Lacépède, 1803), is a euryhaline, bimodal breather, occupying a wide range of habitats. The gills and swim bladder are both respiratory organs, creating a potential trade-off for fish inhabiting saline environments where gills must also be used to facilitate osmo- and ionoregulation. Therefore, to understand whether gill adaptations in alligator gar differ from other euryhaline basal fishes and teleosts, alligator gar were acclimated to fresh water (salinity: 0; <i>n</i> = 5) or saline water (salinity: 20; <i>n</i> = 5) for over 4 weeks and gill ultrastructure and localization of the key sodium and proton motive ATPases [Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase (NKA) and vacuolar-type H⁺-ATPase (VHA)] were evaluated. Gills were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the external surfaces and internal cellular structures of epithelial cells, and by immunofluorescence microscopy to identify ionocyte types. In alligator gar acclimated to fresh water, ionocytes extended beyond pavement cells, contained numerous microvilli and mitochondria, and were generally located on the gill filaments at the base of lamellae. Following acclimation to saline water, ionocytes were recessed compared to adjacent pavement cells, contained numerous mitochondria, and were generally located on the gill filament epithelium at the base of lamellae and in interlamellar spaces. In the gills, there were numerous NKA immunoreactive cells in saline-acclimated fish, with fewer in freshwater-acclimated fish. Notably, VHA-immunoreactive cells were present in both salinity groups and occurred in a separate, less abundant subpopulation than those containing NKA. Therefore, the alligator gar has similar gill adaptations as many teleosts for salinity acclimation, with the presence of VHA resembling other basal euryhaline actinopterygians.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"345 4","pages":"427-439"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147283900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thirty Weeks Dietary Nano-Selenium Improves Liver Health of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Revealed by Transcriptomics and Metabolomics","authors":"Yixuan Chen,&nbsp;Minmin Xie,&nbsp;Pinpin Zhang,&nbsp;Mingpeng Zheng,&nbsp;Ying Zhang,&nbsp;Chuang Zhou","doi":"10.1002/jez.70070","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.70070","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Grass carp (&lt;i&gt;Ctenopharyngodon idellus&lt;/i&gt;), China's most valuable freshwater aquaculture species, exhibits growth and nutrient utilization efficiency that are highly dependent on feed quality. After macronutrient balancing, nano-selenium (nano-Se) supplementation becomes critical for enhancing health and profitability. Although nano-Se has been observed to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation, the molecular mechanisms underlying its hepatoprotective effects following long-term administration remain systematically uncharacterized. To fill this gap, this study utilized transcriptomic and metabolomic technologies to investigate the beneficial alterations in the liver of grass carp following 30 weeks of nano-Se feeding. Ninety juvenile grass carp were randomly allocated to either a control group (basal diet) or a nano-Se group (basal diet + 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se); livers were harvested for omics analyses at the end of the 30-week feeding period. Transcriptomic analysis initially identified 533 differentially expressed genes (110 up-regulated, 423 down-regulated). Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were primarily involved in biological processes such as metabolic processes, biological regulation, and stress response, suggesting that nano-Se broadly regulates hepatic metabolic activity and stress adaptability. Further Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment in the “protein digestion and absorption” pathway. Key genes in this pathway, including collagen VI α1/2 (COL6A1/2), elastase ELA2/3 L, and amino acid transporters SLC3A1 and SLC7A9, were significantly down-regulated, indicating that nano-Se may mitigate oxidative stress-induced micro-damage in hepatocytes, thereby reducing the liver's demand for damage repair and fibrotic processes. Metabolomic analysis detected 1404 metabolites, with 267 differentially metabolites (198 up-regulated, 69 down-regulated) spanning multiple metabolic categories such as amino acids, lipids, and cofactors. Glycerophospholipids (GP) and sphingolipids (SP) were significantly up-regulated, while bile acid metabolites were down-regulated. Related metabolic pathway analysis showed that “glycerophospholipid metabolism” and “linoleic acid metabolism” pathways were significantly activated. Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids are major components of cell membranes; their increased levels may enhance the integrity and stability of hepatocyte membranes. Concurrently, enhanced linoleic acid metabolism may contribute to energy supply and inflammation regulation. These changes collectively suggest that nano-Se may improve hepatic redox homeostasis and metabolic balance by remodeling hepatocyte membrane lipid composition and optimizing energy metabolism pathways. Collectively, nano-Se alleviates oxidative injury and maintains metabolic homeostasis in the grass-carp liver through the coordinated modulatio","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"345 4","pages":"377-388"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146165531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entomopathogenic Potential of a Species of Serratia marcescens Originating from the Gut of Melon Fly: Isolation, Characterization and Effect of Oral Administration.","authors":"Yi Li, Lifei Chen, Chongyang Lu, Xun Yu, Wei Li, Xuyuan Gao","doi":"10.1002/jez.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), represents a devastating agricultural pest species. Conventional chemical control strategies are increasingly compromised by the development of insecticide resistance. Given the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in insect physiology and host fitness, it is necessary to isolate gut-derived bacterial strains from adult melon flies and assess their insecticidal efficacy against adult flies. Isolation of culturable gut microbiota from adult melon flies that died of natural causes yielded 122 bacterial strains. Among the 10 virulent bacterial isolates, Serratia marcescens strain SMLY-1 was identified as a highly pathogenic strain against adult melon flies. In addition, oral administration of SMLY-1 significantly reduced survival rates of adult melon flies in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological analysis suggested that SMLY-1 administration resulted in progressive midgut damage, which was manifested by epithelial cell desquamation and vacuolization. Moreover, the gut microbiota homeostasis was disrupted, and microbial richness was reduced. Notably, the genus-level Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a significant increase in Serratia spp. abundance in the SMLY-1 treatment group compared to the control group, indicating abnormal proliferation of Serratia spp. in intestines. Enzymatic assays showed that key digestive enzymes (AMS, LPS, trypsin) and detoxification enzymes (CarE, GST) activities were significantly reduced as well as antioxidant enzymes exhibited significant alterations. qRT-PCR results suggested that immune-related genes in adult melon flies including Attacin, JNK, and PPO were sustained upregulated whereas Cecropin, PGRP, IMD and GST were significantly downregulated. These findings establish SMLY-1 as a promising candidate for the biocontrol of melon flies in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147574249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth Hormone Association With Testicular Recrudescence in a Free-Living Passerine, Amandava amandava.","authors":"Banalata Mohanty","doi":"10.1002/jez.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging evidence confirms the expression of functional growth hormone (GH) receptors in the male and female reproductive systems, and suggests that the GH signaling might influence gonadal function by acting at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in animals and mammals. Despite this, the role of GH in the modulation of the gonadal cycle in seasonal breeders has been less explored. This study focused on a free-living passerine, Amandava amandava (Red Munia), a distinct seasonal breeder. It aimed at elucidating the plasticity in pituitary expression of the GH, and alteration in the plasma hormone profile across life-history stages parallel to the testicular cycle (histomorphometry and plasma levels of testosterone). The pituitary expression and plasma GH levels remained elevated during the breeding cycle, where the energy-demanding process of testicular recrudescence occurs. The study correlated the plasma GH level with various parameters of the testis and suggests that physiological GH, in association with pituitary gonadotropins, may facilitate the growth and functionality of the testis. The extrapituitary localization of GH in the hypothalamus, optic chiasma, and cerebral cortex during the breeding cycle suggests its paracrine role in the modulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. GH may help meet energy requirements and achieve reproductive status during the transition from the non-breeding to breeding life-history stage, interacting with hormones from other endocrine axes related to reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147512533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Air Respiratory Capacity of Awaous (Chonophorus) tajasica (Gobiiformes: Oxudercidae): A Morpho-Functional Study.","authors":"João Pedro Trevisan, Diego Venturelli, Wilfried Klein, André Luis da Cruz","doi":"10.1002/jez.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surface air-gulping behavior has been reported in several gobiid fishes, but its contribution to oxygen uptake remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the air-breathing capacity of Awaous tajasica through behavioral observations, measurement of oxygen consumption, and analysis of the functional morphology of its palate and gills. Behavioral observations demonstrated that under hypoxic conditions, the fish moved to the water surface to engulf air bubbles, which remained within the buccal cavity during aquatic gill ventilation before being expelled through an opercular cavity. Oxygen consumption analysis revealed that A. tajasica obtained approximately 70% of its oxygen from the water and 30% from atmospheric air when under low aquatic oxygen conditions. Palate morphology did not reveal specialized respiratory structures, and only typical sensory structures such as taste buds were observed, indicating the absence of a dedicated aerial exchange surface. The retention of an air bubble in the buccal cavity during low aquatic oxygen concentration supports a functional contribution of air gulping to oxygen uptake in A. tajasica, demonstrating aerial oxygen acquisition without specialized air breathing organs in this gobiid species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147473867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Profiling of Social Behaviors to Assess the Genetic Basis of Evolution of Aggressive Behaviors in Astyanax mexicanus.","authors":"Renee Mapa, Stefan Choy, Solomia Lapko, Allison Kimmel, Isabel Carino-Bazan, Johanna E Kowalko","doi":"10.1002/jez.70082","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Across the animal kingdom, social behaviors such as aggression are critical for survival and reproductive success. While there is significant variation in social behaviors within and between species, the genetic mechanisms underlying natural variation in social behaviors are poorly understood. A central challenge to investigating the mechanisms contributing to the evolution of social behaviors is that these behaviors are typically complex, making them a challenge to quantify. The Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, is a powerful model for investigating the evolution of traits, as it is a single species that exists as populations of eyed, river-dwelling surface fish and blind cave-dwelling fish. The blind cavefish have evolved morphological and behavioral differences compared to surface fish, including reduced aggression. Here, we developed and validated an automated machine learning pipeline that integrates computerized tracking and supervised behavioral classification to track and quantify aggression-associated behaviors-striking, following, and circling. Using this pipeline, we established that these behaviors are quantitatively different between surface and cave fish during juvenile stages in A. mexicanus, similar to what was observed previously in adults. Moreover, assessment of these aggressive behaviors in surface-cave F2 hybrid fish revealed that striking and following are strongly positively correlated, while striking and circling are negatively correlated, suggesting that these behaviors evolved through some shared genetic mechanisms. These findings demonstrate the power of automated tracking and behavioral phenotyping in multiple fish in A. mexicanus and establish a foundation for future studies investigating the genetic basis of evolution of social behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13133746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147473869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Individual and Combined Effects of Warming and Atrazine on Lithobates pipiens Phenotypes: Implications for Frog Declines","authors":"Melody J. Gavel,&nbsp;Mark R. Forbes,&nbsp;Derek D. N. Smith,&nbsp;Julia Darabaner,&nbsp;Yol Monica Reyes,&nbsp;Zintis Stasko,&nbsp;David J. Carpenter,&nbsp;Stacey A. Robinson","doi":"10.1002/jez.70054","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class globally. Climate change, agrochemicals, and/or pathogens and parasites are implicated in contributing to amphibian declines, either singly or in combination. We investigated individual and combined effects of elevated temperatures and atrazine (2.0 μg/L) on <i>Lithobates</i> [formerly <i>Rana</i>] <i>pipiens</i> phenotypes, in a mesocosm experiment. We sampled tadpoles after 2 weeks, and other individuals at the completion of metamorphosis for endpoints relative to development, locomotor performance, immunity, and stress. Temperatures ranged from 7.18°C to 31.27°C over the experimental period, with a significant ~2°C difference between temperature treatments: warming and ambient. Whereas we found no effect of atrazine alone, we found strong effects of temperature, and some evidence of an interaction between atrazine and temperature on various phenotypic attributes. In tadpoles, elevated temperatures were associated with increased growth, accelerated development, and may have reduced stress, but decreased locomotor performance. Elevated temperatures also interacted with atrazine, offsetting an atrazine-mediated delay in tadpole development. In metamorphs, elevated temperatures accelerated development at the cost of reduced size, but did not influence locomotor performance. However, warming was associated with lowered immunity, reflecting a trade-off between growth and immune function. Elevated temperatures and atrazine also combined to affect metamorph neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios, reducing immunocompetency. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating multiple environmentally relevant stressors, thought important to amphibian declines in ecotoxicological studies, and of assessing multiple developmental stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"345 3","pages":"238-258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12969970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}