Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology最新文献

{"title":"Three-Dimensional Limb Kinematics in Brown-Throated Three-Toed Sloths (Bradypus variegatus) During Suspensory Quadrupedal Locomotion","authors":"Angela M. Mossor,&nbsp;Andrew J. McKamy,&nbsp;Melody W. Young,&nbsp;Andrew J. Rochté,&nbsp;Judy A. Avey-Arroyo,&nbsp;John A. Nyakatura,&nbsp;Michael C. Granatosky,&nbsp;Michael T. Butcher,&nbsp;Jesse W. Young","doi":"10.1002/jez.2911","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2911","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Suspensory locomotion differs significantly from upright quadrupedal locomotion in mammals. Nevertheless, we know little concerning joint kinematics of suspensory movement. Here, we report three-dimensional kinematic data during locomotion in brown-throated three-toed sloths (<i>Bradypus variegatus</i>). Individuals were recorded with four calibrated high-speed cameras while performing below-branch locomotion on a simulated branch. The elbow (range 73°–177°; mean 114°) and knee (range 107°–175°; mean 140°) were extended throughout support phase, with elbow extension increasing with speed. Both the fore- and hindlimb displayed abducted proximal limb elements (i.e., arm and thigh) and adducted distal elements (i.e., forearm and leg) during all support phase points. Comparisons of elbow and knee angles between brown-throated three-toed sloths and Linnaeus's two-toed sloths (<i>Choloepus didactylus</i>) showed that brown-throated three-toed sloths had significantly more extended joint positions during all support phase points. Additionally, across all kinematic measurements, brown-throated three-toed sloths showed significant differences between homologous fore- and hindlimb segments, with the knee being more extended than the elbow and the arm being more abducted than the thigh. These results are consistent with previously established morphological and behavioral differences between extant sloth genera, with three-toed sloths showing significantly longer forelimbs than hindlimbs and typically favoring locomotion on angled supports. Our findings show that, despite overall similarities in the use of below-branch quadrupedal locomotion, the two sloth lineages achieve this locomotor mode with differing kinematic strategies (e.g., degree of joint flexion). These differences may be attributed to the distinct evolutionary pathways through which obligate suspensory locomotion arose in each lineage.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 5","pages":"564-577"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143541710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses to Hypoxia and Hyperoxia in Embryonic Tiger Keelbacks (Rhabdophis tigrinus lateralis; Colubridae)","authors":"Xiang-Mo Li,&nbsp;Shan Su,&nbsp;Lu-Wen Zhang,&nbsp;Yan-Qing Wu,&nbsp;Xiang Ji","doi":"10.1002/jez.2910","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2910","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Studies examining the oxygen dependency of embryonic survival, growth, and differentiation have been conducted for decades in a diverse array of animal taxa but including only one oviparous snake, the viperine water snake <i>Natrix maura</i>. Here, we describe a study incubating eggs of the tiger keelback <i>Rhabdophis tigrinus lateralis</i> (Colubridae) under four oxygen conditions, hypoxia (7% and 11% O₂), normoxia (21% O₂), and hyperoxia (31% O₂), for different lengths or at different stages of incubation. The length of hypoxic exposure is important in affecting embryonic development in <i>R. t. lateralis</i>, with prolonged hypoxic exposure retarding embryonic growth and differentiation, increasing embryonic mortality and deformity, reducing hatchling size and mass, and altering hatchling body shape relative to normoxic controls. Embryonic tiger keelbacks are most susceptible to hypoxia late in development, as revealed by the fact that a 5-day exposure of eggs to hypoxia of 7% O₂ reduced embryo mass and hatchling mass if it occurred at late stages of incubation. Hyperoxia of 31% O₂ did not enhance development of <i>R. t. lateralis</i> embryos, only affecting hatchling head width, which slightly differed between hyperoxic hatchlings and their normoxic siblings. This study demonstrates the importance of avoiding hypoxic exposure at late stages of embryonic development in snakes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 5","pages":"554-563"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143390992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Restriction During Development Impairs Reproductive Success but not Ornamentation in Zebra Finches","authors":"Victoria M. Coutts,&nbsp;Kayci I. Messerly,&nbsp;Haruka Wada","doi":"10.1002/jez.2909","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2909","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stress during development can elicit lifelong changes to an organism. However, whether these changes are beneficial or detrimental can only be determined by their effect on fitness outcomes. Furthermore, the effect of severe, chronic food restriction on the development of ornamentation, which can influence attractiveness, still needs to be explored. In this study, zebra finches (<i>Taeniopygia castanotis</i>) were exposed to either an <i>ad libitum</i> (control) diet or a 40% restricted (food-restricted) diet throughout postnatal development. Pictures of beaks and cheek patches were captured throughout the juvenile period and into adulthood to measure the development of secondary sexual characteristics. In adulthood, females were paired with nonexperimental males to measure reproductive success. There was no effect of treatment on beak color development or final beak color, but food-restricted males developed cheek patches slower and had more asymmetry during cheek patch development. However, food restriction did not impact the final cheek patch color or size. Food-restricted females were found to have lower reproductive success than control females. These results suggest that while cheek patch ornamentation can experience ‘catch-up growth’, and beak and cheek patch color do not reflect past developmental stress exposure, developmental food restriction impairs female reproductive success in a short-lived passerine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 5","pages":"546-553"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced Water Availability to Mothers and Embryos Has Little Effect on Offspring Phenotypes in an Invasive Lizard","authors":"Sydney M. Wayne,&nbsp;M. Christopher Norris,&nbsp;Amélie Fargevieille,&nbsp;Kerry Cobb,&nbsp;Cindy Scruggs,&nbsp;Jocelyn Miracle,&nbsp;Victoria Herron,&nbsp;Joshua M. Hall,&nbsp;Daniel A. Warner","doi":"10.1002/jez.2906","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2906","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Water availability has critical impacts on numerous physiological functions in all organisms and can have different effects across life stages. For example, water available to reproductive females can influence offspring production, and has the potential to influence how early-stage offspring (e.g., embryos) respond to moisture in their developmental environment. In this study, we use the brown anole lizard (<i>Anolis sagrei</i>) to examine the effects of water availability on reproductive investment. We tested the hypothesis that water available to mothers influences embryonic development under different levels of moisture in their incubation environment. We demonstrate that a substantial reduction in water availability to mothers (~70% reduction) has no observable effect on fecundity, egg size, or egg hydration. We also provide evidence that our water restriction to mothers does not influence how embryos respond to moisture conditions during egg incubation. However, moisture in the egg incubation substrate positively affected egg water uptake, egg hatching success and hatchling body size (but not hatchling hydration). Overall, our study shows that reproduction in adult female <i>A. sagrei</i> is robust to variation in water availability, but survival during early life stages is sensitive to this variable. Thus, the effect of water availability on different fitness components varies between life stages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 5","pages":"535-545"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143066121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating Nature's Terrain: Jumping Performance Robust to Substrate Moisture and Roughness by Blackspotted Rockskippers (Entomacrodus striatus)","authors":"Daniel T. Bartlett,&nbsp;Kaylin O. Raffle,&nbsp;Hayley N. Pettit,&nbsp;Miranda K. Brainard,&nbsp;Paityn M. Houglan,&nbsp;Kaelyn Gamel,&nbsp;Zachary O. Nopper,&nbsp;Rebekah K. Harden,&nbsp;Austin M. Garner,&nbsp;Richard L. Londraville,&nbsp;Henry C. Astley","doi":"10.1002/jez.2903","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2903","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Escape responses are vital for the survival of prey. The high speeds and accelerations needed to evade predators successfully require exerting forces on the environment. Unlike water, terrestrial habitats can vary in ways that constrain the forces applied, requiring animals to adjust their behavior in response to variable conditions. We evaluated the terrestrial jumping of an amphibious fish, the blackspotted rockskipper (<i>Entomacrodus striatus</i>), to determine if substrate roughness and wetness influence jumping performance. We predicted that rockskippers would produce a greater force output as substrate roughness increased and wetness decreased. Using a novel waterproof force plate capable of detecting millinewton loads, we collected ground reaction forces from rockskippers jumping on wet and dry sandpapers of varying grits. We also used micro-CT scans to quantify muscle mass as a relative fraction of body mass to determine if these jumps could be performed without power amplification. Mixed-model analysis of jumps revealed significantly higher maximum horizontal forces, jump duration, and maximum power on dry versus wet substrates, but no effect of substrate roughness. However, the final jump outcomes (takeoff speed and angle) were unaffected. Peak jump power was within the range of typical fish muscle. Thus, these fish display a jumping behavior which is robust to substrate property variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"521-530"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143066114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Blue Light on Locomotion and Cognition in Early Adult Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Rui Han,&nbsp;Jun Zhang,&nbsp;Guan-Xiong Huang,&nbsp;Ruo-Xi Yuan,&nbsp;Yun-Shan Lian,&nbsp;Meng-Ying Zhao,&nbsp;Yu-Yuan Lu,&nbsp;Hao Huang,&nbsp;Yu-Chen Wang,&nbsp;Yi-Jie Chen,&nbsp;Chung-Chuan Lo,&nbsp;Yi-Heng Tan","doi":"10.1002/jez.2900","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2900","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Artificial light sources, particularly blue light, have raised concerns about their impact on biological health and behavior. In this study, we explored the effects of blue light on the locomotion and cognitive functions of early adult <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Our experiments were conducted in a custom-designed behavioral arena to assess how blue light influences these parameters. We found that after ~2 weeks of blue light exposure, the locomotion of fruit flies, including movement speed and activity levels, significantly increased, but these effects disappeared by the third week. However, this exposure also led to a notable reduction in lifespan and had adverse effects on cognitive functions, including attention and short-term spatial memory. These findings may reveal the profound impacts of blue light on neural behavioral functions and lifespan, highlighting the importance of further research into the biological effects of blue light.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"511-520"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congeneric Rodents Differ in Immune Gene Expression: Implications for Host Competence for Tick-Borne Pathogens","authors":"Vania R. Assis,&nbsp;Gabriella Cifarelli,&nbsp;Allison M. Brehm,&nbsp;John L. Orrock,&nbsp;Lynn B. Martin","doi":"10.1002/jez.2908","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2908","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mice in the genus <i>Peromyscus</i> are abundant and geographically widespread in North America, serving as reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, including <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> (<i>B. burgdorferi</i>), the causative agent of Lyme disease, transmitted by <i>Ixodes scapularis</i> ticks. While the white-footed mouse (<i>Peromyscus leucopus</i> (<i>P. leucopus</i>)) is the primary reservoir in the United States, the deer mouse (<i>P. maniculatus</i>), an ecologically similar congener, rarely transmits the pathogen to biting ticks. Understanding the factors that allow these similar species to serve as a poor and competent reservoir is critical for understanding tick-borne disease ecology and epidemiology, especially as climate change expands the habitats where ticks can transmit pathogens. Our study investigated immunological differences between these rodent species. Specifically, we compared the expression of six immune genes (i.e., TLR-2, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, GATA-3, TGF-β) broadly involved in bacterial recognition, elimination, and/or pathology mitigation in ear biopsies collected by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) as part of their routine surveillance. A principal components analysis indicated that immune gene expression in both species varied in two dimensions: TLR2, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 (comprising PC1) and TGF-β and GATA3 (comprising PC2) expression tended to covary within individuals. However, when we analyzed expression differences of each gene singly between species, <i>P. maniculatus</i> expressed more TLR2, IL-6, and IL-10 but less IFN-γ and GATA3 than <i>P. leucopus</i>. This immune profile could partly explain why <i>P. leucopus</i> is a better reservoir for bacterial pathogens such as <i>B. burgdorferi</i>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"502-510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Presence of a Shelter in an Open Field Test Has Differential Effects on the Behavior and Stress Response of Two Mouse Species","authors":"Rita I. Monarca,&nbsp;Ricardo F. B. Silva,&nbsp;Sofia I. Gabriel,&nbsp;Ana M. Cerveira,&nbsp;Sophie von Merten","doi":"10.1002/jez.2904","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2904","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The open field test (OFT) is frequently used in research to assess anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity. Its simple design can lead to the misconception that it is a standardized procedure comparable between laboratories. However, some modifications in the setup can cause changes in behavior. Different species might also react differently to the modifications introduced. There is thus need for a better understanding of the impact of modifications and their value for the species in question. Here, we tested two closely related mouse species, <i>Mus musculus</i> and <i>Mus spretus</i>, in an OFT with and without the presence of a shelter. We assessed mouse exploratory behavior through the analysis of multiple behavioral traits, and stress response through the measurement of circulating cortisol levels. Both species had elevated cortisol levels during the OFT in contrast to control animals which were not exposed to the OFT. While the presence of a shelter in the OFT increased the exploratory behavior in both mouse species, <i>M. spretus</i>, but not <i>M. musculus</i>, showed a reduction in cortisol levels. Also, other measured behaviors show a rather proactive coping strategy of the commensal <i>M. musculus</i> in contrast to a reactive strategy of the non-commensal <i>M. spretus</i>. Our study revealed a strong species-specific influence of the OFT design on the resulting behavior and stress levels of mice, illustrating the importance of OFT designs to account for the characteristics of the species under study. The addition of a shelter might be considered to improve experimental results by promoting animal welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"480-492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using an Oral Sugar Test to Biologically Validate the Use of a Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay to Measure Salivary Insulin in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)","authors":"Kaylin S. Tennant,&nbsp;Elena H. Less,&nbsp;Mary Ann Raghanti,&nbsp;Laura A. Amendolagine,&nbsp;Kristen E. Lukas,&nbsp;Mark A. Willis,&nbsp;Patricia M. Dennis","doi":"10.1002/jez.2907","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2907","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Noninvasive evaluations of hormones can contribute to the assessment of health and welfare of animals. Variations in insulin levels and sensitivity, for example, have been linked to health concerns in non-human and human primates including insulin resistance, diabetes, and heart disease, the leading cause of death in zoo-housed gorillas. Few published studies have assessed insulin concentrations in western lowland gorillas (<i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</i>), and all did so using serum. Anesthesia is typically required to collect blood samples from zoo-housed gorillas, limiting sampling frequency and restricting samples to the fasted state. The ability to measure insulin levels in saliva would eliminate these constraints and provide a minimally invasive means for monitoring this hormone. The purpose of this study was to analytically and biologically validate the measurement of insulin in saliva of western lowland gorillas using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay. For validation, an oral sugar test was conducted on five adult gorillas residing at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. Such assessments are common practice in both human and equine medicine to evaluate the body's insulin response to ingestion of sugars. The test involved measuring salivary insulin at timed intervals before and after gorillas consumed doses of sugar. Salivary insulin levels increased from 15 min post-sugar ingestion and peaked after 90 to 120 min. One female had a high response and peaked at 990.21 mU/L. The other four gorillas had peaks between 49.82 and 167.04 mU/L. The assessment provided a biological validation for the measurement of salivary insulin in western lowland gorillas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"493-501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibodies and Inflammation: Fecal Biomarkers of Gut Health in Domestic Ruminants","authors":"A. M. Burton,&nbsp;K. J. Else,&nbsp;J. Irving,&nbsp;I. Mair,&nbsp;S. Shultz","doi":"10.1002/jez.2896","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.2896","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gastrointestinal infections present major challenges to ruminant livestock systems, and gut health is a key constraint on fitness, welfare, and productivity. Fecal biomarkers present opportunities to monitor animal health without using invasive methods, and with greater resolution compared to observational metrics. Here we developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for three potential fecal biomarkers of gut health in domestic ruminants: two immunological (total immunoglobulin [Ig]A and total IgG) and one inflammatory (lactoferrin). We analytically validated the assays, then evaluated whether they could be used as a biomarker of clinically diagnosed gastrointestinal pathologies in cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i>), and finally compared them with helminth fecal egg counts in sheep (<i>Ovis aries</i>). The analytes were detected above the lower limits of detection in cattle, sheep, and goats. Fecal IgA and lactoferrin were higher in cattle with infectious pathologies (strongyles, coccidiosis and symptomatic Johne's disease) compared to healthy controls. Lactoferrin was additionally higher in animals with infectious pathologies compared to noninfectious pathologies, and to asymptomatic Johne's cases. No significant relationships were found with sheep fecal egg counts. These initial findings suggest that fecal IgA and lactoferrin may be useful biomarkers of poor gastrointestinal health in cattle, and that fecal lactoferrin is specific to active inflammation caused by infectious agents. These could be incorporated into the growing suite of noninvasive ecoimmunological tools and used to understand ruminant gut health in a range of species. Applications include improving treatment regimens for gastrointestinal infections, and understanding wildlife physiological responses to infectious challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":15711,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology","volume":"343 4","pages":"468-479"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.2896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}