Journal of endodontics最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Potential of Nitrofurantoin for Infection Control in Regenerative Endodontics: In Vitro Study.","authors":"Fabiano Palmeira Gonçalves, Olney Vieira-da-Motta, Pantaleo Scelza Neto, Solange Silva Samarão, Sandro Junio de Oliveira Tavares, Sérgio Henrique Seabra, Gabriel Bonan Taveira, Miriam Fatima Zaccaro Scelza","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study assessed a new antimicrobial paste formulation containing nitrofurantoin for regenerative endodontics against multispecies biofilms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four groups of 11 single-root teeth each were tested: Negative control group (brain-heart infusion broth + micro-organisms); Hoshino 1 conventional tri-antibiotic paste group (1:1:1 ratio); Hoshino 5 group (5:5:5 ratio); Experimental group with nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and metronidazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of each antimicrobial were determined. A polymicrobial biofilm (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans) was created in root canals, and pastes were inserted for 3 minutes with lentulo. After 7 days, samples were sonicated and spectrophotometrically analyzed. Microbiological assays, plasma membrane permeabilization, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy evaluated biofilm eradication. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Spectrophotometry indicated Experimental group outperformed Hoshino 1 group and Negative control group (P < .05), with results similar to Hoshino 5 group (P > .05). Experimental group showed increased membrane damage compared to Hoshino 1 group and Hoshino 5 group. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed fewer microorganisms and no residual biofilm in Experimental group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Substituting minocycline with nitrofurantoin in the paste effectively reduced microorganism counts in root canals system.</p>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental Pulp Regeneration in Dogs Using a Chemokine Receptor 3 Antagonist Without Transplantation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells.","authors":"Koichiro Iohara, Akiho Nagumo, Michiyo Tominaga, S M Ziauddin, Haruki Shibata","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Our previous study showed that transplantation of dental pulp stem cells in combination with a chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) antagonist into the root canals of aged dogs promoted dental pulp regeneration. In this study, we attempted to regenerate dental pulp in young dogs using a CCR3 antagonist without dental pulp stem cell transplantation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The teeth of dogs were histologically evaluated 4 weeks after extraction of the pulp and administration of scaffold materials and CCR3 antagonist (KDH-136) into the root canal. The effects of KDH-136 on the inflammatory response of RAW264.7 cells were investigated in vitro. In addition, we also examined whether KDH-136 affected neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Application of KDH-136 resulted in the formation of dental pulp-like tissue. Furthermore, nerve and blood vessel regeneration were observed. KDH-136 suppressed chemokine production from RAW264.7 cells and promoted nerve growth factor-stimulated neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CCR3 antagonists may be useful for developing novel methods of dental pulp regeneration that do not require transplantation of dental pulp stem cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reciprocating Torsional Fatigue and Mechanical Tests of Thermal-Treated Nickel Titanium Instruments.","authors":"Victor Talarico Leal Vieira, Alejandro Jaime, Carlos Garcia Puente, Giuliana Soimu, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, Carlos Nelson Elias, Gustavo de Deus","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of Reciproc, Reciproc Blue, One RECI, and R-Motion, specifically focusing on their flexibility and buckling resistance and to assess their torsional fatigue behavior under 2 different reciprocation angles (150°/30° or 70°/30°).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 160 instruments (40 per brand) were tested. Flexion and buckling tests were conducted using a Universal testing machine (DL 200 MF). For the flexion test, instruments were positioned at a 45° angle and flexed toward the ground plane. In the buckling test, the load was applied along the instrument's axis. A 20 N load cell and a test speed of 15 mm/s were used for both tests. Torsion test was performed using a torsiometer. The test speed was 100 rpm and the instruments were driven by an endodontic motor in 150°/30° and 70°/30° reciprocating angles. One-way analysis of variance post hoc Tukey tests and Student's t test were used for statistical comparisons (α = 5%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The instruments exhibited significant differences in flexibility (P < .05), with One RECI demonstrating the highest flexibility and Reciproc the lowest. In terms of buckling resistance, Reciproc showed the highest values, while One RECI had the lowest (P < .05). Reciproc and Reciproc Blue displayed greater torque to fracture compared to One RECI and R-Motion (P < .05). Reducing the reciprocation angle did not affect the torque to fracture (P > .05). However, the reduced angle of 70°/30° significantly increased the time to fracture for all instruments when compared to angle of 150°/30° (P < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The tested instruments demonstrated notable differences in their mechanical performance, highlighting variability in flexibility, buckling resistance, and torsional behavior. Reducing the reciprocation angle prolonged the time to fracture without affecting maximum torque, underscoring the influence of reciprocation kinematics on instrument performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Chelation Reduces Instrumentation Time and Straightening of Double-curved Simulated Root Canals in Bovine Dentin.","authors":"Kevin Hofpeter, Matthias Zehnder, Michael Solomonov, Shengjile Deari","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Adding a compatible chelator to the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution applied during instrumentation may affect shaping efficacy and canal transportation. This was studied in simulated double-curved root canals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>High-precision computer numerical control milling was used to recreate standardized S-shaped canals from a resin training block in longitudinally sectioned bovine incisor roots. These simulated root canals were instrumented chemo-mechanically at 37°C using a single-length rotary file system (ProTaper Gold). An etidronate powder (Dual Rinse HEDP) was dissolved (0.9 g per 10 mL) in a 1% NaOCl solution in the test group (n = 15), while the plain NaOCl solution was applied in the control group. Instrumentation was performed by one operator blinded to the irrigating solution. Instrumentation time was measured using a stop watch. Pre- and post-operative images were obtained by a second (blinded) investigator using a digital microscope, and super-imposed to assess canal straightening by totalizing transportation from 8 pre-defined locations. Data was compared between groups using Student's t-test, P <.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adding the chelator, total instrumentation time was reduced to 75 ± 12 s as compared to 86 ± 14 s with plain NaOCl (P < .05). This time difference was related to the first rotary instrument in the system (S1). Canal straightening was also reduced significantly with the chelator compared to the plain 1% NaOCl solution (P < .05), while transportation at working length was similar between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Under current conditions, continuous chelation expedited canal instrumentation and maintained simulated canal curvatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142877352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microtomographic Analysis of the Biomechanical Performance of Thermally Treated Instruments in Flattened and Curved Root Canals.","authors":"Julia Godoi Lopes, Jeneffer Vieira Rodrigues, Iago Ramirez, Rafael Verardino de Camargo, Graziela Bianchi Leoni, Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto, Fabiane Carneiro Lopes-Olhê, Jardel Francisco Mazzi-Chaves","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate, using microcomputed tomography, the impact of various mechanized systems on the geometry of the root canal system and dentin thickness in mandibular first molars. The hypothesis proposed that different systems would produce significant variations in root canal system preparation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mesial and distal canals of mandibular molars were selected and divided into 5 groups (n = 10) based on the system used: 2Shape (25.06), Reciproc Blue (25.08), ProTaper Ultimate (25.08), ProTaper Next (25.06), and Univy New (25.06). Biomechanical preparation was performed following each manufacturer's instructions. Microcomputed tomography scans were conducted before and after preparation to assess 3-dimensional parameters (volume, surface area, Structural Model Index, and prepared root canal walls) and 2-dimensional parameters (area, perimeter, diameters, roundness, and transportation).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ProTaper Ultimate exhibited the greatest volume increase in mesial canals (1.73 ± 0.19), while ProTaper Next demonstrated the highest increase in distal canals (1.95 ± 0.25). Furthermore, ProTaper Ultimate resulted in the greatest dentin removal and the largest postpreparation area. Reciproc Blue achieved the best results for roundness and had the lower unprepared walls (15.3 ± 6.97).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>All systems produced comparable outcomes, with ProTaper Ultimate yielding the greatest volume increase and dentin removal, indicating a less conservative preparation. Reciproc Blue provided optimal roundness and minimized unprepared root canal wall surfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142877357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning Curve for Dynamic Navigation Procedure during Endodontic Management of Permanent Maxillary Anterior Teeth with Pulp Canal Calcification: A Risk-Adjusted Cumulative Summation Analysis of a Single Operator's Experience.","authors":"Sidhartha Sharma, Partha Haldar, Vijay Kumar, Amrita Chawla, Ajay Logani","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The dynamic navigation system (DNS) in endodontics presents a significant learning curve. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the number of cases required to achieve consistent performance in DNS-assisted treatment of maxillary anterior teeth with pulp canal calcification.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A series of DNS procedures were performed on 45 calcified maxillary anterior teeth with pulp necrosis by a single endodontist who had no prior clinical DNS experience. Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography was obtained. After trace registration and calibration, drilling was executed using a low-speed bur. Once the canal was located and scouted to the working length, a postoperative cone-beam computed tomography was taken immediately. Angular deviation (AD), linear deviation (LD), and operating time (OT) were measured. The learning curve was evaluated using the risk-adjusted cumulative sum analysis method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall success rate in locating canals was 93.33% (95% CI 80.7, 98.3). The mean (±SD) for AD, LD and OT was 3.21 ± 2.23°, 0.52 ± 0.33 mm and 34.14 ± 13.18 minutes, respectively. For AD, 2 distinct peaks were observed at the 5th and 18th cases, identifying 3 learning phases: Phase I (cases 1-5), Phase II (cases 6-18), and Phase III (cases 19-45). Similarly, LD exhibited peaks at the 13th and 28th cases. Two peaks for OT were identified at the 7th and 26th cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Achieving technical proficiency in locating calcified canals using DNS required approximately 18 to 28 cases, indicating a significant learning curve that must be overcome for optimal accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Laser Activated versus Sonic Activated Irrigation for Debris Removal in Conservatively Instrumented Root Canals.","authors":"Alexander Huynh, Ane Poly, Megan Yamaguchi, Poorya Jalali","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>To compare the efficacy of laser activated and sonic activated irrigation on the removal of debris in mesial root canal systems of mandibular molars using micro-computed tomographic analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-eight mesial roots of extracted mandibular molars with isthmus were selected and randomly allocated into 2 groups: Sonic Group and Laser Group. The root canals were minimally instrumented to a maximum apical file size of 20/06v (DCTaper, SSWhite, NJ). The Sonic Group received irrigant activation using the SmartLite Pro EndoActivator (Dentsply Tulsa, OK) with a 15/02 tip. The Laser Group received irrigant activation using the WaterLase iPlus (Biolase, CA) with a RFT2 tip. The teeth were activated for the same time with the same volume of irrigants. Micro-computed tomographic scans were obtained preinstrumentation, preirrigation, and postirrigation. To quantify debris removal, the air-filled volume was measured preirrigation and postirrigation, and the percentage increase in air-filled volume was calculated. Data were analyzed statistically (independent samples t-test, significance set at 5%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Laser Group demonstrated a significantly higher mean percentage increase in air-filled volume (37.4%) compared to the Sonic Group (20.2%). This difference was statistically significant (P < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Laser Group was significantly more effective in removing debris compared to the Sonic Group in minimally instrumented root canal systems. However, due to the limitations of this study, further research is needed to assess the impact of laser activated irrigation on clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External Root Temperature and Its Relationship With Dentin Thickness During Gutta-Percha Removal Procedures With Ultrasound. An Ex Vivo Study.","authors":"Juan Ramon Salazar-Silva, Carlos Emilio Paschoal, Daniela de Fatima Teixeira da Silva, Denise Maria Zezell, Fábio Luiz Cunha D'Assuncao, Celso Luiz Caldeira","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aims to evaluate the temperature rise on the external root surface during gutta-percha removal with 2 types of ultrasonic tips, and its relationship with the root dentin thickness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 56 single-rooted teeth were prepared for gutta-percha removal procedures, conducted for 40 seconds using 2 types of ultrasonic tips at depths of 6 mm and 11 mm. The temperature generated was measured using a type K thermocouple at 3 measurement points. Nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used, and the correlation between thickness and temperature rise was evaluated with Spearman correlation test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The temperature rise occurred in all groups, reaching maximum values of 21.0°C (mean = 14.6) with Clearsonic and 11.3°C (mean = 4.2) in the Clearsonic Black group, recorded at a 1-mm depth at 40 seconds (P < .05). At 20 seconds, the Clearsonic produced an increase ranging from 10.5°C and 12.9°C in 25% of teeth. No significant differences were observed between the 2 types of ultrasonic tips at an 11-mm depth, across all time intervals and measurement points. Spearman's coefficient showed significant correlations with Clearsonic use at 20 seconds. Significant correlations with Clearsonic Black were observed at 20 and 40 seconds at point T1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Clearsonic Black generates a smaller temperature increase at a depth of 6 mm compared to the Clearsonic and within a time not exceeding 20 seconds (P < .05). There is a partial correlation between temperature increase and dentin thickness.</p>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vital Pulp Therapy Outcomes in Children's First Permanent Molars Under General Anesthesia: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Shlomo Elbahary, Bradford Ray Johnson, Yara Nimer, Shaked Cohen Lerner, Sigalit Blumer, Hagay Slutzky, Ronald Wigler","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pulpotomy is a proven treatment option for permanent teeth with pulp involvement, showing high success rates similar to root canal treatment. General anesthesia (GA) is used when traditional dental procedures are not feasible, especially in pediatric cases. Despite its effectiveness, limited data on endodontic treatments under GA is available, with many guidelines favoring extractions. This study aimed to evaluate the success rate of pulpotomies performed under GA on children's first permanent molars and to identify factors influencing treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study involved 171 pediatric patients, aged 8 to 12, who underwent pulpotomy procedures on 197 teeth at a public dentistry clinic between January 2018 and July 2022. Clinical and radiographic follow-ups were conducted at different intervals to assess the effectiveness of the treatments, achieving a recall rate of 83%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall success rate of pulpotomies performed under GA was 93.36%. Success rates varied according to the follow-up period: 100% at 1-12 months, 97.70% at 13-24 months, and 87.76% at 25-36 months. The etiology of the tooth's condition significantly affected outcomes, whereas patient age, sex, and tooth maturity did not have a significant impact.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pulpotomy in permanent molars is an effective treatment option for managing carious lesions, especially when performed under GA.</p>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Calcium Dynamics in Regular-Set versus Fast-Set Bioceramics: Impact on Cytotoxicity and Apatite Formation.","authors":"Wafaa A Khalil, Hanan Alharbi","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The objective of this study was to assess the calcium ions (Ca²⁺) release, pH shift, bioactivity, and cytotoxicity of both forms of EndoSequence Root Repair Material: regular set (ES) and fast set (ESF).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ES (n = 10) and ESF (n = 10) forms were tested for their bioactivity. Elemental analysis was done on the fresh material and material immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 30 days. The surface crystal formation was studied. Cytotoxicity was evaluated at different material concentrations using a human hepatocellular cancer cell line (Huh-7).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both materials contain Ca, P, Ta, Zr, and Si as major elements. Both ES and ESF have a limited percentage of ytterbium and neodymium. In the fresh material, compared with the ESF, the ES had a higher Ca²⁺ concentration with a homogeneous surface distribution. However, the ESF released significantly more Ca²⁺ (P < .05) and had a higher pH over the 7-day course. When the material was immersed in PBS, the ESF exhibited a significantly higher Ca/P ratio of 2.95, while ES had 2.16 Ca/P ratio (P < .05). The ESF had a greater capacity to precipitate and grow hydroxyapatite (HA) than ES, resulting in more mature crystals forming on the surface. Both SE and ESF demonstrated low cytotoxicity against Huh-7 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>When ES and ESF were submerged in simulated bodily fluid, both forms produced apatite crystals at the dentin material interface, releasing high Ca²⁺ and displaying a prolonged high pH with high bioactivity potential. Both forms had comparable low cytotoxicity. A higher Ca²⁺ release in ESF indicates dynamic bioactivity, which should be aligned with the clinical requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142818243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}