Journal of Dietary Supplements最新文献

{"title":"Unraveling Origins of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): A Critical Review.","authors":"Ahmed G Osman, Bharathi Avula, Ikhlas A Khan, Amar G Chittiboyina","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2555015","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2555015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The controversial status of <i>N</i>-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a dietary supplement ingredient has renewed interest in its origin. This opinion article critically examines the scientific literature to investigate whether NAC is a naturally occurring compound, with a particular focus on its potential presence in plants. The primary objective of this opinion is to determine the natural occurrence of NAC, specifically within herbal matter. The classification of NAC as a dietary ingredient falls outside the scope of this analysis. We will rigorously evaluate the methodologies implemented in establishing NAC's presence in plant or herbal sources, specifically in <i>Allium</i> species which are often touted to contain NAC. By analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of prior research, we aim to clarify the evidence supporting the origin of NAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"833-843"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Maternal Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Postpartum Body Weight and Metabolic Health in Rats with Obesity.","authors":"Truc T K Le, Gabriella A Andreani, Saleh Mahmood, Mulchand S Patel, Todd C Rideout","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2483267","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2483267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We examined the influence of dietary α-lipoic acid (LA; R enantiomer) supplementation in obese-complicated pregnancies on maternal postpartum body weight and metabolic health. Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three dietary groups throughout pre-pregnancy, gestation, and lactation: (i) a low-calorie control diet (CON); (ii) a high calorie obesity-inducing diet (HC); or (iii) the HC diet with 0.25% LA (HC+LA). Following offspring weaning, all mothers were switched to the CON diet for a postpartum period of 140 days to assess maternal body weight and markers of metabolic health. HC-fed mothers showed excessive (<i>p</i> < 0.05) gestational weight gain (GWG), higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) postpartum body weight, reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05) glycemic control (lower glucose:insulin ratio) and higher (<i>p</i> = 0.06) hepatic cholesterol concentration versus CON mothers. In contrast, HC+LA mothers demonstrated lower (<i>p</i> < 0.05) body weight throughout the experimental period compared with HC mothers, primarily due to a marked reduction in GWG. Although LA did not protect (<i>p</i> > 0.05) against reduced glycemic control, it did alter several aspects of lipid metabolism including reduced serum HDL-C and a lower concentration of hepatic cholesterol which was mediated partly through a reduction in low-density lipoprotein receptor expression. We conclude that maternal obesity during pregnancy leads to a longer-term detrimental impact on weight gain and glycemic control, even after switching to a low-calorie postpartum diet. Maternal LA supplementation may be able to partially offset these effects, likely by protecting against excessive GWG during pregnancy. However, further work is required to determine the consequences of reduced serum HDL-C in LA-supplemented mothers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"417-432"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12018130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Validation of an Analytical Method to Identify and Quantitate Novel Modafinil Analogs in Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements.","authors":"Erica L Bakota, Joan M Nandrea","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2417673","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2417673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modafinil (brand name Provigil®) is a Schedule IV (U.S.) drug used for the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep disorders. It is also known to be used recreationally. Analogs of modafinil, including adrafinil, remain unapproved and/or unscheduled. The lack of scheduling has made these analogs a popular target for recreational use and inclusion in dietary supplements. However, the use of controlled substances (or their analogs) without the care of a physician presents a public health risk. Preliminary nontargeted analyses in our laboratory revealed the presence of adrafinil in several dietary supplements, highlighting the need for an analytical method to identify modafinil analogs in supplements. A liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method was developed and validated to quantitate modafinil, plus four novel unscheduled modafinil analogs: adrafinil, CRL-40,940, CRL-40,941, and N-methyl-4,4-difluoromodafinil. This method was then applied to four samples of products marketed as dietary supplements collected via undercover purchase. These four products were marketed as nootropics or cognitive enhancers and labeled to contain adrafinil. Adrafinil was found in all four samples. The identification of modafinil analogs in this context is important so that consumers are not, knowingly or unknowingly, consuming these active pharmaceutical ingredients in products marketed as dietary supplements.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"329-344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ashwagandha (<i>Withania somnifera</i>) Plant Extracts Affect the Cytochrome P450 System and Cytotoxicity of Primary Human Hepatocytes.","authors":"Kelli L McDonald, Zarna Raichura, Satyanarayana R Pondugula, Luke Marney, Liping Yang, Jaewoo Choi, Julia M Salamat, Mikah S Brandes, Cody Neff, Keila Adams, Gracie Farmer, Catherine Dennis, Claudia S Maier, Amala Soumyanath, Robert D Arnold, Angela I Calderón","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2514458","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2514458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ashwagandha (<i>Withania somnifera</i> [L] Dunal) is emerging as one of the top 10 botanicals in the market due to its claimed health benefits as an adaptogen. Alongside its popularity, the lack of standardization in botanical dietary supplements and potential interactions with prescription drugs raise safety concerns. This study aimed to investigate the potential of ashwagandha extracts to induce cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, which are critical for drug metabolism and implicated in botanical-drug interactions. A sandwich-cultured in vitro assay using primary human hepatocytes was utilized to evaluate the induction potential of aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of ashwagandha roots and leaves on CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP1A2-enzymes commonly involved in drug metabolism. Unlike prior studies that focused on root extracts or used HepG2 cell lines, this research included both root and leaf plant extracts, with the latter being assessed for the first time. Our approach using primary hepatocytes enhances clinical relevance compared to other in vitro models (such as HepG2 cell lines). Additionally, cytotoxicity was examined using CellTitre-Glo Luminescent Assay, measuring cell viability at three different incubation times (24, 48, and 72 hours) to assess the potential cytotoxic effect of the ashwagandha plant extracts. Our findings revealed that 70% ethanol ashwagandha root extracts (WSR-2) modulated CYP3A4 enzyme expression and activity. Preliminary studies on cytotoxicity indicated dose- and time-dependent impact on hepatocyte viability with a high concentration of 70% ethanol ashwagandha leaf extracts (WSL-2). The study highlights the importance of understanding ashwagandha's impact on P450-based drug metabolism and its safe co-administration with prescribed drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"613-639"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12266684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144475498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinically Relevant Herb-Drug Interactions: A 30-Year Historical Assessment.","authors":"Bill J Gurley","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2327544","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2327544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, a legislative measure ushering in a novel class of complementary healthcare products known as dietary supplements, will mark its 30th anniversary in October 2024. Over this 30-year period, dietary supplement usage evolved from a few hundred products made up mostly of vitamins, minerals, and select botanical extracts to more than 75,000 single- and multi-ingredient products that are now regular staples in the American healthcare system and used by half of all U.S. consumers. One of the fastest-growing segments of the dietary supplement market during this 3-decade interval has been those products formulated with botanical extracts. Coincident with the growing popularity of botanical dietary supplements (BDS) has been their concomitant ingestion with conventional prescription medications. BDS are complex mixtures of phytochemicals oftentimes exhibiting complex pharmacology. Formulated as concentrated phytochemical extracts, BDS are vehicles for a host of plant secondary metabolites rarely encountered in the typical diet. When taken with prescription drugs, BDS may give rise to clinically significant herb-drug interactions (HDI). Pharmacodynamic HDI describe interactions between phytochemicals and conventional medications at the drug receptor level, while pharmacokinetic HDI stem from phytochemical-mediated induction and/or inhibition of human drug metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters. This review summarizes BDS identified over the last 30 years that pose clinically relevant HDI and whose mechanisms are either pharmacodynamically or pharmacokinetically mediated.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"78-104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140174958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a Screening Strategy to Identify Hepatotoxicity and Drug Interaction Potential of Botanicals.","authors":"Amy L Roe, Julie Krzykwa, Angela I Calderón, Cécile Bascoul, Bill J Gurley, Igor Koturbash, Albert P Li, Yitong Liu, Constance A Mitchell, Hellen Oketch-Rabah, Lin Si, Richard B van Breemen, Heather Walker, Stephen S Ferguson","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2417679","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2417679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Botanical supplements, herbal remedies, and plant-derived products are used globally. However, botanical dietary supplements are rarely subjected to robust safety testing unless there are adverse reports in post-market surveillance. Botanicals are complex and difficult to assess using current frameworks designed for single constituent substances (e.g. small molecules or discrete chemicals), making safety assessments costly and time-consuming. The liver is a primary organ of concern for potential botanical-induced hepatotoxicity and botanical-drug interactions as it plays a crucial role in xenobiotic metabolism. The NIH-funded Drug Induced Liver Injury Network noted that the number of botanical-induced liver injuries in 2017 nearly tripled from those observed in 2004-2005. New approach methodologies (NAMs) can aid in the rapid and cost-effective assessment of botanical supplements for potential hepatotoxicity. The Hepatotoxicity Working Group within the Botanical Safety Consortium is working to develop a screening strategy that can help reliably identify potential hepatotoxic botanicals and inform mechanisms of toxicity. This manuscript outlines the Hepatotoxicity Working Group's strategy and describes the assays selected and the rationale for the selection of botanicals used in case studies. The selected NAMs evaluated as a part of this effort are intended to be incorporated into a larger battery of assays to evaluate multiple endpoints related to botanical safety. This work will contribute to a botanical safety toolkit, providing researchers with tools to better understand hepatotoxicity associated with botanicals, prioritize and plan future testing as needed, and gain a deeper insight into the botanicals being tested.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"162-192"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Manual Dexterity, and Postural Balance in Patients Living with Multiple sclerosis - A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Sonda Jallouli, Sameh Ghroubi, Nadia Bouattour, Salma Sakka, Mariem Damak, Chokri Mhiri, Abdelmoneem Yahia, Mohamed Habib Elleuch, Giovanni de Marco, Tarak Driss, Omar Hammouda","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2449030","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2449030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our previous study revealed the benefits of chronic melatonin intake on dynamic postural imbalance and poor walking capacity induced by multiple sclerosis but its impact on muscle weakness and poor manual dexterity related to this disease has not yet been explored. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of 12-week melatonin supplementation on motor skills (i.e., muscle strength, manual dexterity, and static postural balance) and psycho-cognitive status among multiple sclerosis patients. For that, twenty-seven patients were divided into melatonin group (MG, <i>n</i> = 15) and placebo group (PG, <i>n</i> = 12). Melatonin and placebo were each taken at a dose of 3 mg per night, 30 min before bedtime, for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, we assessed isokinetic knee muscle strength (dynamometer), manual dexterity (Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT)), static postural balance (force platform), mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)), and cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and Trail Making Test (TMT)). The results showed that the peak torques of knee flexors (120°/s: <i>p</i> = 0.015, Hedges'g (g) = 1.84; 180°/s: <i>p</i> = 0.02, g = 2.06) and extensors (120°/s: <i>p</i> = 0.019, g = 1.63; 180°/s: <i>p</i> = 0.03, g = 2.01) increased in MG comparatively with PG. There was also a decrease in the sway area (bipedal stance) and mediolateral amplitude (unipedal stance) of the center of pressure in MG compared with PG in the eyes-open (both: <i>p</i> < 0.001; g = 4.32, g = 1.99, respectively) and eyes-closed (<i>p</i> = 0.0007, g = 1.31; <i>p</i> = 0.003, g = 1.79, respectively) conditions. The MG showed an increase in MoCA (<i>p</i> = 0.0006, g = 1.51) and SDMT (<i>p</i> = 0.02, g = 0.95) scores, as well as a decrease in HADS-Total score (<i>p</i> = 0.012, g = 1.06), TMT (<i>p</i> = 0.03, g = 0.91) and NHPT durations (<i>p</i> < 0.001, g = 2.36) comparatively with PG. Based on this study, the 12-week melatonin supplementation was effective in improving knee muscle strength, manual dexterity, static postural balance, mood, and cognition in multiple sclerosis patients. For clinical trial regsitration, this study was prospectively recorded in the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202007465309582).</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"236-261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carnitine: Its Crucial Role in Metabolic Health and Cardiovascular Function.","authors":"Fremita Fredrick, Kanishk Aggarwal, Anish Kumar Reddy Meda, Fnu Anamika, Amishi Singla, Pranjal Jain, Rohit Jain","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2530243","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2530243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carnitine is an amino acid derivative synthesized from lysine and methionine that is vital for fatty acid metabolism and energy production. Predominantly in its L-form, carnitine facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation, which is necessary for adenosine triphosphate production. While carnitine deficiency is rare, even among vegetarians, its supplementation could be a promising avenue to address various cardiovascular issues, including ischemia, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy. Evidence strongly suggests that carnitine can remarkably improve cardiac function, reduce biomarkers of heart failure, and enhance metabolic profiles in -conditions such as chronic heart failure and myocardial infarction. However, there are concerns about the potential for enlarged trimethylamine-N-oxide levels and atherosclerotic markers with supplementation. This review explores the effects of carnitine supplementation on cardiovascular health, its pathophysiology, and its clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"664-679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144591389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin K Nutritional Status and Disease Risk - A Mendelian Randomization Analysis.","authors":"Yundan Qu, Si Zhao, Xinhe Cai, Hanxue Huang, Pan Xie, Jingbo Peng, Wei Zhang, Honghao Zhou, Xi Li, Yi Chen, Yu Zhang","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2538485","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2538485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vitamin K is an essential nutrient obtained from dietary sources and commonly included in mainstream dietary supplements, playing a key role in regulating physiological functions and maintaining overall health. However, the causal nature of such associations between vitamin K nutritional status and diseases remains obscure. The existence of causality helps to prove the possibility of vitamin K becoming a biomarker for predicting susceptibility to certain diseases. To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted a literature review to identify diseases previously reported to be associated with vitamin K nutritional status, including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, liver diseases and cancer, as candidate outcome factors. We also selected specific vitamin K subtypes with distinct physiological functions as exposure factors. Subsequently, we utilized a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) statistics to clarify causal relationships and distinguish vitamin K's role as a risk factor or protective factor for these diseases. Our results showed that genetically predicted circulating vitamin K1 levels were positively associated with ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) risk, and negatively associated with lung carcinoma risk. Additionally, matrix Gla protein (MGP), as a biomarker of vitamin K2 nutritional status, was found to be positively associated with the risk of breast carcinoma and ALD. Osteocalcin (OC), another vitamin K2 biomarker, was potentially protective against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This novel causality discovery highlighted the necessity for further exploration of vitamin K nutritional status as a crucial factor in the pathogenesis and potential as a predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarker for disease, including carcinoma, liver disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and related disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"775-794"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144742242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GABA Supplementation, Increased Heart-Rate Variability, Emotional Response, Sleep Efficiency and Reduced Depression in Sedentary Overweight Women Undergoing Physical Exercise: Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Aparecida Patricia Guimarães, Helen Seidel, Larissa Vitalina de Medeiros Pires, Cristina Oliveira Trindade, Raianne Dos Santos Baleeiro, Perciliany Martins de Souza, Fernanda Guimarães Drummond E Silva, Daniel Barbosa Coelho, Lenice Kappes Becker, Emerson Cruz de Oliveira","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2308262","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2308262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) serves as a pivotal neurotransmitter implicated in the pathogenesis of stress, anxiety, sleep-related disorders, and heart rate (HR) reactions. Heart-rate variability (HRV), modulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), offers insights into cardiac autonomic control and cardiovascular well-being. The present study aimed to explore the impact of GABA supplementation on emotional metrics, sleep quality, and HRV in sedentary women with overweight or obesity partaking in physical exercise. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was undertaken involving 30 sedentary women with overweight or obesity. Volunteers were assigned randomly to two groups: the intervention group receiving GABA (200 mg) once daily for a total of 90 supplementation doses, and the placebo group. Both groups engaged in physical exercise, while the supplementation regimen spanned 90 days. Assessments were conducted at three intervals: baseline (T0), midway through the study (T45), and study culmination (T90). Following 90 days of GABA supplementation, the intervention group demonstrated enhancements in habitual sleep efficiency, as indicated by reductions in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores. Moreover, an improved emotional response was observed, characterized by diminished negative affect. GABA supplementation yielded ameliorations in depression scores as per the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Notably, an augmented HRV was noted, attributed to heightened parasympathetic autonomic nervous system predominance. GABA supplementation elicited noteworthy enhancements in heart rate variability, emotional response, depression mitigation, and sleep efficiency following a 90-day supplementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"512-526"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139697541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}