Journal of Dietary Supplements最新文献

Perspective on Gummy Dietary Supplements Manufacturing and Testing. 软性膳食补充剂的生产和检测展望。

IF 3.1

Journal of Dietary Supplements Pub Date : 2026-09-17 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2026.2727022

Haijing Hu, Benjamin Redan, Mary Dawn Celiz, Rahul Pawar, Betsy Jean Yakes

引用次数: 0

The Role of Probiotics in Parkinson's Disease - Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. 益生菌在帕金森病中的作用-目前的证据和未来的展望。

IF 3.1

Journal of Dietary Supplements Pub Date : 2026-09-08 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2026.2729425

Elif Dadak Yıldırım, İlknur Gökçe Yıldırım

{"title":"The Role of Probiotics in Parkinson's Disease - Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Elif Dadak Yıldırım, İlknur Gökçe Yıldırım","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2729425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2026.2729425","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with an increasing prevalence in the aging population. Current therapeutic approaches are largely symptomatic, and disease-modifying treatments capable of halting or slowing disease progression remain limited. This has led to growing interest in complementary and supportive strategies for the management of PD. In recent years, nutrition-related factors, particularly the gut microbiota, have attracted considerable attention due to their potential influence on the pathogenesis and clinical course of the disease. The microbiota-gut-brain axis, which describes the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, is closely associated with key pathophysiological mechanisms of PD, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and α-synuclein aggregation. Alterations in gut microbiota composition in individuals with PD have been reported to be associated with both motor and non-motor symptoms. In this context, microbiota-targeted interventions have emerged as a potential approach in disease management. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that probiotic supplementation may contribute to the improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with PD and may exert beneficial effects on certain neurological outcomes. However, evidence regarding the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics in PD remains limited, and further studies are required to clarify underlying mechanisms and strengthen clinical evidence. This narrative review aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of probiotics in PD in light of current experimental and clinical evidence and to discuss possible mechanisms of action through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148912169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bioavailability and Metabolism of N-Trans Caffeoyltyramine and N-Trans Feruloyltyramine - A Narrative Review. n -反式咖啡乙胺和n -反式阿魏乙胺的生物利用度和代谢研究综述。

IF 2.3

Journal of Dietary Supplements Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2025.2597203

Julie Shlisky, Swati Kalgaonkar, Clayton S Bloszies, Jan-Willem van Kinken, Mario G Ferruzzi

{"title":"Bioavailability and Metabolism of N-Trans Caffeoyltyramine and N-Trans Feruloyltyramine - A Narrative Review.","authors":"Julie Shlisky, Swati Kalgaonkar, Clayton S Bloszies, Jan-Willem van Kinken, Mario G Ferruzzi","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2597203","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2597203","url":null,"abstract":"Insights into the bioavailability of hemp derived phenolic amides N-trans caffeoyltyramine (NCT) and N-trans feruloyltyramine (NFT) remained limited to experimental data from preclinical in vitro and animal systems. However, the bioavailability of similar phenolics and phenolic amides from other sources has been experimentally determined. This concise review summarizes the current state of knowledge for phenolic amides with the goal of providing experimental guidance on the assessment of NCT and NFT from hemp ingredients in humans. Evidence from phenolic and avenanthramide (similar phenolic amides from oats) suggest that overall absorption of free phenolic amides would be limited in humans to <2% of native forms. Metabolites derived by both host (conjugated Phase II metabolites) and microbial fermentation products would likely represent the main compounds in circulation derived from NCT or NFT intake. This would be extensively influenced by the matrix provided including hemp-based ingredients with large portions of physically and chemically bound NCT and NFT forms that are not absorbable. Experimental designs to determine NCT and NFT response in humans would need to consider longer exposure and collection periods to adequately capture 24 and 48h urine and blood samples likely to have key NCT and NFT derived microbial and host metabolites present. Considering adaptation of the microbiota to these compounds it is likely that a robust design would also include a dimension of long-term exposure to enable detection of target metabolites derived from hemp NCT and NFT.","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"101-117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145714765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vitamin D Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. 补充维生素D治疗2型糖尿病：随机对照试验的系统回顾

IF 2.3

Journal of Dietary Supplements Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-10 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2026.2636469

Dimitrios Papandreou, Salwa Bader, Khaled Abass, Myriam Abboud, Sousana K Papadopoulou, Salah Abusnana

{"title":"Vitamin D Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Dimitrios Papandreou, Salwa Bader, Khaled Abass, Myriam Abboud, Sousana K Papadopoulou, Salah Abusnana","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2636469","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2636469","url":null,"abstract":"Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and may influence metabolic control. The efficacy of supplementation remains contested. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on primary glycemic outcomes (HbA1c, fasting blood glucose [FBG], HOMA-IR) and secondary metabolic parameters (lipid profile, blood pressure, anthropometrics) in adults with T2DM or prediabetes. This review was conducted according to Cochrane methodology and reported following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified via systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to March 2025. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment (using Cochrane RoB 2 tool) were performed in duplicate. A narrative synthesis was performed due to substantial heterogeneity. Thirty RCTs (n = 2627) were included. Studies varied in vitamin D dosage (1,000 to 600,000 IU), duration (8-52 wk), and participant baseline status. Overall, supplementation consistently increased serum 25(OH)D levels. For primary outcomes, significant reductions in HbA1c and FBG were reported in approximately half of the studies, particularly among participants with baseline vitamin D deficiency. Effects on HOMA-IR were mixed. Secondary outcomes (lipids, blood pressure, BMI) showed minimal or inconsistent changes. Vitamin D supplementation may improve glycemic control in individuals with T2DM who are vitamin D deficient, but appears ineffective in those with sufficient levels. It does not consistently improve other metabolic parameters. Targeted supplementation based on individual vitamin D status is recommended, rather than universal administration.","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"360-392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147389517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Creatine Supplementation and the Brain: Have We Put the Cart Before the Horse? 补充肌酸和大脑：我们本末倒置了吗？

IF 3.1

Journal of Dietary Supplements Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2026.2616440

Darren G Candow, Jedd Pratt, Nicholas Fabiano, Ali Gordji-Nejad, Aaron Smith, Eric S Rawson, Terence Moriarty, Scott C Forbes, Chad M Kerksick

{"title":"Creatine Supplementation and the Brain: Have We Put the Cart Before the Horse?","authors":"Darren G Candow, Jedd Pratt, Nicholas Fabiano, Ali Gordji-Nejad, Aaron Smith, Eric S Rawson, Terence Moriarty, Scott C Forbes, Chad M Kerksick","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2616440","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2616440","url":null,"abstract":"Creatine is an important regulator of brain bioenergetics, yet the efficacy of creatine supplementation (CrS) in the brain remains largely unknown. Measurement of brain creatine using proton (1H) and phosphorus (³1P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy is highly sensitive to voxel placement, signal quality, analysis pipelines, and reporting conventions which can obscure the detection of biological responses to CrS. There is evidence that CrS increases brain creatine, but this response may be dose and/or duration dependent. CrS provides some benefits during acute periods of metabolic stress such as sleep deprivation, mental fatigue, and hypoxia. Emerging clinical data also suggest potential therapeutic effects from CrS for Alzheimer's disease, major depressive disorder, and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), although findings across conditions remain preliminary and inconsistent. Further, CrS shows some promise for improving aspects of sleep quality. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) outline methodological considerations in the quantification of brain creatine, (2) discuss the divergent effects of CrS on brain creatine levels and measures of brain function, (3) examine the purported mechanistic actions of CrS for improving brain health and function, (4) highlight critical gaps and limitations which should be considered moving forward, and (5) identify future research directions involving CrS and the brain.","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"175-204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146010191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Oral Curcumin for Tendon Health: An Appraisal on Carrier Systems, Bioenhancers, and Synergistic Formulations. 口服姜黄素对肌腱健康：对载体系统、生物增强剂和协同制剂的评价。

IF 3.1

Journal of Dietary Supplements Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-24 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2026.2662847

H N Siti, P L Lua, M N A Taib, M S Zulfarina, M L Nordin, M A Sharifudin

{"title":"Oral Curcumin for Tendon Health: An Appraisal on Carrier Systems, Bioenhancers, and Synergistic Formulations.","authors":"H N Siti, P L Lua, M N A Taib, M S Zulfarina, M L Nordin, M A Sharifudin","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2662847","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2662847","url":null,"abstract":"Native curcumin's clinical utility is severely limited by poor solubility and rapid metabolism. While preclinical models demonstrate potent effects on tendon repair, achieving therapeutic concentrations in humans requires advanced formulation strategies. This review aims to reiterate the pharmacokinetic (PK) limitations inherent to native curcumin and critically appraise current oral formulation strategies designed to enhance its bioavailability. It further delineates the role of other adjunct compounds that may or may not be incorporated into curcumin formulations for tendon repair. By synthesizing available human pharmacokinetic data, this review evaluates the clinical potential of curcumin formulations in the management of tendinopathy. Human pharmacokinetic data on current curcumin delivery systems are synthesized. The primary functions of common formulation adjuncts such as piperine, EGCG, bromelain, and boswellia are evaluated for their benefits as bioenhancers or independent therapeutics for tendon health. Clinical outcomes from studies utilizing these combined formulations in tendinopathies are also reviewed. Analysis of dose-normalized PK data confirms that modern formulations significantly improve relative bioavailability compared to native curcumin. However, current evidence suggests that formulation adjuncts contribute primarily through independent biological pathways rather than direct PK bio-enhancement. Clinical evidence suggests these 'multimodal' formulations are associated with accelerated pain reduction, improved functional scores, and reduced non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs consumption. Tendinopathy management is increasingly moving toward high-efficiency curcumin delivery paired with synergistic co-factors. While enhanced oral formulations show significant clinical association with improved recovery, future research should bridge the gap between plasma levels and direct intratendinous penetration.","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"393-414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Magnesium Supplementation for Sleep in Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. 镁补充剂对成人睡眠的作用：随机对照试验的系统回顾。

IF 3.1

Journal of Dietary Supplements Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-28 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2026.2719670

Adrian L Lopresti, Stephen J Smith, Peter D Drummond

{"title":"Magnesium Supplementation for Sleep in Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Adrian L Lopresti, Stephen J Smith, Peter D Drummond","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2719670","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2719670","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium supplementation is commonly used to support sleep, but evidence remains mixed. This review evaluated randomized controlled trials of oral magnesium administered as a stand-alone intervention for sleep-related outcomes in adults. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched from inception to 1 June 2026. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials evaluating magnesium as the only active intervention, or including a magnesium-only arm, and reporting at least one sleep-related outcome in adults. Trials involving nocturnal leg cramps, restless legs syndrome, or periodic limb movements were synthesized separately. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach, and findings were synthesized narratively because of study heterogeneity. Twelve randomized controlled trials were included in the main synthesis on sleep, insomnia, or poor sleep, and three additional trials involving movement- or cramp-related sleep disturbance were analyzed separately. One separately analyzed restless legs syndrome trial enrolled participants aged 15-50 years because adult-only data were unavailable. Populations, magnesium formulations, elemental doses, treatment durations, outcome roles, and measures varied substantially. Findings were inconsistent across subjective outcomes, EEG, research-grade actigraphy, consumer wearable-derived estimates, and physiological markers. Certainty of evidence was low to very low. Current evidence does not support oral magnesium as a routine treatment for insomnia. It may provide modest benefits for selected subjective outcomes in some adults, but the findings are inconsistent, and the certainty of the evidence is low or very low. Further well-designed, adequately powered trials are required before routine recommendations can be made.","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"553-581"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148840548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of Tart Cherry Extract Supplementation on Plasma Urate and C-Reactive Protein Levels in Healthy Adults: a Randomized Controlled Trial. 补充酸樱桃提取物对健康成人血浆尿酸盐和c反应蛋白水平的影响：一项随机对照试验

IF 2.3

Journal of Dietary Supplements Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2025.2589787

Ralf Jäger, Martin Purpura, Sebastian T Balcombe, Ashok Godavarthi, Suda A Reddy, Ecaterina Vasenina, Grant M Tinsley

{"title":"Effects of Tart Cherry Extract Supplementation on Plasma Urate and C-Reactive Protein Levels in Healthy Adults: a Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Ralf Jäger, Martin Purpura, Sebastian T Balcombe, Ashok Godavarthi, Suda A Reddy, Ecaterina Vasenina, Grant M Tinsley","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2589787","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2589787","url":null,"abstract":"Tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) extracts are plant extracts rich in polyphenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These bioactives may help reduce plasma urate and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, supporting cardiovascular and the management of hyperuricemia. Processing and formulation methods can influence tart cherry products stability and efficacy. To evaluate the effects of a standardized tart cherry extract on plasma urate and CRP levels. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 10 healthy subjects (n = 10; 6 male, 4 female, age: 34.9 ± 6.6 years, height: 155.3 ± 2.9 cm, weight: 67.1 ± 5.2 kg) consumed 500 mg of a European tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) extract powder or placebo for 4 wk, with a 14-day washout between treatment. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline and at 2-, 4-, and 8-h post-ingestion on day 1, as well as at 8 h post-ingestion on day 28, and were analyzed for plasma urate and CRP concentrations. Acute administration did not alter CRP or urate concentrations. Chronic supplementation significantly reduced CRP by 23.0% (- 1.36 ± 0.44 mg/L) and urate by 37.4% (-2.62 ± 0.44 mg/dL) compared to placebo (both p < 0.001). Four weeks of daily supplementation with 500 mg of tart cherry extract significantly reduced systemic inflammation and urate levels in healthy adults, supporting its potential as a polyphenol-rich, foodbased strategy for managing low-grade inflammation and hyperuricemia.","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"42-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145540866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation: A Mechanistic Model of Utilization and Clearance. 胍基乙酸补充：一种利用和清除的机制模型。

IF 2.3

Journal of Dietary Supplements Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2025.2606749

Sergej M Ostojic

{"title":"Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation: A Mechanistic Model of Utilization and Clearance.","authors":"Sergej M Ostojic","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2606749","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2606749","url":null,"abstract":"Guanidinoacetic acid, the immediate precursor of creatine, is gaining renewed attention as a nutritional and therapeutic agent capable of enhancing tissue bioenergetics. Yet, a comprehensive mechanistic framework describing how exogenous guanidinoacetic acid is processed in the human body is lacking. This concept paper proposes an integrated metabolic model of guanidinoacetic acid utilization, synthesizing available kinetic evidence on its enzymatic conversion via guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), cellular trafficking through the creatine transporter (SLC6A8), and ancillary routes including reverse amidinotransferase activity, oxidative degradation, and renal handling. Our modeling reveals that GAMT achieves near-saturation at relatively low guanidinoacetic acid intakes, whereas SLC6A8 transport capacity remains underutilized even at higher systemic guanidinoacetic acid levels due to competitive interactions with creatine. Secondary pathways contribute proportionally less to overall guanidinoacetic acid fate but may assume greater importance in metabolic stress, aging, or creatine-deficiency states. By estimating theoretical distributions of guanidinoacetic acid flux across these pathways for commonly used oral doses (1-4 g/day), this manuscript provides a mechanistic foundation for optimizing guanidinoacetic acid supplementation strategies. The model highlights clinically relevant opportunities-such as enhancing creatine repletion, supporting mitochondrial function, and addressing creatine-deficiency syndromes-while identifying key parameters that require in vivo validation. Collectively, this work aims to guide both basic researchers and clinicians toward a more informed and strategic use of guanidinoacetic acid in human nutrition and health.","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"257-267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145819338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative Disruption Behavior of Essential Oil and Fixed Oil Dietary Supplement Softgels Under Biorelevant Conditions. 生物相关条件下精油和固定油膳食补充剂软胶囊的破坏行为比较。

IF 3.1

Journal of Dietary Supplements Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2026.2666547

Catherine M Gurley, Bailey Bergman, Sebastian John Adams, Ikhlas A Khan, Bill J Gurley

{"title":"Comparative Disruption Behavior of Essential Oil and Fixed Oil Dietary Supplement Softgels Under Biorelevant Conditions.","authors":"Catherine M Gurley, Bailey Bergman, Sebastian John Adams, Ikhlas A Khan, Bill J Gurley","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2666547","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2026.2666547","url":null,"abstract":"Softgel capsules are widely used in dietary supplements to deliver lipophilic ingredients, including essential and fixed oils. This study evaluated the disruption behavior of 104 commercially available softgel formulations under biorelevant conditions designed to approximate the gastrointestinal environment. Products were categorized as essential oil-containing (n = 40), fixed oil-containing (n = 48), combination (n = 6), and cannabidiol (CBD)-containing (n = 10) formulations. Disruption testing was conducted in biorelevant media, with enzyme supplementation applied according to shell composition when predefined rupture criteria were not achieved. Essential oil-containing softgels exhibited significantly lower pass rates than fixed oil formulations (35% vs 94%, χ2, p < 0.0001). Shell composition also affected outcomes, as gelatin-based systems demonstrated higher overall pass rates than vegetable-based shells (77% vs 26%, χ2, p < 0.0001). A partial rupture-resealing phenomenon characterized by transient fissuring and formation of a persistent hydrated pellicle was observed in certain products. Lot-to-lot variability was identified among selected formulations. These findings indicate that fill composition, shell material, and manufacturing variables contribute to disruption variability in dietary supplement softgels. Evaluation under physiologically informed testing conditions may reveal performance differences not evident under conventional water-based methods and may be particularly relevant for essential oil-containing formulations.","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"443-460"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0