Journal of Dietary Supplements最新文献

{"title":"Effect of a Multi-Ingredient Post-Workout Dietary Supplement on Body Composition and Muscle Strength - A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Joel Puente-Fernández, Eneko Larumbe-Zabala, Justin Roberts, Fernando Naclerio","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2488811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2025.2488811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the current parallel randomized controlled trial was to compare the effects of ingesting a dietary supplement admixture providing carbohydrates, leucine-fortified whey protein, creatine, <i>β</i>-hydroxy-<i>β</i>-methylbutyrate, and vitamin D3 (Master Recovery 1:1, Crown Sport Nutrition, Spain), versus an isoenergetic carbohydrate-only comparator on body composition, muscle thickness, muscle strength, and performance over a 6-week resistance training program, performed three times per week, in aging, physically active individuals. Twenty participants (10 peri- and post-menopausal females and 10 males) -completed the study after being randomly assigned to one of the following groups: post-workout multi-ingredient (PWS: <i>n</i> = 10, 52.0 ± 5 years, body mass 82.0 ± 18.0 kg) or a comparator (COM: <i>n</i> = 10, 51 ± 3 years, body mass 85.9 ± 17.0 kg). Treatment consisted of ingesting 60.0 g of the assigned supplement immediately after each workout. Compared to baseline, only PWS increased fat-free mass (+1.34 ± 1.2 kg, <i>p</i> = 0.003), reduced fat mass (-1.09 ± 0.7 kg, <i>p</i> < 0.001), waist circumference (-2.5 ± 1.8 cm, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and waist-to-hip ratio (-0.03 ± 0.03 cm, <i>p</i> = 0.007). At post-intervention, waist circumference reduction was different between groups (<i>p</i> = 0.02, <i>d</i> = 1.19). Both treatments similarly improved vastus lateralis and elbow flexor thickness, medicine ball throw, and endurance performance. Although countermovement jump improved for both treatments, the PWS group showed a significantly higher performance increase compared to COM (<i>p</i> < 0.01, <i>d</i> = 1.47). Compared to ingesting carbohydrates only, the use of a targeted multi-ingredient promoted noticeable body composition outcomes and better vertical jump improvements with no further effects on hypertrophy, upper body, and endurance performance. The study was registered as a clinical trial at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05769088).</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":"22 3","pages":"445-462"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends, Patterns, and Public Health Implications of Dietary Supplement Recalls: A Decade-Long Analysis from the Greek National Organization for Medicines (2015-2024).","authors":"Athanasios Skouras, Minas Μ Stylianakis, Vasileios Tzatzadakis, Emmanouela Magripli, Apostolos Vantarakis, Evangelia E Ntzani","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2529844","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2529844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This retrospective study examines dietary supplement recalls in Greece from 2015 to 2024, focusing on seasonal trends, reasons for recalls, and dosage forms. A total of 602 recalls were analyzed, with sexual enhancement products (39%), weight management supplements (21%), and bodybuilding supplements (10%) representing the majority of cases. Recalls were primarily attributed to adulterants (62%), quality control issues (15%), and violations related to novel food ingredients (9%). The most commonly recalled dosage forms were capsules (56%) and powders (16%). Capsules and powders are prevalent due to their cost-effective manufacturing processes and simpler formulation requirements, while notable was the presence of honeys and pastes which often appeal to consumers seeking 'natural' remedies. Products sold exclusively online accounted for 63% of recalls, highlighting the risks associated with unregulated e-commerce channels. Seasonal patterns revealed increasing trends in recalls during winter, attributed to consumer demand and regulatory focus. The three major product categories showed seasonal trends, though these were not statistically significant. Specifically, sexual dysfunction products exhibited seasonal variation, with peaks in January and April associated with adulterants such as sildenafil and tadalafil. Weight management product recalls were higher in January and December, reflecting post-holiday and pre-New Year health trends, while bodybuilding supplements showed steady activity with slight increases in late summer. These findings underscore the importance of targeted regulatory enforcement during high-risk periods, enhanced consumer awareness campaigns, and strengthened international collaboration to address safety violations. Special attention to online marketplaces and tailored strategies addressing specific product categories and dosage forms are critical to improving public health outcomes and supplement safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"722-749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of a Probiotic Combination on Glycemic Index and Insulin Resistance in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Vishal P Dubey, Jignesh J Kansagra, Varun P Sureja, Dharmeshkumar B Kheni","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2522463","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2522463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insulin resistance leads to increased glucose and insulin levels. Probiotics can reduce insulin resistance, but the presence of different probiotic strains and doses prevents the generalization to real-world scenario. The current systematic review and meta-analysis study investigated the efficacy of a triple probiotic combination (<i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>, <i>Lactobacillus casei</i>, and <i>Bifidobacterium bifidum</i>) on glycemic index and insulin resistance parameters in adults. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of the probiotics combination on glycemic index and insulin resistance parameters were identified. Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool were used for risk of bias assessment and RevMan for meta-analysis. Fourteen good-quality clinical trials were included in the current study. Low-to-moderate risk of bias was observed. Data from 823 participants were included. Probiotics supplementation significantly reduced insulin resistance (MD: -1.05 HOMA-IR score, <i>p</i> < 0.00001), serum glucose (MD: -3.99 mg/dl, <i>p</i> = 0.0003) and insulin levels (MD: -3.79 µIU/ml, <i>p</i> < 0.00001), while significantly improved insulin sensitivity (MD: +0.02 QUICKI score, <i>p</i> < 0.00001) and pancreatic β-cell functioning (MD: -14.71 HOMA-B score, <i>p</i> < 0.00001) compared to the control group. Significant heterogeneity was observed for all evaluation parameters (except the HOMA-B score) while no significant publication bias was observed. The current study suggests that the probiotic combination of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>, <i>Lactobacillus casei</i>, and <i>Bifidobacterium bifidum</i> is effective in reducing insulin resistance, improving glycemic index parameters, and improving pancreatic β-cell functioning in adults by improving the gastrointestinal microbiome.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"641-663"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144475499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mushroom Based Prebiotic Supplement Pilot Study Among Patients with Crohn's Disease.","authors":"Haim Leibovitzh, Naomi Fliss Isakov, Lael Werner, Tamar Thurm, Ayal Hirsch, Nathaniel Aviv Cohen, Nitsan Maharshak","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2498127","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2498127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Data on a mushroom based prebiotic supplementation in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) in western population is scarce. In this pilot trial, we aimed to assess the clinical efficacy and fecal microbial compositional and functional alterations associated with 'Mycodigest,' a commercial prebiotic supplement composed of three mushroom extracts. Patients with mild to moderate CD were recruited to a single center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot induction trial. Clinical efficacy using the Harvey-Bradshaw index and biochemical response using C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin were assessed at week 8 post-intervention. Fecal samples were assessed by DNA shotgun metagenomic sequencing. A multivariable linear mixed effects model was used to assess alteration in fecal microbiome composition and function pre- and post-'Mycodigest' intervention. Clinical response was higher in the 'Mycodigest' intervention (<i>N</i> = 10) compared to the placebo (<i>N</i> = 6) group (80 <i>vs.</i> 16.7%, respectively, <i>p</i> = 0.035). There were no differences in terms of biochemical response within each group pre- and post-intervention. Post-'Mycodigest' intervention, 25 species were found to be differentially abundant compared to baseline, including increase in short chain fatty acid producing bacteria, such as <i>Parabacteroides distasonis</i> (Beta coefficient 0.92, 95% Confidence interval [CI] 0.36-1.47) and <i>Faecalimonas umbilicata</i> (Beta coefficient 0.57, 95% CI 0.23-0.90). Two microbial pathways related to the metabolism of isoprenoid compounds were increased post-'Mycodigest' intervention. Mushroom based prebiotic supplementation in subjects with CD resulted in clinical improvement which may be related to post-intervention favorable compositional and functional microbial alterations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"511-524"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Validated Method for Rapid Determination of OLEU Concentration in Dietary Supplements: Comparison with Total Phenol Content and Antioxidant Activity.","authors":"Morgane Carrara, Delphine Margout-Jantac, Krati Jian, Mary T Kelly","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2416439","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2024.2416439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The market for olive leaf dietary supplements is expanding rapidly and is valued at $437.15 million today. However, information on the control of these products is sketchy and the origin and variety of olives are rarely stated. The aim of this research was to validate a simple and rapid screening method for oleuropein determination in olive leaf dietary supplements. A matrix blank was prepared by removal of oleuropein from a mixture of dietary supplements and the matrix was then spiked with known concentrations to create a spiked matrix calibration curve in the range 5 - 40% oleuropein. Five replicate extractions and analyses of the matrix standards were carried out over 10 days. Precision was less than 6% RSD and linearity was demonstrated by the Fischer test. Extraction recovery was > 90% and there was a strong linear relationship between authentic and matrix standards. All tested products conformed to the label claim which was strongly correlated with total polyphenols measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH assay and was found to be strongly correlated with total phenol content and oleuropein concentration.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"300-309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Pomegranate on Vascular Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.","authors":"Asma Kazemi, Noushin Deylami, Sara Shojaei-Zarghani, Mohammad Hashem Hashempur","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2490659","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2490659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials, we investigated the effect of pomegranate on vascular endothelial function markers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library until September 2024. Clinical trials that investigated the effect of pomegranate juice, extract, or its components on markers of vascular endothelial function, including flow-mediated dilation (FMD), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1, and IL-10, in healthy or diseased adults ages ≥ 18 years were eligible to be included. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane tool. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool standardized mean differences (<i>SMD</i>) and 95% CI for the outcomes assessed by at least three studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen studies were included. Analysis of studies indicated a nonsignificant effect on VCAM-1 (<i>SMD</i>: -041, 95%CI: -2.53 to 1.71, <i>I²</i>= 83.6%, <i>n</i> = 3), while a significant reduction in ICAM-1 was observed (<i>SMD</i>: -0.63, 95% CI: -0.85 to -0.40, <i>I²</i> = 0.0%, <i>n</i> = 3). Pooled analysis of fourteen studies on IL-6 indicated a significant reduction (-0.58, 95% CI: -0.98 to -0.19, <i>I</i>² = 82.63%). The results of the three studies on E-selectin were inconsistent. The FMD and NO were assessed in only one study.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pomegranate is effective in improving IL-6 and ICAM-1, but not VCAM-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"463-486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Fatty Acids as Modulators of Sperm Quality - From Molecular Pathways to Nutritional Interventions.","authors":"Xin-Yu Yang, Si-Qi Wei, Peng-Sheng Zheng","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2539882","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2539882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infertility affects a growing number of families worldwide. Male factors contribute to 20-50% of infertility cases, and their improvement can help reduce the rising infertility rates. Recent studies have increasingly shown that fatty acids (FAs) can modulate sperm quality and significantly impact male fertility. This review investigates recent studies on the role of FAs in infertility, including their impact on sperm quality, FA profiles in infertility-related conditions, and the therapeutic potential of dietary and supplemental FAs. Our review reveals that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are crucial for spermatogenesis and sperm function, and their imbalance with omega-6 PUFAs is associated with oxidative stress. FA metabolism is a promising target for infertility management. Precision nutrition strategies may complement conventional therapies, but further RCTs are needed to standardize protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"870-886"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144847069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apple Polyphenols and Defecation in Overweight Adults with Constipation - A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Takahiro Sekikawa, Yanmei Li, Tsuyoshi Takara","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2539878","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2539878","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Constipation is a prevalent symptom in adults and has been linked to an increased risk of serious complications, including cardiovascular and renal diseases. This study evaluated the effect of apple polyphenols on defecation among Japanese adults with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m² and <30 kg/m² experiencing constipation who were otherwise healthy. After screening for eligibility, 24 participants were randomly assigned to either the Apple polyphenol or Placebo group in equal numbers. Participants consumed four tablets/day of either unripe apple-derived polyphenols (600 mg/day) or a placebo after breakfast with water for 12 wk. The primary outcome was weekly defecation frequency. Secondary outcomes included the number of days with defecation, the volume and feeling of defecation, the shape and smell of stools, fecal <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> counts, physical measurements, body composition, and blood lipid profile. The analysis included 12 participants in the Apple polyphenol and 11 in the Placebo group. After the 12-week intervention, the Apple polyphenol group had a significantly higher weekly defecation frequency versus the Placebo group (7.0 ± 2.1 <i>vs</i>. 4.9 ± 1.4 times; group difference: 2.2 times [95% CI 0.8-3.6], <i>p</i> = 0.004). No significant inter-group differences were observed in fecal <i>A. muciniphila</i> counts, physical measurements, body composition. While blood triglyceride levels tended to be lower in the Apple polyphenol group. These findings suggest that the consumption of polyphenols derived from immature apples may increase defecation frequency and ameliorate constipation; however, it appears not to affect <i>A. muciniphila</i>.</p><p><p><b>Clinical trial registry:</b> UMIN000050393.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"811-832"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144789294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Vitamin E on Serum Adiponectin and Leptin in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Mehdi Karimi, Sara Alipour, Samira Pirzad, Sajad Ahmadizad, Minoo Bassami, Omid Asbaghi","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2561143","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2561143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adiponectin and leptin are pivotal adipokines regulating metabolic homeostasis, with dysregulation linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and related metabolic disorders. Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, has been proposed to modulate adipokine secretion, but existing studies report inconsistent findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of vitamin E oral supplementation on serum adiponectin and leptin levels in adults. Systematic searches were performed in major electronic databases up to August 2025 to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Extracted data were analyzed using STATA, and pooled effect estimates were calculated as weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The pooled analysis of 10 RCTs (14 effect sizes) showed that vitamin E supplementation did not significantly alter serum adiponectin (WMD: 0.67 ng/mL; 95% CI: [-0.11 - 1.44]; <i>p</i> = 0.093) or leptin levels (WMD: -3.60 ng/mL; 95% CI: [-7.45 - 0.25]; <i>p</i> = 0.067). Subgroup analyses revealed that long-term supplementation (>12 wk) significantly increased adiponectin (WMD: 1.60 ng/mL; <i>p</i> = 0.039), particularly in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (WMD: 4.28 ng/mL; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Additionally, vitamin E significantly reduced leptin levels in NAFLD patients (WMD: -5.45 ng/mL; <i>p</i> < 0.001). This meta-analysis found no significant overall effect of vitamin E on adiponectin and leptin levels; however, long-term supplementation appears beneficial, particularly in patients with NAFLD. Heterogeneity in study design, dosage, and duration highlights the need for further well-designed RCTs to clarify the metabolic and therapeutic roles of vitamin E.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"939-957"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145251359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a Blend of Trisodium Citrate, Creatine Monohydrate, Leucine, and Blueberry Extract on Training-Induced Changes in Leg Extension Strength, Endurance, and Muscle Size.","authors":"Trevor D Roberts, Jocelyn E Arnett, Dolores G Ortega, Justin S Pioske, F Joseph Daugherty, Michael S Tempesta, Alekha K Dash, Richard J Schmidt, Terry J Housh","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2518408","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19390211.2025.2518408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although creatine monohydrate (CM), leucine, and polyphenols have been independently researched, there is a lack of research on the effects of a supplementation blend containing trisodium citrate, CM, leucine, and blueberry extract (TCLB) on muscle strength, endurance, and size. This study compared the effects of 8 wk of supplementation with TCLB versus CM and placebo (PLA) combined with resistance training on leg extension strength, endurance, and muscle size. Twenty-eight recreationally active men ingested either TCLB (<i>n</i> = 10), CM (<i>n</i> = 10), or PLA (<i>n</i> = 8) during 8 wk of resistance training. Leg extension 1-repetition maximum (1RM), leg extension repetitions-to-failure at ∼80% of pre-training 1RM, individual quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) values, and the sum of the CSA values (CSA_sum) were assessed at pre-training and post-training. Separate one-way ANCOVAs covaried for pre-training values were used to analyze differences in adjusted post-training means. Separate Chi-squared tests were used to analyze differences between groups in the proportion of subjects that exceeded the minimal important difference (MID). There were no group differences (<i>p</i> > 0.05) for leg extension 1RM, leg extension repetitions-to-failure, rectus femoris CSA, vastus lateralis CSA, or vastus medialis CSA. The TCLB group demonstrated greater (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) adjusted post-training means and proportions of subjects who exceeded the MID for the CSA_sum and vastus intermedius CSA than the PLA group, but the TCLB group did not differ (<i>p</i> > 0.05) from the CM group for those variables. The CM group (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) exhibited a greater proportion of subjects who exceeded the MID for the CSA_sum than the PLA group. These findings indicated that 8 wk of supplementation with TCLB and CM combined with resistance training increased the overall quadriceps muscle size greater than the PLA, but TCLB did not differ from CM. Furthermore, the groups did not differ in the training-induced increases in leg extension strength and endurance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dietary Supplements","volume":" ","pages":"584-612"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}