Journal of Dairy Research最新文献

{"title":"Incomplete milking before drying off does not impair the udder health of cows infected with minor pathogens.","authors":"Ute Müller, Lisett Marie Hefter, Sophia Dorothea Wedeking, Wolfgang Büscher, Kerstin Barth","doi":"10.1017/S0022029923000699","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0022029923000699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When implementing the transition from regular milk production to the dry period, drying off is mostly conducted simply by abrupt cessation of milking. Efforts to reduce milk synthesis before cessation of milking aim to reduce stress in cows as well as to lower the risk of mastitis. A previous study demonstrated that incomplete milking during the last ten days of lactation gradually reduced the milk yield of healthy, high-yielding cows. However, a reduction period of ten days might be too long for cows with lower yields. Therefore, a follow-up study was conducted on an organic dairy research farm with a lower average milk yield. We investigated whether automated incomplete milking can reduce milk synthesis within one week without impairing the health status of udder quarters infected with minor pathogens. Before drying off, 15 German-Holstein cows with 58 lactating quarters, 21 of which were infected with minor pathogens (coagulase-negative S<i>taphylococci</i> (CNS) and <i>Corynebacterium bovis</i>), were milked twice daily using the software module AutoDry (GEA Farm Technologies) with the 5%-step-down-per-day-program. The level of udder emptying was gradually reduced over 8-10 milkings beginning at a mean milk yield of 17.2 ± 4.4 kg d^-1. During the last three milkings before drying off, milking clusters were automatically removed when a milk flow rate of 0.3 kg min^-1 was reached. Quarter fore-milk samples were collected at two time points (14 d before and at the date of the last milking, ie drying off) and were analysed for mastitis pathogens and somatic cell count. The gradual reduced emptying of the udder induced a clear decline in milk yield by 0.8 ± 0.3 kg d^-1. Within the reduction period, the somatic cell count of quarter foremilk did not change regardless of the infection status. Furthermore, no cow suffered from clinical mastitis. Thus, a reduction in milk synthesis could be achieved within less than one week before drying off without any impairment in udder health of cows, even when infected with minor mastitis pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":15615,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Research","volume":" ","pages":"393-397"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139466603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro evaluation of nanocomposites of linseed mucilage and k-carrageenan loaded with <i>Achyrocline satureioides</i> nanoemulsion: a gradual-release candidate of antimicrobials for the treatment of bovine mastitis.","authors":"Gabriela Tasso Pinheiro Machado, Roberto Gabriel Ferreira, Maria Beatriz Veleirinho, Luciana Aparecida Honorato, Roberta de Oliveira Ramos, Marcos Antônio Segatto Silva, Shirley Kuhnen","doi":"10.1017/S002202992300064X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S002202992300064X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research paper presents the development and evaluation of pioneering nanocomposites (NCs) based on the combination of k-carrageenan and linseed mucilage. When loaded with macela extract nanoemulsion they present an innovative approach for the sustained release of antimicrobial herbal constituents, specifically tailored for bovine mastitis treatment. The NCs, encompassing various ratios of k-carrageenan and linseed mucilage polymers (8:2, 7:3, and 5:5 w/w) with 1.25 mg of macela extract/g of gel, underwent in vitro assessment, emphasizing viscosity, degradation speed, release of herbal actives from macela nanoemulsion and antimicrobial activity. The NCs exhibited thermoreversible characteristics, transitioning from liquid at 60°C to a gel at 25°C. NCs allowed a gradual release of phenolic compounds, reaching approximately 80% of total phenolics release (w/v) within 72 h. NCs inhibited the growth of MRSA (ATCC 33592) until 8 h of incubation. No toxic effect in vitro of NCs was found on MAC-T cells. Thus, the developed materials are relevant for the treatment of bovine mastitis, especially in the dry period, and the data support future evaluations in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":15615,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Research","volume":" ","pages":"376-381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139377655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zoonotic risks of pathogens from dairy cattle and their milk-borne transmission.","authors":"Menno Holzhauer, Gerrit Jan Wennink","doi":"10.1017/S0022029923000730","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0022029923000730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dairy products are major sources of high-quality protein and bioavailable nutrients and dairy production contributes to local, regional and national-level economies. Consumption of raw milk and raw milk products does, however, carry a zoonotic risk, as does direct contact with cattle by farm husbandry staff and other employees. This review will mainly focus on the latter, and deal with it from the standpoint of a well-developed dairy industry, using the example of the Netherlands. With regard to dairy cattle, the main bacterial pathogens are <i>Salmonella</i> spp., <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Leptospira hardjo</i> as well as <i>Brucella abortus</i> and <i>Chlamydia abortus</i>. The main viral pathogens associated with dairy are Rift Valley fever virus, rabies virus, cowpox virus and vaccinia virus. The main parasitological infections are <i>Echinococcus granulosis, Cryptosporidium parvum</i> and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i>, however, the last mentioned have mainly swimming pools as sources of human infection. Finally ectoparasites such as lice and mites and <i>Trichophyton verrucosum</i> may affect employees. Some pathogens may cause health problems due to contamination. Bacterial pathogens of importance that may contaminate milk are <i>Campylolobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i>, <i>Leptospira hardjo and Salmonella typhimurium</i>. Excretion of zoonotic viruses in milk is negligible in the Netherlands, and the endoparasite, <i>Toxocara vitulorum</i> is mainly found in suckling and fattening calves, whilst the risk in dairy cattle is limited. Excretion of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or mycoses in milk are not expected and are, therefore, not of importance here.Being aware of the risks and working according to hygiene standards can substantially limit zoonotic risks for employees. Additionally, diseased employees are advised to limit their contact with cattle and to indicate that they work with cattle when consulting a physician. To prevent zoonotic risks through excretion of pathogens in milk, standard hygiene measures are necessary. Further, using only pasteurised milk for consumption and/or processing of milk can considerably limit the risks. If these measures are not possible, well-constructed monitoring can be followed. Monitoring programmes already exist for pathogens such as for <i>Salmonella spp., Leptospira hardjo</i> and <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i>. For others, like <i>Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli,</i> programmes are not available yet as far as we know.</p>","PeriodicalId":15615,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Research","volume":" ","pages":"325-331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139377741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic aspects of Wood's lactation curve parameters in Jersey crossbred cattle using Bayesian approach.","authors":"Mokidur Rahman, Hasan Baneh, Indrajit Gayari, Muthupalani Karunakaran, Thiruvothur Venkatesan Raja, Sitangsu Mohan Deb, Ajoy Mandal","doi":"10.1017/S0022029923000754","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0022029923000754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters of lactation curve parameters of Wood's function in Jersey crossbred cattle using the Bayesian approach. Data on 33,906 fortnightly test day milk yields of 1,718 lactation records of Jersey crossbred cows, maintained at the ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute in West Bengal, were collected over a period of 40 years. The lactation curve parameters including '<i>a</i>' (initial milk yield after calving), '<i>b</i>' (ascending slope up to peak yield) and '<i>c</i>' (descending slope after peak yield) and lactation curve traits, peak yield (<i>y</i>_max), time of peak yield (<i>t</i>_max) and persistency of milk yield (<i>P</i>) of individual cow for each lactation were estimated using the incomplete gamma function (Wood's model) by fitting the Gauss-Newton algorithm as an iteration method using PROC NLIN procedure of SAS 9.3. Variance components and genetic parameters of lactation curve parameters/traits were estimated by a repeatability animal model using the Bayesian approach. Estimates of heritabilities were found to be 0.18 ± 0.05, 0.09 ± 0.03 and 0.11 ± 0.04 for parameters '<i>a</i>', '<i>b</i>' and '<i>c</i>', respectively and 0.24 ± 0.05, 0.12 ± 0.04, and 0.15 ± 0.05 for <i>y</i>_max, <i>t</i>_max and P, respectively. Repeatability estimates were 0.31 ± 0.03, 0.21 ± 0.04 and 0.30 ± 0.04 for parameters '<i>a</i>', '<i>b</i>' and '<i>c</i>' respectively and 0.39 ± 0.03, 0.24 ± 0.03 and 0.37 ± 0.03 for <i>y</i>_max, <i>t</i>_max and <i>p</i>, respectively. Genetic correlations among lactation curve parameters/traits ranged from -0.75 to 0.95. Existence of genetic correlations among lactation curve parameters/traits indicated substantial genetic and physiological relationships among lactation curve parameters/traits of Jersey crossbred cattle.</p>","PeriodicalId":15615,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Research","volume":" ","pages":"332-338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139424910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Milk fat globule membrane: formation and transformation.","authors":"F B Peter Wooding, Masanao Kinoshita","doi":"10.1017/S0022029923000742","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0022029923000742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is formed by complex cell biological processes in the lactating mammary epithelial cell which result in the release of the milk fat globule (MFG) into the secretory alveolus. The MFG is bounded by a continuous unit membrane (UM), separated from the MFG lipid by a thin layer of cytoplasm. This unique apocrine secretion process has been shown in all of the mammary species so far investigated. Once the MFG is released into the alveolus there is a considerable transformation of the UM with its attached cytoplasm. This is the MFGM. The transformation is stable and expressed milk shows the same transformed MFGM structure. Again, this transformation of structure is common to all mammalian species so far investigated. However, the explanation of the transformation very much depends on the method of investigation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies suggest a literal breakdown to a discontinuous UM plus cytoplasm in patches and strands, whereas more recent confocal laser scanning light microscopy (CLSM) studies indicate a separation, in a continuous UM, of two phases, one liquid ordered and the other liquid disordered. This review is designed to show that the TEM and CLSM results show different views of the same structures once certain deficiencies in techniques are factored in.</p>","PeriodicalId":15615,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Research","volume":" ","pages":"367-375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139471928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current landscape of antimicrobial resistance genes in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> from milk: a thousand genome-based analysis.","authors":"Daniel F M Monte, Celso Jose Bruno de Oliveira","doi":"10.1017/S0022029923000626","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0022029923000626","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15615,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Research","volume":" ","pages":"418"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138804152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age at first calving and productive performance of primiparous Holsteins.","authors":"Rafael Ceolim Braganholo, Ferenc Istvan Bánkuti, Fabio Seiji Dos Santos, Victor Breno Pedrosa, Maximiliane Alavarse Zambom, Altair Antônio Valloto, Geraldo Tadeu Dos Santos","doi":"10.1017/S0022029923000729","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0022029923000729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the age at first calving in Holstein heifers and its impact on various production parameters. A sample of 737 Holstein heifers born between 2015 and 2018 and finishing their first lactations between 2018 and 2020 was included. Cluster analysis revealed three groups based on age at first calving: high precocity, medium precocity and low precocity. Medium-precocity group exhibited the highest 305-day milk yield and peak milk production. Additionally, the same group demonstrated superior mean production per lactation, 305-day milk protein content, and 305-day milk yield. The lowest somatic cell count was found in the low-precocity group. In conclusion, medium-precocity cows showed better results such as higher 305-day milk yield and peak milk production.</p>","PeriodicalId":15615,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Research","volume":"90 4","pages":"353-356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139990199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of shortening the dry period on colostrum and milk quality, blood parameters and some reproductive parameters in high-producing Holstein cows of different body condition score.","authors":"Nazanin Javani Javani, Ahmad Riasi, Esmaeil Montazeri, Saeid Ansari Mahyari, Mohammad Choupani","doi":"10.1017/S0022029923000766","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0022029923000766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of shortening the dry period in high-yielding cows of different body condition scores (BCS). We report colostrum and milk quality, some serum metabolites, BCS changes, and some reproductive parameters with measurements being made over the first two months of lactation. Cows were grouped based on the length of the dry period (normal: about 50 d and short: about 28 d) and BCS (moderate: 2.75 to 3.5 and high ≥ 3.5). Short dry period decreased colostrum volume and, in combination with high BCS only, caused a decrease in milk production. Short dry period moderate BCS cows had the highest serum insulin concentration on day 14 after calving and highest glucose concentration on day 28, but neither differed significantly when measured over the whole period. By contrast, short dry period cows had significantly lower concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate measured over the whole period. Post-partum loss of BCS was less in short and especially so in the short, moderate BCS group. Following a synchronization protocol at 35 d postpartum. The cows with a short dry period and moderate BCS had lower open days, days to first postpartum estrus and services per conception. It was concluded that short dry periods and moderate BCS had a positive influence on serum metabolites, BCS changes and reproductive parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":15615,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Research","volume":"90 4","pages":"347-352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139990200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ozone use in the treatment of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.","authors":"Esther Abihail Fuentes, Jamile A Achy, Davi F da Silva, Amanda C G Graboschii, Juliana de O Bernardo, Jean G Joaquim, Angelina B Fraga, Pierre B Escodro","doi":"10.1017/S0022029923000808","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0022029923000808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research communication paper addresses the hypothesis that the use of therapeutic alternatives for mastitis, such as intramammary ozone, can cure the disease with lower costs and without harmful residues for human consumption and without formation of microbial resistance like the ones caused by indiscriminate use of antibiotics in dairy farms. The study was performed in 36 mammary quarters from 12 dairy cows with subclinical mastitis grade three. The experimental units were randomly assigned into four groups and each group received a treatment. Treatments comprised (a) 20 μg/ml ozone gas; (b) 40 μg/ml ozone gas; (c) negative control treatment of 12.5 μg/ml ozonated saline and (d) positive control treatment of 100 mg of cephalexin + 100 mg of neomycin + 10 mg of prednisolone, all by intramammary injection. In all quarters, milk was collected before and after the application of treatments for California mastitis test and evaluation of milk composition, somatic cell count, and bacterial cultures. The results indicated that the use of intramammary ozone did have a therapeutic effect, and whilst this was less than that of antibiotics, ozone does confer some advantages. Treated milk had a good composition, the treatment cost was low, milk withdrawal may not be necessary and there is no risk of antibiotic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15615,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Research","volume":"90 4","pages":"382-386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139990201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of parity number, milk production and somatic cell count on the reproduction of Holstein cows.","authors":"Bianca Letícia Barbosa, Victor Breno Pedrosa, Luciana da Silva Leal Karolewski, Caio César de Godoi, Adriana de Souza Martin","doi":"10.1017/S002202992300078X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S002202992300078X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research communication describes the reproductive and productive parameters and somatic cell count (SCC) of primiparous and multiparous cows from specialized dairy Holstein herds in South region of Brazil, and correlates these parameters using test-day records. A total of 24 011 records of animals from 75 producers obtained between 2017 and 2018 were used. The variables analyzed included milk production, SCC, milk fat, protein and urea nitrogen contents and reproductive characteristics (number of services per conception, service period and percentage of pregnant cows). Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and the statistical differentiation between the classes of SCC and milk production. Milk production, SCC, number of services per conception and service period were all higher in multiparous cows. The percentage of pregnant cows was higher when the SCC was less than 200 000 cells/ml and was higher in primiparous cows. There was no adverse effect of milk production on reproductive parameters in high producing cows (>40 kg milk/d), however, the percentage of pregnant cows with this production level was significantly higher in multiparous cows. In conclusion, the milk production level need not affect the reproduction of specialized dairy cows if the animals are kept under adequate environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15615,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Research","volume":" ","pages":"343-346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139972088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}