Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology最新文献

{"title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Diagnosis of Compressive Myelopathy at the Thoracolumbar Junction.","authors":"Kazuhiro Fujimoto, Masahiro Funaba, Hidenori Suzuki, Norihiro Nishida, Hiroaki Ikeda, Yusuke Ichihara, Yasuaki Imajo, Takashi Sakai","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001063","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The disc level in the thoracolumbar junction at which measurement of the central motor conduction time in the lower limbs (CMCT-LL) is useful for a diagnosis remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the spinal vertebral level at which compressive myelopathy due to ossification of the ligamentum flavum in the thoracolumbar junction is detectable using CMCT-LL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We preoperatively measured CMCT-LL in 57 patients (42 men, 15 women; aged 35-85 years) with a single ossification of the ligamentum flavum from the T10-11 to T12-L1 disc levels and in 53 healthy controls. Motor evoked potentials after transcranial magnetic stimulation, compound muscle action potentials, and F waves were recorded from the abductor hallucis. Central motor conduction time in the lower limbs was calculated as follows: Motor evoked potential latency - (compound muscle action potential latency + F latency - 1)/2 (ms). Central motor conduction time in the lower limbs was compared between patients and controls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compressive lesions were located at the T10 to 11 level in 27 patients, the T11 to 12 level in 28, and the T12-L1 level in 2. Central motor conduction time values in the lower limbs at the T10 to 11 level (19.9 ± 4.7 ms) and T11 to 12 level (18.1 ± 3.4 ms) were significantly longer than control values (11.8 ± 1.1 ms; P < 0.01). Central motor conduction time in the lower limbs was not calculated at the T12-L1 level because motor evoked potentials were not recorded in any patient.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We confirmed that CMCT-LL was significantly longer in patients with ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the T10 to 11 and T11 to 12 levels because the S2 segment of the spinal cord is caudal at the T12 vertebral body level. Therefore, CMCT-LL is useful for diagnosing thoracolumbar junction disorders proximal to the T12 vertebral body level.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"51-56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139403035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline on Indications for Continuous Electroencephalography Monitoring in Neonates.","authors":"Courtney J Wusthoff, Adam L Numis, Ronit M Pressler, Catherine J Chu, Shavonne Massey, Robert R Clancy, Sylvie Nguyen, Cecil D Hahn, Mark S Scher, Betsy Pilon, Donald T King, Hong-Nei Wong, Tammy N Tsuchida, James J Riviello, Renée A Shellhaas","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001120","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring is increasingly used in the management of neonates with seizures. There remains debate on what clinically relevant information can be gained from cEEG in neonates with suspected seizures, at high risk for seizures, or with definite seizures, as well as the use of cEEG for prognosis in a variety of conditions. In this guideline, we address these questions using American Clinical Neurophysiology Society structured methodology for clinical guideline development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A working group was formed from American Clinical Neurophysiology Society membership with expertise in neonatal cEEG and a set of priority questions developed. We performed literature searches in PubMed and EMBASE to identify relevant studies. Evidence tables were compiled from extracted data and quality assessments performed. A modification of the GRADE process was used to evaluate the body of evidence and draft recommendations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our working group identified six priority questions to evaluate the accuracy of cEEG for neonatal seizure diagnosis and the formulation of prognosis. An initial literature search yielded 18,167 results, which were distilled to a set of 217 articles. Overall, the quality of evidence for most priority questions was rated as very low and we provided conditional recommendations based on published literature and expert consensus. For each priority question, we also considered the benefits and harms of cEEG, with relative harms considered to be far less than the potential benefits across recommendations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We present evidence-based clinical guidelines regarding indications for cEEG monitoring in neonates. Considering resource utilization and feasibility, when cEEG monitoring results have a likelihood of altering clinical decision making, the authors felt the resource investment was justifiable.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation Between Quantitative Background Suppression on EEG and Serum NSE in Patients With Hypoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy.","authors":"Dong Ah Lee, Gyeong Mo Sohn, Byung Joon Kim, Byung Chul Yoo, Jae Hyeok Lee, Hyun Ju Choi, Sung Eun Kim","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001042","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We evaluated the correlation between quantitative background activities on electroencephalography (EEG) and serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) in patients with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy as well as a diagnostic value of prognostication.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study enrolled patients with return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest from March 2010 to March 2020. The inclusion criteria were (1) older than the age of 16 years and (2) patients who had both EEG and NSE. The median time for EEG and NSE were 3 days (interquartile range 2-5 days) and 3 days (interquartile range 2-4 days), respectively. The quantification of background activity was conducted with the suppression ratio (SR). We used a machine learning (eXtreme Gradient Boosting algorithm) to evaluate whether the SR could improve the accuracy of prognostication.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 151 patients. The receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed a cut-off value of serum NSE and the SR for poor outcome, serum NSE (>31.9 μg/L, area under curve [AUC] = 0.88), and the SR (>21.5%, AUC = 0.75 in the right hemisphere, >34.4%, AUC = 0.76 in the left hemisphere). There was a significant positive correlation between the severity of SR and the level of NSE ( ρ = 0.57, p < 0.0001 for the right hemisphere, ρ = 0.58, p < 0.0001 for the left hemisphere). The SR showed an excellent diagnostic value for predicting poor outcome (93% specificity, 60% sensitivity in the right hemisphere and 93% specificity, 58% sensitivity in the left hemisphere). With machine learning analysis, there was an increment in distinguishing the neurological outcome by adding SR on clinical factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The SR showed a positive correlation with the level of serum NSE. The diagnostic value of the SR for predicting poor outcome was excellent, suggesting that it can be a possible biomarker for neuroprognostication in patients with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41153455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Do You See? Signature Pedagogy in Continuous Electroencephalography Teaching.","authors":"Andres Fernandez, Maryam Asoodar, Vivianne van Kranen-Mastenbroek, Marian Majoie, Dorene Balmer","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001075","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Electroencephalography (EEG) is commonly used in neurology, but there is variability in how neurologists interpret EEGs, potentially from variability in EEG teaching. Little is known about how EEG teaching is done to prepare neurologists for professional practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We interviewed a group of EEG experts to characterize their teaching practices around continuous EEG (cEEG). We used signature pedagogy as a framework to analyze and interpret the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified pervasive and characteristic forms of cEEG teaching. Teaching is based on apprenticeship, relying on \"learning by doing\" in the context of real-life clinical practice. There are habitual steps that learners take to anchor teaching, which typically occurs during rounds. There is a common language and core knowledge that trainees need to master early in their training.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There are pervasive characteristic forms of cEEG teaching. These findings can help facilitate instructional design and implementation of complementary or enhanced cEEG teaching practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"81-86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139912746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving a \"W-Shaped\" P100 Waveform: Is It Normal or Abnormal?","authors":"Maya Martin-Gonzalez, Aatif M Husain","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001102","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Summary: </strong>Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials are used to assess the visual pathways. The main waveform of interest is the P100, which is best recorded with electrodes over the mid-occipital region. Most often, the P100 waveform has negative-positive-negative components. Occasionally, it is \"W-shaped,\" with positive-negative-positive components. Although most often a W-shaped P100 waveform indicates an abnormality in the visual pathway, occasionally, it can be normal. A case is presented in which a W-shaped P100 waveform is seen after monocular full-field stimulation of both eyes with 30' checks. To resolve this finding, the pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials is repeated with 60' and 15' checks. With 15' checks a single typical single-peak P100 waveform is seen with normal latency. Evaluation of a W-shaped P100 waveform should involve analysis of various montages, stimulation with different check sizes, and hemifield stimulation to confirm whether the W-shaped waveform is normal or abnormal.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"87-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141563455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrographic Seizure Characteristics and Electrographic Status Epilepticus Prediction.","authors":"France W Fung, Darshana S Parikh, Maureen Donnelly, Rui Xiao, Alexis A Topjian, Nicholas S Abend","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001068","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We aimed to characterize electrographic seizures (ES) and electrographic status epilepticus (ESE) and determine whether a model predicting ESE exclusively could effectively guide continuous EEG monitoring (CEEG) utilization in critically ill children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective observational study of consecutive critically ill children with encephalopathy who underwent CEEG. We used descriptive statistics to characterize ES and ESE, and we developed a model for ESE prediction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ES occurred in 25% of 1,399 subjects. Among subjects with ES, 23% had ESE, including 37% with continuous seizures lasting >30 minutes and 63% with recurrent seizures totaling 30 minutes within a 1-hour epoch. The median onset of ES and ESE occurred 1.8 and 0.18 hours after CEEG initiation, respectively. The optimal model for ESE prediction yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.81. A cutoff selected to emphasize sensitivity (91%) yielded specificity of 56%. Given the 6% ESE incidence, positive predictive value was 11% and negative predictive value was 99%. If the model were applied to our cohort, then 53% of patients would not undergo CEEG and 8% of patients experiencing ESE would not be identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ESE was common, but most patients with ESE had recurrent brief seizures rather than long individual seizures. A model predicting ESE might only slightly improve CEEG utilization over models aiming to identify patients at risk for ES but would fail to identify some patients with ESE. Models identifying ES might be more advantageous for preventing ES from evolving into ESE.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"64-72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11231061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139403122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review for Aminoff's Diagnosis of Neuromuscular Disorders, 4th Edition.","authors":"Ruple S Laughlin","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0000000000001125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":"42 1","pages":"92-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Magnetoencephalography-Localized Epileptogenic Zone, Surgical Resection Volume, and Postsurgical Seizure Outcome.","authors":"Vahe Poghosyan, Hanin Algethami, Ashwaq Alshahrani, Safiyyah Asiri, Mubarak M Aldosari","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001069","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Surgical resection of magnetoencephalography (MEG) dipole clusters, reconstructed from interictal epileptiform discharges, is associated with favorable seizure outcomes. However, the relation of MEG cluster resection to the surgical resection volume is not known nor is it clear whether this association is direct and causal, or it may be mediated by the resection volume or other predictive factors. This study aims to clarify these open questions and assess the diagnostic accuracy of MEG in our center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective cohort study of 68 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who underwent MEG followed by resective epilepsy surgery and had at least 12 months of postsurgical follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Good seizure outcomes were associated with monofocal localization (χ 2 = 6.94, P = 0.001; diagnostic odds ratio = 10.2) and complete resection of MEG clusters (χ 2 = 22.1, P < 0.001; diagnostic odds ratio = 42.5). Resection volumes in patients with and without removal of MEG clusters were not significantly different ( t = 0.18, P = 0.86; removed: M = 20,118 mm 3 , SD = 10,257; not removed: M = 19,566 mm 3 , SD = 10,703). Logistic regression showed that removal of MEG clusters predicts seizure-free outcome independent of the resection volume and other prognostic factors ( P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Complete resection of MEG clusters leads to favorable seizure outcomes without affecting the volume of surgical resection and independent of other prognostic factors. MEG can localize the epileptogenic zone with high accuracy. MEG interictal epileptiform discharges mapping should be used whenever feasible to improve postsurgical seizure outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"73-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139403120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Continuous EEG Utilization and Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients With Acute Cerebrovascular Diseases.","authors":"Rajesh Amerineni, Haoqi Sun, Marta Bento Fernandes, M Brandon Westover, Lidia Moura, Elisabetta Patorno, John Hsu, Sahar F Zafar","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001043","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) is recommended for hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular diseases and suspected seizures or unexplained neurologic decline. We sought to (1) identify areas of practice variation in cEEG utilization, (2) determine predictors of cEEG utilization, (3) evaluate whether cEEG utilization is associated with outcomes in patients with cerebrovascular diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cohort study of the Premier Healthcare Database (2014-2020), included hospitalized patients age > 18 years with cerebrovascular diseases (identified by ICD codes). Continuous electroencephalography was identified by International Classification of Diseases (ICD)/Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Multivariable lasso logistic regression was used to identify predictors of cEEG utilization and in-hospital mortality. Propensity score-matched analysis was performed to determine the relation between cEEG use and mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>1,179,471 admissions were included; 16,777 (1.4%) underwent cEEG. Total number of cEEGs increased by 364% over 5 years (average 32%/year). On multivariable analysis, top five predictors of cEEG use included seizure diagnosis, hospitals with >500 beds, regions Northeast and South, and anesthetic use. Top predictors of mortality included use of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, anesthetics, antiseizure medications, and age. Propensity analysis showed that cEEG was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (Average Treatment Effect -0.015 [95% confidence interval -0.028 to -0.003], Odds ratio 0.746 [95% confidence interval, 0.618-0.900]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There has been a national increase in cEEG utilization for hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular diseases, with practice variation. cEEG utilization was associated with lower in-hospital mortality. Larger comparative studies of cEEG-guided treatments are indicated to inform best practices, guide policy changes for increased access, and create guidelines on triaging and transferring patients to centers with cEEG capability.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"20-27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11058112/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71482168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of EEG Signal Characteristics of Subdural and Depth Electrodes.","authors":"Cigdem Isitan Alkawadri, Qi Yan, Ayse Gul Kocuglu Kinal, Dennis D Spencer, Rafeed Alkawadri","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0000000000001139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Our study aimed to compare signal characteristics of subdural electrodes (SDE) and depth stereo EEG placed within a 5-mm vicinity in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. We report how electrode design and placement collectively affect signal content from a shared source between these electrode types.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In subjects undergoing invasive intracranial EEG evaluation at a surgical epilepsy center from 2012 to 2018, stereo EEG and SDE electrode contacts placed within a 5-mm vicinity were identified. Of these, 24 contacts (12 pairs) met our criteria for signal-to-noise ratio and data availability for final analysis. We used Welch method to analyze the correlation of power spectral densities of EEG segments, root mean square of 1-second windows, and fast-Fourier transform to calculate coherence across conventional frequency bands.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed a median distance of 3.7 mm between the electrode contact pairs. Time-aware analysis highlighted the coherence's strength primarily in the high-gamma band, where the median (r) was 0.889. In addition, the median power ratios between the SDE and stereo EEG signal was 1.99. This ratio decreased from high-gamma to infra-low frequencies, with medians of 2.07 and 0.97, respectively. The power spectral densities for the stereo EEG and SDE electrodes demonstrated a strong correlation, with a median correlation coefficient (r) of 0.99 and an interquartile range from 0.915 to 0.996.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Signals captured by standard subdural and depth (intracranial EEG) electrodes within a 5-mm radius exhibit band-specific coherence and are not identical. The association was most pronounced in the high-gamma band, with coherence decreasing with lower frequencies. Our findings underscore the combined effects of electrode size, design, placement, preferred bandwidth, and the nature of the activity source on signal recording. Particularly, SDE employed herein may offer advantages for high-frequency signals, but the impact of electrode size on recordings necessitates careful consideration in context-specific situations.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>The findings relate to surgical epilepsy care and may inform the design of brain-computer interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}