Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology最新文献

{"title":"American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Technical Standards for Electrical Stimulation With Intracranial Electrodes for Functional Brain Mapping and Seizure Induction.","authors":"Ravindra Arya, Fiona M Baumer, Patrick Chauvel, Birgit Frauscher, Prasanna Jayakar, Ammar Kheder, Bradley Lega, Ronald P Lesser, Kai J Miller, Marc R Nuwer, Nigel P Pedersen, Anthony L Ritaccio, David S Sabsevitz, Saurabh R Sinha, Elson L So, William O Tatum, Jessica W Templer, Stephan U Schuele","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001149","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>These American Clinical Neurophysiology Society technical standards suggest best practices for electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) with subdural and stereotactic depth electrodes for seizure induction and mapping of brain function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A working group was convened from American Clinical Neurophysiology Society membership with expertise in ESM. PubMed searches were performed to identify pertinent peer-reviewed literature. Recurrent meetings reviewed progress, built consensus by discussion, and developed evidence-based recommendations to the extent possible.</p><p><strong>Recommendations: </strong>Stimulators used for ESM should have sufficient dynamic range, ability to interrupt a stimulus train, and ictal disrupt mechanism(s). Charge density should be calculated for the specific electrodes and ESM settings, the maximum safe limits being 52 to 57 μC/cm 2 /phase for subdural electrodes and not established for stereotactic depth electrodes. Subdural ESM for functional mapping is typically performed at 50-Hz pulse frequency, 200- to 300-µs pulse width, 2- to 8-s train duration, and 1- to 20-mA current strength. Stereo ESM is commonly performed using 2 different pulse frequencies: 1 Hz (300-500 µs pulse width, train duration up to 30 s, and often a constant current of 3-5 mA), and 50 Hz (100-500 µs pulse width, train duration 2-8 s, and 0.5-10 mA current intensity).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This guideline provides technical standards for the performance of ESM, which will likely evolve over time with advances in technology and additional evidence (also see Graphical Abstract).</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"190-200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143408121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct (D)-Wave Monitoring Enhancement With Subdural Electrode Placement: A Case Series.","authors":"Harshal A Shah, Adrian Chen, Ross Green, Roee Ber, Randy S D'Amico, Daniel M Sciubba, Sheng-Fu Larry Lo, Justin W Silverstein","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001100","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Direct-wave (D-wave) neuromonitoring is a direct measure of corticospinal tract integrity that detects potential injury during spinal cord surgery. Epidural placement of electrodes used for D-wave measurements can result in high electrical impedances resulting in substantial signal noise that can compromise signal interpretation. Subdural electrode placement may offer a solution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical records for consecutive patients with epidural and subdural D-wave monitoring were reviewed. Demographic and clinical information including preoperative and postoperative motor strength were recorded. Neuromonitoring charts were reviewed to characterize impedances and signal amplitudes of D-waves recorded epidurally (before durotomy) and subdurally (following durotomy). Nonparametric statistics were used to compare epidural and subdural D-waves.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten patients (50% women, median age 50.5 years) were analyzed, of which five patients (50%) were functionally independent (modified McCormick grade ≤ II) preoperatively. D-waves were successfully acquired by subdural electrodes in eight cases and by epidural electrodes in three cases. Subdural electrode placement was associated with lower impedance values ( P = 0.011) and a higher baseline D-wave amplitude ( P = 0.007) relative to epidural placement. No association was observed between D-wave obtainability and functional status, and no adverse events relating to subdural electrode placement were encountered.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Subdural electrode placement allows successful D-wave acquisition with accurate monitoring, clearer waveforms, and a more optimal signal-to-noise ratio relative to epidural placement. For spinal surgeries where access to the subdural compartment is technically safe and feasible, surgeons should consider subdural placement when monitoring D-waves to optimize clinical interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"251-256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141446285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of Continuous EEG Monitoring Practices in the United States.","authors":"Gina Kayal, Kristen N Oliveira, Zulfi Haneef","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001099","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Continuous EEG (cEEG) practice has markedly changed over the last decade given its utility in improving critical care outcomes. However, there are limited data describing the current cEEG infrastructure in US hospitals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A web-based cEEG practice survey was sent to neurophysiologists at 123 ACGME-accredited epilepsy or clinical neurophysiology programs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neurophysiologists from 100 (81.3%) institutions completed the survey. Most institutions had 3 to 10 EEG faculty (80.0%), 1 to 5 fellows (74.8%), ≥6 technologists (84.9%), and provided coverage to neurology ICUs with >10 patients (71.0%) at a time. Round-the-clock EEG technologist coverage was available at most (90.0%) institutions with technologists mostly being in-house (68.0%). Most institutions without after-hours coverage (8 of 10) attributed this to insufficient technologists. The typical monitoring duration was 24 to 48 hours (23.0 and 40.0%), most commonly for subclinical seizures (68.4%) and spell characterization (11.2%). Larger neurology ICUs had more EEG technologists ( p = 0.02), fellows ( p = 0.001), and quantitative EEG use ( p = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This survey explores current cEEG practice patterns in the United States. Larger centers had more technologists and fellows. Overall technologist numbers are stable over time, but with a move toward more in-hospital compared with home-based coverage. Reduced availability of EEG technologists was a major factor limiting cEEG availability at some centers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"235-242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141446291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Tethered Cord Syndrome Surgery: Predictive Values and Clinical Outcome.","authors":"Giovanna Squintani, Federica Basaldella, Andrea Badari, Andrea Rasera, Vincenzo Tramontano, Giampietro Pinna, Fabio Moscolo, Christian Soda, Umberto Ricci, Giorgio Ravenna, Francesco Sala","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001096","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>\"Tethered cord syndrome\" (TCS) refers to a congenital abnormality associated with neurological signs and symptoms. The aim of surgery is to prevent or arrest their progression. This study reports a retrospective case series of tethered cord syndrome surgeries, supported by intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The case series comprises 50 surgeries for tethered cord syndrome in which multimodal intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring was performed using motor evoked potentials (transcranial motor evoked potentials [TcMEPs]), tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (TNSEPs), and pudendal-anal reflex (PAR). The intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring results are reported and correlated with clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value were high for TcMEPs and TNSEPs, while PAR exhibited low sensitivity and positive predictive value but high specificity and negative predictive value. Fisher's exact test revealed a significant correlation between changes in TcMEPs, TNSEPs, and clinical outcome ( P < 0.000 and P = 0.049 respectively), but no correlation was detected between PAR and urinary/anal function ( P = 0.497).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While TcMEPs and TNSEPs were found to be reliable intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring parameters during tethered cord syndrome surgery, PAR had low sensitivity and positive predictive value probably because the reflex is not directly related to bladder function and because its multisynaptic pathway may be sensitive to anesthetics. New onset muscle weakness and sensory deficits were related to postoperative changes in TcMEPs and TNSEPs, whereas changes in PAR did not predict bladder/urinary impairment. Urinary deficits may be predicted and prevented with other neurophysiological techniques, such as the bladder-anal reflex.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"257-263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141436943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seizure Detection and Lateralization Using Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulator Recordings.","authors":"Gloria Ortiz-Guerrero, Sihyeong Park, Keith Starnes, Brian N Lundstrom, Benjamin H Brinkmann, Jamie J Van Gompel, Gregory A Worrell, Nicholas M Gregg","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001137","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Summary: </strong>The lack of reliable seizure detection remains a significant challenge for epilepsy care. A clinical deep brain stimulation (DBS) system provides constrained ambulatory brain recordings; however, limited data exist on the use of DBS recordings for seizure detection and lateralization. We present the case of an 18-year-old patient with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, who had seizure detection and lateralization by DBS recordings. Prior stereotactic-EEG, including a thalamus lead, identified independent left orbitofrontal and mesial temporal onset seizures. Notably, low-frequency thalamic ictal power was significantly elevated relative to baseline awake and sleep states. The patient was subsequently implanted with an anterior nucleus of the thalamus DBS system. Postimplantation, low-frequency power-in-band (5.3-10.3 Hz) recordings were initiated. Nursing staff identified four typical clinical seizures during the inpatient DBS recording period. Thalamic DBS trends contained relative peaks that were coincident with each nurse-reported seizure. Peri-ictal power was uniformly maximal ipsilateral to the seizure network. This case demonstrates the feasibility of seizure detection and lateralization by a thalamic DBS system for some individuals, and suggests DBS sensing parameter selection may be guided by thalamic stereotactic EEG. Further research is necessary to assess the generalizability of DBS seizure detection across individuals and diverse seizure networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"279-283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Induction in Pediatric EEG Recordings: Chloral Hydrate Versus Melatonin and Hydoxyzine.","authors":"Yiğithan Güzin, Irmak Erdoğan, Mügen Baykan, Elif D Taşkırdı, Özlem A Yaman, Pınar Gençpınar, Figen Baydan, Nihal O Dündar","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0000000000001113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Electroencephalography (EEG) recording in pediatric patients is difficult because of patient compliance, and children who are unsuitable for behavioral training usually require sedation for EEG recordings. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of agents commonly used in daily practice for sleep induction on sleep transition, sleep architecture, and frequency of movement artifacts on EEG recordings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was made of the demographic data and sleep EEG recordings of patients who underwent sleep EEG because of suspected seizure between 2021 and 2022. The study included patients aged 4 to 18 years, and patients with a new or previous diagnosis of epilepsy were excluded from the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evaluation was made of 88 patients, comprising 35 (39.8%) girls and 53 (60.2%) boys with a mean age of 10.6 ± 4.3 years. In the analysis of the patients who did not sleep at all during the EEG recording, the drugs administered to the patients for sedation were observed to be hydroxyzine in 4 (14.8%) patients, chloral hydrate in 1 (2.8%) patient, and melatonin in 5 (20%) patients. Sleep duration was seen to be longer and the rates of motion artifacts and awakening during filming were lower in the patients treated with chloral hydrate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this study showed that chloral hydrate was the most effective drug for inducing sleep. There is a need for further similar prospective studies to be performed on patients diagnosed with epilepsy and those aged <4 years. Possible complications should be considered before using each agent for sleep induction.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":"42 3","pages":"224-229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143501475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Proposed Stereoelectroencephalography Electrode Nomenclature and Call for Standardization.","authors":"Clifford S Calley, Winson Ho, Abbas Babajani-Feremi, Carla Bodden, Elizabeth Tyler-Kabara, Dave F Clarke","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001103","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Between 20 and 40% of patients with epilepsy are considered pharmacoresistant. Stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) is frequently used as an invasive method for localizing seizures in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy who are surgical candidates; however, electrode nomenclature varies widely across institutions. This lack of standardization can have many downstream consequences, including difficulty with intercenter or intracenter interpretation, communication, and reliability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authors propose a novel sEEG nomenclature that is both intuitive and comprehensive. Considerations include clear/precise entry and target anatomical locations, laterality, distinction of superficial and deep structures, functional mapping, and relative labeling of electrodes in close proximity if needed. Special consideration was also given to electrodes approximating radiographically distinct lesions. The accuracy of electrode identification and the use of correct entry-target labels were assessed by neurosurgeons and epileptologists, not directly involved in each case.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The authors' nomenclature was used in 41 consecutive sEEG cases (497 electrodes total) within their institution. After reconstruction was complete, the accuracy of electrode identification was 100%, and the correct use of entry-target labels was 98%. The last 30 sEEG cases had 100% correct use of entry-target labels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed sEEG nomenclature demonstrated both high accuracy in electrode identification and consistent use of entry-target labeling. The authors submit this nomenclature as a model for standardization across epilepsy surgery centers. They intend to improve practicability, ease of use, and specificity of this nomenclature through collaboration with other surgical epilepsy centers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"201-207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141457175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multicenter Training and Interrater Reliability Study of the BASED Score for Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome.","authors":"John R Mytinger, Dara V F Albert, Shawn C Aylward, Christopher W Beatty, Sonam Bhalla, Sonal Bhatia, Guy N Brock, Micheal A Ciliberto, Purva R Choudhari, Daniel J Clark, Jennifer Madan Cohen, Theresa M Czech, Megan M Fredwall, Ernesto Gonzalez-Giraldo, Chellamani Harini, Senyene E Hunter, Amanda G Sandoval Karamian, Akshat Katyayan, Isaac Kistler, Neil Kulkarni, Virginia B Liu, Corinne McCabe, Thomas Murray, Kerri Neville, Shital H Patel, Spriha Pavuluri, Donald J Phillips, Debopam Samanta, Deepa Sirsi, Emily M Spelbrink, Carl E Stafstrom, Maija Steenari, Danielle S Takacs, Tyler Terrill, Linh Tran, Jorge Vidaurre, Daniel W Shrey","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001101","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The best possible outcomes in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome require electroclinical remission; however, determining electrographic remission is not straightforward. Although the determination of hypsarrhythmia has inadequate interrater reliability (IRR), the Burden of AmplitudeS and Epileptiform Discharges (BASED) score has shown promise for the reliable interictal assessment of infantile epileptic spasms syndrome. Our aim was to develop a BASED training program and assess the IRR among learners. We hypothesized moderate or better IRR for the final BASED score and the presence or absence of epileptic encephalopathy (+/-EE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a web-based application, 31 learners assessed 12 unmarked EEGs (length 1-6 hours) from children with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For all readers, the IRR was good for the final BASED score (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.86) and +/-EE (Marginal Multirater Kappa 0.63). For all readers, the IRR was fair to good for all individual BASED score elements.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings support the use of our training program to quickly learn the BASED scoring method. The BASED score may be a valuable clinical and research tool. Given that the IRR for the determination of epileptic encephalopathy is not perfect, clinical acumen remains paramount. Additional experience with the BASED scoring technique among learners and advances in collaborative EEG evaluation platforms may improve IRR.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":"42 3","pages":"230-234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11864053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143501473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensor-Head Distance and Signal Strength in Whole-Head Magnetoencephalography: Report of 996 Patients With Epilepsy.","authors":"Naoaki Tanaka, Seppo P Ahlfors, Steven M Stufflebeam","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001114","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Although the sensor-to-head distance is theoretically known to affect the signal strength in magnetoencephalography (MEG), these values have not been reported for a whole-head MEG system in a large population. We measured the distance and signal strength in 996 patients with epilepsy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The MEG sensor array consisted of 102 measurement sites, each of which had two gradiometers and one magnetometer. The sensor-head distance was defined as the minimum distance between each site and a set of digitized scalp points. For the signal strength, we calculated the root-mean-square of the signal values in each sensor over a recording of 4 minutes. For analyses at the individual and sensor levels, these values were averaged over the sensors and patients, respectively. We evaluated the correlation between distance and signal strength at both individual and sensor levels. At the sensor level, we investigated regional differences in these measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The individual-level analysis showed only a weak negative correlation between the sensor-head distance and the signal strength. The sensor-level analysis demonstrated a considerably negative correlation for both gradiometers and magnetometers. The sensor-head distances showed no significant differences between the regions, whereas the signal strength was higher in the temporal and occipital sensors than in the frontal and parietal sensors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sensor-head distance was not a definitive factor for determining the magnitude of MEG signals in individuals. Yet, the distance is important for the signal strength at a sensor level. Regional differences in signal strength may need to be considered in the analysis and interpretation of MEG.</p>","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"208-214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142036000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review for Current Practice of Clinical Electroencephalography, 5th Edition.","authors":"Jong Woo Lee","doi":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0000000000001138","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":"42 3","pages":"284-285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143501474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}