{"title":"Management of Severe Maxillary Atrophy in a Patient With Hay-Wells Syndrome.","authors":"Marvin Thomas","doi":"10.1097/SCS.0000000000012027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000012027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome (AEC), also known as Hay-Wells syndrome, is a rare systemic disorder that affects the development of derivatives of ectodermal tissues, which in some cases results in the development of severe maxillary atrophy. This brief clinical report illustrates the use of a patient-specific subperiosteal implant to perform dental rehabilitation in a patient with AEC.</p>","PeriodicalId":15462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaqi Zhao, Guiying Li, Tao Song, Weiyi Sun, Shuxiu Chen, Di Wu
{"title":"Septal-Costal Cartilage Complex: A Novel Surgical Technique to Correct Septal Caudal Deviation in Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity.","authors":"Jiaqi Zhao, Guiying Li, Tao Song, Weiyi Sun, Shuxiu Chen, Di Wu","doi":"10.1097/SCS.0000000000011996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000011996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aimed to introduce a novel surgical technique of constructing a septal-costal cartilage complex to correct septal caudal deviation of patients with unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities (UCLND). The caudal end of the septal extension graft (SEG) was split based on preoperative 3D reconstruction of cranial CT to form 2 segments that straddle the septal cartilage and were firmly sutured to the anterior nasal spine. Subsequently, 2 thin septal extension grafts were inserted with SEG bilaterally to form a septal-costal cartilage complex. The study enrolled 40 patients with UCLND from January 2017 to December 2024 and collected clinical photos and the Nasal Obstruction Evaluation Scale (NOSE) scores preoperatively and postoperatively at 6 months to evaluate nasal morphology and function. Correction of septal caudal deviation were achieved in all patients. Postoperative nasal morphology, including nasofacial angle (P<0.001), nasal labial angle (P=0.007), deviation angle of columella (P<0.001), and the ratio of nostril (both P<0.001), showed significant improvements, and NOSE also showed significant differences (P=0.035). The authors concluded that this surgical technique with the septal-costal cartilage complex provided a strong support structure and effectively corrected septal caudal deviation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epidemiology of Maxillofacial Gunshot Injuries at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital.","authors":"Mohammed Mahri, Risimati E Rikhotso","doi":"10.1097/SCS.0000000000011995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000011995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Facial gunshot wounds (FGSWs) represent a complex form of maxillofacial trauma with significant functional and psychological implications. However, epidemiological data on their presentation and outcomes remain limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the epidemiology and pattern of civilian facial gunshot injuries treated at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients with FGSWs treated at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital's Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery departments from January to December 2021. Injuries were classified by location, soft tissue involvement, and fracture type. Demographic and injury-related variables such as injury location, number of GSW, and type of gunshot injuries were recorded. Categorical data were summarized using frequencies and percentages, and associations were assessed using Fisher exact test, with significance set at P ≤ 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 1303 gunshot patients, 121 (9.3%) had FGSW (108 males and 13 females). Ages of 20 to 39 constituted about 72.8% of the patients. The majority of FGSW were penetrating injuries (60%), single-shot wounds (73.6%), and 52.1% had intraoral communications. The mandible was the most frequently fractured bone. Most of the FGSWs were in zone 3 level and were mostly penetrating (60%) in nature. Patients with an isolated avulsion pattern of injury and floor of the mouth injury associated with mandibular fractures significantly compromised the airway.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights the significant burden of maxillofacial injuries caused by gunshot wounds. FGWs are most observed in young adult males. Patients presenting with avulsion-type mandibular injuries or floor of the mouth involvement associated with mandibular fractures are at increased risk of airway compromise and should be monitored for signs of deterioration.</p>","PeriodicalId":15462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabel A Ryan, Helen Y Zhou, Mattia A Mahmoud, Philip D Tolley, Dillan F Villavisanis, Nicholas A Han, Allison C Hu, Jordan W Swanson, Scott P Bartlett, Jesse A Taylor
{"title":"Long-Term Outcomes After Orbital Hypertelorism Correction: An Assessment of Objective Photogrammetric and Patient-Reported Outcomes.","authors":"Isabel A Ryan, Helen Y Zhou, Mattia A Mahmoud, Philip D Tolley, Dillan F Villavisanis, Nicholas A Han, Allison C Hu, Jordan W Swanson, Scott P Bartlett, Jesse A Taylor","doi":"10.1097/SCS.0000000000012001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000012001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orbital hypertelorism (OHT) can be corrected surgically utilizing a 4-wall box osteotomy, facial bipartition, or medial orbital composite unit translocation (MOCUT). However, the impact on periorbital symmetry and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) is less well known. This study assesses periorbital symmetry and PROs after OHT correction at long-term follow-up. Patients who underwent OHT correction at a single institution from 2000 to 2024 were identified. Hypertelorism index (HI) and periorbital symmetry was compared preoperatively, 1-year postoperatively, and at long-term follow-up (average 9 y postoperation), with a ratio of 1 considered perfect symmetry. FACE-Q surveys were administered postoperatively and converted to Rasch scores (0-100 scale). 30 patients were included, 7 of which completed the FACE-Q. 60.0% (n=18) were patients with frontonasal dysplasia, 17% (n=5) facial cleft, and 13% (n=4) with encephalocele. Seventy percent (n=21) underwent 4-wall box osteotomy, 17% (n=5) facial bipartition, and 13% (n=4) MOCUT. HI improved from preoperation (1.8±0.6) to 1-year (1.4±0.3) and long-term (1.4±0.3) postoperation (P<0.001). Palpebral height ratio was significantly worse 1-year (0.9±0.1 versus 1.0±0.2, P=0.03) and long-term (0.9±0.1 versus 1.0±0.2, P=0.02) postoperation compared with preoperation. At long-term follow-up, canthal tilt difference (4.3±4.9 versus 1.8±2.2 degrees, P=0.03) was significantly worse than preoperation. FACE-Q scores were low in domains of facial appearance with medians ranging from 16 (head shape)-32 (forehead). At long-term follow-up, hypertelorism shows stable and significant improvement with surgical correction. However, periorbital asymmetry worsened as shown by canthal tilt and palpebral height difference postoperatively. In addition, patient satisfaction with appearance remains low despite surgical intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":15462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Hemisided Analysis of the Pharyngeal Airway: A Novel Technical Strategy to Evaluate Asymmetric Remodeling After Orthognathic Surgery.","authors":"Shogo Kikuta, Nodoka Nagae, Kiyosato Hino, Yushi Abe, Jingo Kusukawa","doi":"10.1097/SCS.0000000000011985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000011985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orthognathic surgery for asymmetric mandibular prognathism may induce side-specific alterations in the pharyngeal airway, yet conventional analyses are limited to global assessments. This technical report introduces a reproducible method for three-dimensional (3D) hemisided airway analysis to investigate these nuanced changes. This retrospective study included 5 patients with asymmetric mandibular prognathism who underwent a hybrid technique combining modified intraoral vertico-sagittal ramus osteotomy (mIVSRO) on one side and sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) on the other. Preoperative and postoperative cone-beam computed tomography scans were used for 3D airway segmentation. Following registration to a standardized craniofacial coordinate system, the airway models were partitioned into hemisides for independent volumetric and morphometric analysis. An Asymmetry Index (AI) was calculated to quantify changes. The analytical workflow demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC>0.98). Following a mean pogonion setback of 6.3 mm, the total airway volume decreased by an average of 14.3%, consistent with established literature. The novel hemisided analysis proved sufficiently sensitive to detect side-specific changes, revealing highly individualized and variable responses in airway asymmetry postoperatively. The change in AI for hemi-airway volume varied among patients, suggesting a differential influence of the mIVSRO and SSRO techniques on the surrounding soft tissues. This study presents a feasible and reliable technical strategy for 3D hemisided pharyngeal airway analysis. This granular analytical framework provides a validated tool for future investigations into the asymmetric effects of different osteotomy techniques. Ultimately, this methodology may inform surgical planning by enabling the optimization of airway morphology in complex asymmetric deformities.</p>","PeriodicalId":15462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali M Alsudays, Khaled A Almanea, Abdullah A Alhajlah, Ahmad Alroqi
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Postoperative Sinus Care: A Comparative Study of ChatGPT-4, Google Gemini, and DeepSeek in Patient Education and Support.","authors":"Ali M Alsudays, Khaled A Almanea, Abdullah A Alhajlah, Ahmad Alroqi","doi":"10.1097/SCS.0000000000011922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000011922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI) integration into postoperative care has demonstrated significant potential in enhancing patient care and support. This review demonstrates different findings from various studies to evaluate AI's impact on improving postoperative care outcomes, with a specific focus on its application to Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) in the literature. This study aimed to compare the performance of 3 different large language models in addressing postoperative sinus care questions. The focus is to determining their utility in patient education and support following FESS.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted over a 3-month period. Ten standardized questions were adapted from 3 identified online sources (University of Michigan Health, Kevin Caceres, MD, and GhiamMD). Each question was presented to all 3 AI chatbots under identical conditions, generating a total of 30 AI-generated responses for evaluation. A new chat window was used for every question to ensure unbiased responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings suggest that the number of words (P=0.026), number of sentences (P<0.001), and number of characters per word (P=0.007) were significantly higher in DeepSeek, but DeepSeek showed significantly lower in the number of words per sentence (P<0.001). According to evaluators, ChatGPT-4 ratings were better regarding the clarity of responses, whereas DeepSeek ratings were better in completeness. However, Google Gemini performed the least among the AI Chatbots. Interestingly, reading difficulties in the responses from Google Gemini and DeepSeek were somewhat higher than ChatGPT-4.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both ChatGPT-4 and DeepSeek had comparable ratings on the response's accuracy, relevance, and usefulness. However, the number of words, sentences, and characters per word was significantly higher in DeepSeek. Interestingly, Google Gemini's ratings lagged behind both ChatGPT-4 and DeepSeek. Further investigations are required to determine which AI Chatbots offer the best responses in various clinical case scenarios, particularly in postoperative care in our region.</p>","PeriodicalId":15462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reasons for Removal of Mandibular Reconstruction Plates.","authors":"Benedicta S Haingura, Risimati E Rikhotso","doi":"10.1097/SCS.0000000000011994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000011994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mandibular reconstruction plates (MRPs), used alone or alongside bone reconstruction, are now the standard approach for treating mandibular continuity defects. Advancements in plate design and materials have improved the success rate of mandibular reconstruction. Nonetheless, plate-related complications remain prevalent and may, in some cases, result in significant morbidity for patients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine complications associated with MRPs and analyse parameters related to the complications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was undertaken over a 5-year period (from January 2018 to December 2022) on patients who had complications after segmental resection and reconstruction with MRPs. Complications were analysed according to age, sex, location of defect, defect size, and whether the patient underwent a bone graft procedure or not. Univariate binary logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of complications. The level of significance was set at P ≤0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 100 patients were enrolled in the study. Benign and malignant tumors accounted for 76 and 18 cases, respectively. The prebent technique was used in 96 patients. LCL (63%), LC (18%), and HCL (14%) were the most observed defects. Dehiscence (n = 38), infection (n = 21), and plate fracture (n = 9) were the most common complications. Smoking (P = 0.005) and smoking and alcohol (P = 0.008) were significantly associated with the presence of infection. Six of the 9 patients with plate fracture had no bone graft. Plate length was significantly higher in participants with plate failure (P = 0.032).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Risk stratification for plate-related complications should consider factors such as plate length, defect type, soft tissue adequacy, and smoking and tobacco use. Patients with anterolateral defects and longer reconstruction plates are at higher risk for complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distraction Osteogenesis Combinations for Patients With Severe Complicated Cleft Maxillary Hypoplasia.","authors":"Joceline Theda Kadarman, Nobuyuki Mitsukawa, Tadashi Morishita","doi":"10.1097/SCS.0000000000011964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000011964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cleft maxillary hypoplasia (CMH) is a common sequela in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) who have undergone surgical and orthodontic interventions. Le Fort I maxillary distraction osteogenesis (DO) using a halo-type external distraction device is a well-established technique for maxillary advancement. However, simple anterior advancement may not yield satisfactory outcomes in cases involving severe segmental deviations. The authors reported our success in utilizing a combination of various maxillary DO and bone transport techniques to correct severe, complicated CMH. The patient was a 13-year-old girl with Angle Class III malocclusion and a history of congenital left CLP. She had undergone prior corrective surgeries, including cheiloplasty at 3 months of age, palatoplasty at 14 months, and rhinoplasty at 5 years. Our approach achieved favorable functional and aesthetic outcomes by addressing the complex deformities between maxillary segments. This case highlights the effectiveness of various DO strategies in managing severe, complicated CMH.</p>","PeriodicalId":15462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accuracy of Maxillary Repositioning Using Customized Maxillary Bone-Dental-Supported Guides.","authors":"Yuki Mori, Kazuya Haraguchi, Daigo Yoshiga, Hiroki Tsurushima, Taishi Ohtani, Shinichi Sesaki, Manabu Habu, Izumi Yoshioka","doi":"10.1097/SCS.0000000000011983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000011983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of maxillary repositioning using customized maxillary bone-dental-supported guides with that using an intermediate computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) splint. This retrospective cohort study included patients with dentofacial deformities on computed tomography before and 3 months after surgery. Differences between the planned and actual postoperative positions of the maxilla were measured using simulation software for 3 landmarks. Twenty-two patients were treated using customized maxillary bone-dental-supported guides (group A) and 22 patients were treated using intermediate CAD/CAM splints (group B). For all 3 axes, discrepancies for all 3 landmarks tended to be smaller in group A than in group B. In particular, intermediate splints, calculated over the 22 cases and all 3 landmarks, showed significantly larger discrepancies on all 3 axes than the customized maxillary bone-dental-supported guides, calculated over the 22 cases and all 3 landmarks. In conclusion, customized maxillary bone-dental-supported guides appear more effective than intermediate CAD/CAM splints in achieving accurate transfer from 3D simulation to real surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":15462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Alejandro Mendoza Isaula, Emily Yanoshak, Gabriella Squeo, Eileen Wen, Hibo Wehelie, Jennifer Goldman, Jonathan Black
{"title":"Nonoral Feeding Does Not Predict the Occurrence of Bone Healing Complications in Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis.","authors":"Daniel Alejandro Mendoza Isaula, Emily Yanoshak, Gabriella Squeo, Eileen Wen, Hibo Wehelie, Jennifer Goldman, Jonathan Black","doi":"10.1097/SCS.0000000000011778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000011778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients undergoing mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) frequently have risk factors that may hinder bone healing during consolidation. Here, we examine how preoperative feeding modalities affect bone healing in MDO patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective chart review was performed for patients undergoing MDO between 2015 and 2024. Data included patient demographics, preoperative feeding modality, and bone healing complications. SPSS was used for statistical analysis, employing Fisher exact test for categorical variables, and logistic regression to adjust for confounding variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-two patients were analyzed (average age=14.77 mo). Twenty-one patients had preoperative feeding difficulties, with 6 patients feeding by mouth (PO) and 16 patients requiring alternative (non-PO) methods. Ten patients experienced bone healing complications; 7 patients had delayed consolidation and 6 had nonunion. Proportions of complications between patients with PO versus non-PO feeding were comparable (Fisher exact P-Value= 1.000). Logistic regressions showed age at surgery, preoperative weight, non-PO feeding, and the presence of Pierre Robin Sequence or cleft palate did not predict the occurrence of bone healing complications, delayed consolidation, or nonunion (P>0.05). Non-PO feeding had the strongest association with the occurrence of bone healing complications and nonunion, with odds ratios of 2.016 (95% CI: 0.154-26.309, P-Value=0.593) and 7.155 (0.086-597.411, P-Value=0.383), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our data indicates preoperative feeding modality does not correlate with bone healing complications, suggesting MDO can be considered for patients regardless of feeding modality, potentially expanding eligibility for the procedure without increased risk. Additional research is warranted to understand risk factor effects on MDO outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}