Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"Neuroimaging studies of cognitive dysfunction following cancer and treatment.","authors":"Daniel H S Silverman, Charlotte Sleurs, Rebeca A Gavrila Laic, Ali Amidi, Bihong T Chen, Sabine Deprez, Brenna C McDonald","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2526647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2025.2526647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Survival rates for non-central nervous system cancers (CNS) have markedly improved in recent decades due to advancements in early detection and treatment; however, this progress has also led to a rise in survivors living with long-term side effects, including cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). Neuroimaging has been vital in understanding the impact of cancer and its treatments on brain functioning, revealing changes in brain activity, structure, and connectivity associated with cognitive decline. This review summarizes current neuroimaging research on adults with non-CNS cancers, focusing on alterations in gray and white matter and functional, metabolic, and vascular changes. Consistent findings of alterations in the prefrontal cortex have been observed, with both structural and functional changes observed in patients with CRCI, and limbic and temporal structures also appear to be impacted. These brain changes have been shown to correlate with functioning on objective and self-reported measures of executive functioning and memory. Future research should further explore novel complementary techniques and analytic approaches, to provide more in-depth knowledge on various potential mechanisms contributing to CRCI. Multimodal investigations of biomarkers including genomic interactions, neuroinflammatory processes, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier disruption, and gut-brain axis effects could yield new insights. Neuroimaging will remain essential in elucidating these mechanisms and their roles in CRCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heart rate variability in unstably housed Veterans with mental health conditions.","authors":"Tara A Austin, Amber V Keller, Arpi Minassian, Jessica J Zakrzewski, Delaney Pickell, Jillian M R Clark, Jacqueline E Maye, Mark L Ettenhofer, Elizabeth W Twamley","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2547738","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2547738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Almost 10% of Veterans have experienced homelessness, which is associated with complex healthcare needs and high levels of physical and mental health comorbidities. Measures of autonomic nervous system dysregulation, including higher resting heart rate (HR) and lower time domain and higher frequency domain measures of heart rate variability (HRV), are associated with worse physical and mental health in Veteran and civilian populations. However, these associations have not been explored in unstably housed Veterans with mental health conditions.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>43 male Veterans who were homeless/at-risk and receiving residential mental health treatment completed measures of HRV, neuropsychological performance, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and functioning. Time-domain and frequency-domain measures of HRV were calculated. Correlations between neuropsychological performance, symptoms, and HRV measures were computed. Multiple regression was used to examine predictors of variance in HRV variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher HR and worse HRV metrics were significantly (<i>p</i> < .05) associated with worse physical health (<i>r</i> = 0.37-0.39), neuropsychological performance (<i>r</i> = 0.35-0.40), neuropsychiatric symptoms (<i>r</i> = 0.33-0.38), and functioning/disability (<i>r</i> = 0.39-0.50). Multiple linear regression revealed that symptom and neuropsychological variables explained 22-50% of the variance in HR and HRV.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HRV in Veterans may serve as a noninvasive biomarker correlate of healthcare needs in unstably housed Veterans.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"508-520"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144873342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brooding rumination predicts lower cognitive functioning in late-life depression: multivariate multiple regression analyses.","authors":"Kiara Baker, Warren D Taylor, Sarah M Szymkowicz","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2520356","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2520356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Late-life depression (LLD) is associated with cognitive deficits, particularly in memory and executive functions. Rumination, namely brooding, may also negatively impact cognition. Few studies have investigated multivariate relationships between depressive symptoms and different types of rumination on cognition in LLD, which was the focus of the current study. We also explored whether relationships differed by gender and depression age of onset.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Cognition was measured via five cognitive composites (Attention/Working Memory, Processing Speed, Language, Episodic Recall, and Executive Functions). LLD who completed both the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) was used in analyses (<i>n</i> = 91). RRS subscales included Brooding and Reflection rumination. Two separate bootstrapped multivariate multiple regressions examined whether MADRS, Brooding, or Reflection, and their respective interactions predicted cognitive performance after covariate adjustments and Bonferroni correction. Exploratory analyses using similar models but stratified by gender and depression age of onset were also conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only Brooding significantly predicted cognitive performance in the multivariate omnibus models (<i>F</i>(7,78) = 3.52, <i>p</i> = 0.006). Follow-up univariate analyses showed significant relationships for Language (<i>p</i> = 0.005, BCa 95% CI [-0.09 to -0.02]) and Episodic Recall (<i>p</i> < 0.001, BCa 95% CI [-0.012 to -0.04]) domains, with higher Brooding associated with lower cognitive performances. Exploratory analyses demonstrated a significant multivariate effect of Brooding in both men and women; however, the only significant univariate effect was for Episodic Recall in women (<i>p</i> = 0.025, BCa 95% CI [-0.11 to 0.01]). Age of depression onset was not significant for any of the multivariate models.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elevated Brooding (and not depressive symptoms, Reflection rumination, or their interactions) was associated with lower language and memory functions in LLD. This effect may be greater in women, particularly for memory. Interventions aimed at improving brooding rumination in LLD may also benefit cognitive performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12354303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing clinical assessment databases to enhance clinical training and research in neuropsychology: benefits, challenges, and practical strategies.","authors":"Anthony D Robinson, John-Christopher A Finley","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2503253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2025.2503253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research serves as the foundation of clinical neuropsychology, and strengthening research training pipelines is critical to sustaining innovation and scientific rigor within the field. Clinical assessment databases are one promising tool for achieving this goal. Herein, we describe the benefits and challenges of implementing clinical assessment databases across various neuropsychology training settings. First, we highlight their benefits, including the promotion of a standardized approach to clinical training, improvements in patient care, and increased opportunities for research. Next, we describe how clinical databases can be implemented across various training settings, including university-affiliated psychology training clinics, academic medical centers, Veterans Affairs hospitals, and private practice settings. The potential roles of faculty, trainees, and administrative staff in supporting database development and use are discussed. Lastly, we address practical strategies for overcoming implementation challenges, such as balancing both clinical and research demands, obtaining institutional review board approval, selecting appropriate data storage platforms, and ensuring data quality and consistency. Specific recommendations regarding platform storage are provided along with cost considerations. By integrating clinical assessment databases, neuropsychology training clinics can enhance their ability to provide evidence-based clinical training, deliver high quality care, and enhance research training. Although implementing clinical databases presents technical, logistical, and ethical challenges, these can be managed with careful planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropsychological and central neurologic effects of cancer immunotherapy: the start of a new challenge.","authors":"Florence Joly, Hélène Castel, Annette Compter, Celeste Nicola, Mylène Duivon, Marie Lange","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2498713","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2498713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cognitive difficulties are frequently reported after cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or hormone therapy, and have a negative impact on patients' quality of life. Recently, some studies have shown that new cancer treatments, such as immunotherapy agents, can induce cognitive changes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This review presents the central neurological immune adverse events of immunotherapy treatments including Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. The physiopathological mechanisms and risk factors are developed and clinical studies on immunotherapy agents and cognition (among adult patients, using validated questionnaires and/or cognitive tests), psychological factors and quality of life were presented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neurological toxicities are frequently observed with CAR-T cell therapies at acute stage, such as the immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), inducing cognitive disorders such as disorientation and aphasia. However, few studies have accurately assessed the impact of immunotherapy on cognition. The methodology of these studies is heterogeneous and they mainly included nonspecific self-report questionnaires of cognitive complaints. Variable results have been obtained concerning the cognitive impact of ICI and CAR-T cell several months following immunotherapy: overall, while some studies reported cognitive difficulties (mainly processing speed and executive functions), the majority has not. Although anxiety and depression are frequently reported in patients treated with ICI or CAR-T cells, these symptoms tend to decrease after the start of immunotherapy. The current neurobiological investigations are too fragmentary to explain neurological symptoms and potential cognitive alteration, but neuroinflammation, vascular inflammation, brain blood barrier disruption, and immune cell brain infiltration would constitute common mechanisms relayed by CAR-T and to a lesser degree, ICI.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Acute neurological toxicities following CAR-T cell therapies are a major issue. Further studies are needed to better assess cognitive difficulties after the initiation of immunotherapy, in particular ICI, to better understand the physiopathology, including imaging studies, and risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia: a systematic literature review.","authors":"Azeezat Aminu, Jane E Aspell, Debora Vasconcelos E Sa, Peter Bright","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2525281","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2525281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cognitive impairment is a commonly observed characteristic of people living with schizophrenia (PLWS). Adequate monitoring of intellectual decline and status in this population requires reliable estimates of premorbid IQ because objective IQ data predating schizophrenia onset are often unavailable. However, premorbid IQ estimation in PLWS is frequently complicated by confounding factors. The primary objective of this systematic review is to explore and compare extant approaches for estimating premorbid IQ in PLWS and, in doing so, identify factors that might inform the selection of the most reliable method for this clinical population.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, EBSCOhost, SCOPUS, and The Cochrane Library electronic bibliographic databases. After deduplication, study selection was conducted in line with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality assessment of studies was conducted using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>43 articles involving 8,012 participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were included. Premorbid IQ estimation methods such as the National Adult Reading Test (NART), Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT), Test of Premorbid Functioning (ToPF), Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), Oklahoma Premorbid Intelligence Estimate (OPIE), demographic regression algorithms, and \"hold\" test approaches based on subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) were employed. Studies comparing these methods report inconsistent levels of agreement, with differences associated with factors such as schizophrenia chronicity, age of onset, and years of education.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A range of measures are available for estimating premorbid IQ in people living with schizophrenia. However, their precision is limited by several factors identified in this review. We urge researchers and clinicians to recognize these limitations. We have created an evidence-based guide to support the selection of the most optimal estimation method for premorbid IQ in PLWS.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"327-371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The national football league concussion settlement race-norming incident in context.","authors":"Philip Gerard Gasquoine","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2523376","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2523376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A class action lawsuit filed by two ex-players that claimed the use of race-norms within the 2014 National Football League concussion settlement agreement violated the 14th amendment focused national attention on how the field of clinical neuropsychology assesses racially/ethnically diverse adults.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Review the reasoning behind the introduction of race-norms into clinical neuropsychological practice with the goal of providing concrete assessment and research steps for their replacement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The need for race-norms stemmed from: (a) research that consistently showed that African Americans as a grouping had lower mean scores than European Americans on a wide range of neuropsychological tests, and (b) estimation of preexisting skill level at the 50th percentile of non-racially stratified norms. They successfully reduced false-positive misclassifications among African Americans. Historically, this was preceded by debate over the causation of African versus European mean score differences on intelligence tests. Advances in genetic research have shown that commonly used racial categories are genetically heterogeneous and lack clearly defined genetic boundaries. U.S. racial (and ethnic) categories define populations that differ in their average levels of social and economic advantage/disadvantage and are better viewed as heterogeneous, nonscientific sociopolitical units.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Replacing race-norms involves using performance-based estimates of preexisting skill level that are individualized and not subject to racial profiling. In research, racial/ethnic group comparisons give way to the study of measurable sociocultural dimensions on which these groupings differ that potentially impact neuropsychological test scores. To date, few such dimensions have demonstrated incremental contributions beyond that of years of education except for qualitative aspects of education and bilingualism.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"237-248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of cognitive estimation in decision making: evidence from patients with prefrontal cortex damage.","authors":"Riadh Ouerchefani, Naoufel Ouerchefani, Brahim Kammoun, Mohamed Riadh Ben Rejeb, Didier Le Gall","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2527342","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2527342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Inconsistent results have been reported in studies examining how the prefrontal cortex influences decision-making abilities. Moreover, earlier studies have mainly documented the role of executive functions as the primary cognitive mechanism underlying deficits in decision making. However, the involvement of other cognitive domains, particularly those related to logical reasoning - such as cognitive estimation processes - has never been explored in the context of decision-making impairments. The objective of this study is to examine both the association between lesions to different regions of the prefrontal cortex and cognitive estimation with decision making, and whether their implications may vary based on the degree of uncertainty inherent in the decision task.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Thirty patients with prefrontal cortex damage were compared with thirty control subjects matched by gender, age, and education on their performance on the cognitive estimation task and the Iowa Gambling Task assessing decision-making.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with prefrontal cortex damage were significantly impaired compared to control subjects in both these domains. Further analyses, including correlations and regression, indicated that performance on the cognitive estimation task predicts decision-making performance on the Iowa Gambling Task, especially under condition of risk. Finally, voxel-based lesion analysis identified a partially overlapping bilateral prefrontal network, centered within the ventral and dorsomedial areas and extending into the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, associated with deficits in both cognitive estimation and decision-making.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study emphasizes the importance of considering diverse cognitive domains in understanding decision-making impairments, offering new insights that could inform clinical interventions and enhance patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"287-302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How autism impacts children's working memory for faces.","authors":"Shahrzad M Esfahan, Narges Sepahi, Ehsan Rezayat","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2505585","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2505585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates visual working memory (WM) performance in children aged 7-12 years with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) compared to typically developing (TD) peers, focusing on face stimuli to evaluate social-relevant memory processing. The research aims to identify differences in visual WM functioning and determine whether errors in recall stem from reduced precision or increased random guessing. Participants completed a visual WM task requiring them to memorize and reproduce the orientations of faces presented on a screen. Results demonstrated that children with ASD exhibited significantly poorer overall visual WM accuracy than TD children. A fine-grained analysis of error patterns revealed that the ASD group showed markedly lower precision in recalling spatial details of the stimuli, indicating less stable or detailed memory representations. However, rates of random guessing-a measure of attentional lapses or task disengagement-did not differ significantly between groups. These findings underscore that visual WM deficits in ASD are primarily driven by reduced precision rather than fluctuations in attention or motivation. The study highlights the importance of precision-based mechanisms in understanding atypical cognitive profiles in ASD, offering insights into potential interventions targeting memory consolidation or perceptual encoding strategies to enhance functional outcomes. By isolating precision as a key deficit, this work advances theoretical models of visual WM and informs tailored approaches to support memory-related challenges in ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"318-326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Averaged 22-month test-retest reliability of non-computerized baseline cognitive assessments in healthy youth athletes.","authors":"Michael Ellis-Stockley, Jennifer S Adler, Daniel Baldini, Rayna B Hirst","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2503252","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2503252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Neuropsychological baseline evaluations in youth are critical in the context of sport concussion management. Youth athletes typically undergo annual baseline evaluations to account for the rapid cognitive development that occurs throughout childhood. However, the reliability of measures used in baseline evaluations at an interval greater than one year is relatively unknown. This study examined the test-retest reliability of non-computerized neuropsychological assessments administered at different time points and aimed to provide neuropsychologists with data to inform their decisions in test selection and clinical interpretation.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Healthy youth male athletes (<i>n</i> = 28, M_age = 11.24 years) completed two comprehensive baseline evaluations on average 22.67 months apart. The intraclass correlation coefficient measured test-retest reliability, and a mixed effects model examined the degree of improvement in test scores and within-subject variability across administrations using both raw and normative scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Measures of visuoconstruction, cognitive switching, working memory, contextualized verbal memory, inhibition, and simple attention produced good reliability (>.75), while a measure of visual memory demonstrated poor reliability (<.50) for both normed and raw scores. The authors observed significant interactions between age and time elapsed between baseline administrations for measures of visuoconstruction, visual processing speed, and cognitive switching. Normed scores for measures of working memory, simple attention, and inhibition showed more within-subject variability than raw scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>All measures, except NEPSY-II Memory for Designs, demonstrated moderate to good test-retest reliability for both absolute and normed scores over an average 22-month interval between baseline administrations. However, clinicians should not overlook potential practice effects when interpreting a youth athlete's second baseline performance. The authors also underscore the value of examining raw data in understanding of cognitive maturation across cognitive domains. Future research should examine the reliability of baseline evaluations incorporating both non-computerized and computerized measures, and replicate findings in a larger sample of youth athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"275-286"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}