Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"Patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment are compromised in temporal order memory.","authors":"Mariana Varandas, Manuela Guerreiro, Alexandre de Mendonça, João Maroco, Paul E Gilbert, Filipa Ribeiro, Sara Coelho","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2740480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2026.2740480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Temporal disorientation is frequently reported in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), yet empirical evidence on temporal order memory in ecologically valid contexts remains scarce. The present study examined temporal order memory in patients with aMCI using a paradigm that captures the temporal organization of everyday activities.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Twenty-six patients with aMCI and 36 healthy older controls underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and completed the Temporal Order Memory for Everyday Events (TOMEE) task. Differences in temporal order memory performance between the two groups were analyzed using a General Linear Model. Immediate and delayed recall were assessed, and temporal order memory was analyzed using the total number of items evoked, items evoked in the correct position and in the correct sequence. Indexes of ordinal positioning and of sequential clustering were calculated. Associations between temporal order indexes and episodic memory and executive functioning were explored using correlational analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with aMCI recalled fewer items overall than controls. Participants evoked more items in the immediate recall condition than in the delayed free recall condition. Significant differences were also found in the total number of items evoked, items evoked in the correct position and in the correct sequence. An interaction between group and temporal order measures showed that aMCI patients were disproportionately affected in recalling items in the correct temporal order. The index of sequential clustering was lower in patients with aMCI. Temporal order indexes correlated positively with an episodic memory measure (Logical Memory delayed recall) and negatively with the time of an executive function test (Trail Making Test B).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with aMCI show deficits in temporal order memory for everyday events that extend beyond general episodic memory impairment. Alterations in the ability to organize and retrieve temporal sequences may indicate cognitive vulnerability at early stages of neurodegenerative disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dot counting test time and errors in U.S. veterans.","authors":"Ryan D Mulligan, David A Thompson, Lee Ashendorf","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2734137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2026.2734137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Prior studies have explored potential improvements to the Dot Counting Test's efficiency at detecting invalid neuropsychological performance. The present study examined the classification accuracy and clinical utility of typical scoring (E-score), total response time, error scores, and two abbreviated versions.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>United States military veterans within the VA healthcare system, n=137, mean age=39.1 (SD=9.0), were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests including the DCT and seven other performance validity tests. These veterans were referred for current cognitive complaints in the context of a reported history of head injury and were OIF/OEF/OND era veterans evaluated between 2016 and 2023. .</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sensitivity and specificity at various cutoff scores were calculated for all variables. The highest classification accuracy at an optimal specificity level was found for the full DCT time score and the DCT-6 time score (for both, sensitivity = 64.3, specificity = 92.6).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>While the classification accuracy for the E-score was strong, accuracy of the total time score and DCT6 time score were slightly better in this sample. The advantage of time-only scores was demonstrated in this study while the inclusion of error count in DCT score was shown to have a negligible benefit to classification accuracy. All DCT indices evaluated herein, E-scores and time-only scores for the full test and abbreviated forms, demonstrated effective classification accuracy and are supported for use in evaluations with younger veterans and similar clinical populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149016883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognition memory as a neuropsychological marker of progression in early-stage Alzheimer's disease: a 24-month prospective cohort study.","authors":"María Julieta Russo, José Bueri, Lucía Alba-Ferrara, Gustavo Sevlever, Ricardo F Allegri","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2732062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2026.2732062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) is considered its prodromal stage. Recognition memory is commonly assessed with yes/no tasks, although conventional scoring often overlook false alarms. Signal Detection Theory (SDT) measures, particularly discriminability (d-prime), may better detect early recognition deficits and predict progression to AD dementia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this prospective cohort study, 278 older adults with a-MCI were followed for 24 months. Participants underwent clinical and neuropsychological assessment, including the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Recognition was decomposed into hits, false alarms, and d-prime. A subsample underwent amyloid and tau biomarker assessment by cerebrospinal fluid and/or imaging. Mixed-effects models examined longitudinal change and prediction of conversion to AD dementia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Delayed recall, recognition hits, and d-prime declined significantly over time, with steeper trajectories among converters. Converters showed an early and marked d'prime reduction during the first 12 months, mainly related to increased false alarms. Lower baseline d-prime and greater early decline independently predicted conversion after adjustment for demographic, global cognition, and AD biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SDT-derived recognition indices, especially d'prime, provide clinically relevant prognostic information in a-MCI. Adding d' to delayed recall and biomarkers may improve risk stratification, follow-up planning, and selection for disease-modifying trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation and interpretation of the Persian Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire.","authors":"Omid Mirmosayyeb, Mohammad Mohammadi, Saeed Vaheb, Aynaz Mohammadi, Samira Musavi, Mohammad Yazdan Panah, Vahid Shaygannejad","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2729730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2026.2729730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cognitive impairment affects between 50 and 60% of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Cognitive impairment usually includes problems with memory, speed of processing information, learning, and executive functions. This can impact everyday activities and quality of life. The Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire (MSNQ) is a short and easy-to-use tool for patients that helps patients report perceived cognitive difficulties. The objective of this study was to validate the Persian of patient-reported MSNQ (MSNQ-P).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 140 Persian-speaking PwMS, with a mean age of 37.9 years and predominantly female (90%). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was utilized to analyze the MSNQ-P's factor structure. Internal consistency was assessed through Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Convergent validity was evaluated by correlating the MSNQ-P with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>EFA confirmed that the MSNQ-P is unidimensional after excluding one item, leading to a 14-item version with strong factor loadings. The 15-item MSNQ-P demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.934), which improved after item reduction (Cronbach's alpha = 0.940). The test-retest reliability showed excellent results (ICC = 0.990). The 14-item MSNQ-P was correlated with SDMT (<i>r</i> = -0.585, <i>p</i>-value < 0.001), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (<i>r</i> = 0.358, <i>p</i>-value < 0.001), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) (<i>r</i> = 0.593, <i>p</i>-value < 0.001), supporting the tool's convergent validity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the validity and reliability of the Persian 14-item MSNQ-P for assessing cognitive impairments in PwMS.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-sectional relationships between memory scores and neurodegeneration biomarkers in patients with suspected cognitive impairment.","authors":"Lynn Sahhar, Milena Albrecht, Jennifer Pahl, Alexa Häger, Kathrin Reetz, Ana Sofia Costa","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2729728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2026.2729728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We aimed to examine whether additional metrics derived from the CERAD Word List Memory Test (WLMT) such as acquisition patterns, error frequencies, and consolidation efficiency, are associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of amyloid and tau pathology, as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ratings of brain atrophy and small vessel disease, in individuals with suspected cognitive impairment who nonetheless perform within normative ranges on the traditional WLMT measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 109 patients from a memory clinic setting (46% female, median age 69.5 years, 55.1% with normal AD biomarkers, 25.7% in the AD continuum) that underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, CSF biomarker analysis, and visual MRI rating. Associations between traditional and additional memory scores and the biomarkers were examined using regression analyses, controlling for demographic variables and adjusting for multiple comparisons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Correlations were modest and partly mediated by demographics. Traditional scores showed the strongest links, but additional scores \"lost access\" and \"learning ratio\" were also associated with lower Aβ CSF levels (ρ = -.23, <i>p</i> = .034) and medial‑temporal lobe atrophy (e.g. learning ratio, ρ = -.30, <i>p</i> = .036), suggesting sensitivity to subtle learning‑consolidation inefficiencies. High burden of white matter hyperintensities was associated with intrusion errors (U = 807.5, <i>p</i> < .05, d' = 0.23) and less stable learning (U = 613.0, <i>p</i> < .01, d' = 0.41).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both traditional and additional memory scores can assist early detection and risk stratification of neurodegenerative disease in patients with normative performance, but these findings require replication in larger, more heterogeneous cohorts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining reaction time variables to detect invalid performance on the TOMM 2: comparing mTBI to simulators using two procedures.","authors":"Spenser Barry, Jordan Price, Juliana Testa, Abbey Gallant, Joanna Solomon, Len Lecci","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2727978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2026.2727978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two studies are presented involving simulator designs to investigate the utility of reaction time (RT) indices from the first two trials of the computerized TOMM 2. A sample of largely mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI) was compared to simulators whose correct responding was below the traditional passing score of 45/50 but not significantly below chance. In Study 1, 47 healthy participants were presented a scenario in which they were given the <i>opportunity</i> to malinger for financial compensation; a procedure that more closely parallels real-world settings where individuals are incentivized to malinger but are not explicitly instructed to do so. Reaction time indices for those who chose to simulate were compared to 30 individuals who experienced a diagnosed TBI. Both the Coefficient of Variation (CoV) of RT and the standard deviation of RT for Trial 2 differentiated simulators from those with TBIs. In Study 2, 69 individuals were explicitly instructed to feign in a more traditional simulator design and compared on the TOMM 2 reaction time indices. The findings from Study 1 were replicated, showing both standard deviation and CoV of RT in Trial 2 differentiated between TBIs and simulators, and the effect size for the CoV of RT was larger. Classification statistics were maximized using a base rate of 40%. The present findings provide preliminary evidence for the utility of the TOMM 2 reaction time measures in detecting subnormal performance, especially when respondents score below the typical passing score of 45, but do not score significantly below chance on the performance validity test.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148900776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of anxiety and worry symptoms with cognitive performance among midlife women: importance of <i>APOE4</i> genotype status.","authors":"Emma M Harrison, Pauline M Maki, Yuefang Chang, Minjie Wu, M Ilyas Kamboh, Howard Aizenstein, Rebecca C Thurston","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2647965","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2647965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Anxiety symptoms and disorders are the most common psychiatric conditions among women and can have implications for cognitive performance. Anxiety may be notably prevalent during the menopause transition, a midlife transition experienced by most women. There is limited understanding about the relationship of anxiety to women's cognitive performance at midlife. Further, little research has considered how the relationship between anxiety and cognition may vary by apolipoprotein E4 (<i>APOE4</i>) genotype status, a known risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two hundred and sixty-one women underwent study procedures, including assessments of anxiety and worry symptoms, a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, and phlebotomy. Factor analysis was used to derive cognitive factors. Associations of anxiety and worry with cognitive factors were tested with linear regression. Interactions by <i>APOE4</i> were tested.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Associations of trait anxiety and worry symptoms with cognitive factors significantly varied by APOE4 status (interaction p's < 0.05). Among <i>APOE4</i> carriers, higher trait anxiety was associated with poorer cognitive performance, including poorer verbal learning/memory (b[SE] = -0.361[0.143], <i>p</i> = 0.037), attention/working memory (b[SE] = -0.272[0.121], <i>p</i> = 0.048), and verbal fluency (b[SE] = -0.412[0.117], <i>p</i> = 0.005). Similar patterns were observed for worry.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings underscore the importance of anxiety and worry for women's cognitive performance at midlife among <i>APOE4</i> carriers. They suggest the potential value of treating anxiety symptoms in <i>APOE4</i> carriers to support women's cognition at midlife and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"648-656"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147529189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subjective cognition and objective cognitive performance in early versus late perimenopause.","authors":"Rachel T Furey, Chen Zhu, Qi Li, Caroline Gurvich","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2661616","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2661616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Menopause-related cognitive difficulties, colloquially referred to as menopausal brain fog, are commonly reported during perimenopause. While hormonal fluctuations across the menopause transition have been proposed to impact both self-reported and objective cognitive functioning, few studies have directly compared cognition across early and late perimenopause stages. As such, the current study aimed to examine whether subjective cognitive complaints and objective cognitive performance differ across menopause stages, as defined by the updated STRAW +10 criteria.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Secondary analyses were conducted using data from 687 participants in the Menopause and Cognition Online Study (Meno-COG). Self-reported memory complaints, objective cognitive performance, menopause symptoms, and mood were assessed in women across different stages of the menopause transition. Additionally, the factor structure of the online cognitive test battery was evaluated using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CFA supported a three-factor model for the cognitive data, reflecting learning efficiency, retrieval fluency, and working memory. When early and late perimenopause were combined, the perimenopause (combined) group demonstrated significantly poorer performance on measures of learning efficiency compared to reproductive and postmenopausal women. In contrast, no significant differences were observed between early and late perimenopause groups in either self-reported memory complaints or objective cognitive performance. However, vasomotor symptoms were significantly higher in late perimenopause.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings support preliminary evidence suggesting that learning efficiency may be sensitive to cognitive changes during the menopause transition. Challenges in classifying early versus late perimenopause highlight the limitations of the STRAW +10 framework for characterizing perimenopause. Future research incorporating hormonal measures and comprehensive supervised neuropsychological assessment is needed to characterize cognitive changes across perimenopause more precisely.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"657-672"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147772862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of cognitive performance in postmenopausal women: findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA).","authors":"Maryam Mansuar, Caroline Carlton, Vanessa Taler, Laura Rabin, Annie Robitaille","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2661622","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2661622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A range of demographic, reproductive, and health-related factors influence brain health in postmenopausal women, though their relative and combined contributions are not fully understood. Using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), this study examined predictors of cognitive performance in postmenopausal women, including hormone therapy (HT) use, age at menopause, and relevant sociodemographic and health-related variables.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We included baseline and follow-up data from 10,978 CLSA participants. Multiple linear regressions were employed to examine the associations between predictors and cognitive test scores at a 3-year follow-up, adjusting for baseline scores. Cognitive performance was assessed using a neuropsychological battery, which included six tests probing verbal learning, episodic memory, executive function, and verbal and semantic fluency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Later age at menopause was predictive of better cognitive performance on specific cognitive tests, including verbal learning and delayed recall, as measured by the CLSA-modified REY I (β = .01, 95% CI [-.04, .02], <i>p</i> = .006) and REY II (β = .02, 95% CI [.01, .03], <i>p</i> < .001), as well as inhibitory control measured by Stroop test interference (β = -.01, 95% CI [-.01, -.02], <i>p</i> = .004). Sociodemographic factors, including education and income, were also consistent predictors of cognitive performance across domains.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, findings suggest that cognitive performance in postmenopausal women may reflect a combination of reproductive and sociodemographic influences. Future studies incorporating longer follow-up periods and more detailed reproductive and health measures are needed to better characterize the contribution of menopause-related factors to cognitive aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"758-768"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147772915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between reproductive history, white matter integrity, and cognition in post-menopausal Latina women from the Boston Latino Aging Study.","authors":"Averi Giudicessi, Elouise Koops, Clara Vila-Castelar, Lusiana Martinez, Nadeshka Ramirez-Perez, George Silva, Randy Medrano, Jairo E Martinez, Isabel Solis, Jorge Alcina, Catarina Tristão-Pereira, Marta Gonzalez Catalan, Daniel G Saldana, Liliana Ramírez-Gómez, Alice Cronin-Golomb, Yakeel T Quiroz","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2591895","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2591895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Women face disproportionately high Alzheimer's disease (AD) rates, with Latina women experiencing particularly elevated cognitive impairment rates. Understanding reproductive factors' impact on brain aging is critical for this underrepresented population. Given sex disparities in AD and reproductive factor influence on brain aging, we examined relations among reproductive history, white matter integrity, and cognitive function in post-menopausal Latina women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were 95 post-menopausal Latina women from the Boston Latino Aging Study, mean age 65.7 (SD = 6.5) years and 11.7 (SD = 4.8) years of education. Reproductive history was obtained via self-report questionnaire. Cognitive assessment included Mini-Mental State Examination, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, Category Fluency, Story Memory Delayed Recall, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test administered in Spanish or Portuguese. White matter microstructure was assessed with diffusion weighted imaging using fixel-based methods. Regression models tested associations among reproductive factors, cognitive and imaging outcomes, adjusting for age, education, and cardiovascular risk. Mediation analyses evaluated whether white matter abnormalities explained reproductive-cognitive relations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pregnancy history was associated with worse delayed recall, with women having 1-2 (β = -0.79, <i>p</i> = .016) and 3-4 term pregnancies (β = -0.93, <i>p</i> = .005) performing worse than nulliparous women. Overall, hormone replacement therapy use was associated with better delayed recall (β = 0.58, <i>p</i> = .037). White matter analyses revealed trends suggesting pregnancy-related reductions in fiber density and cross-section across multiple tracts, with 3-4 term pregnancies showing most consistent patterns. Hysterectomy showed trends toward higher fiber density in several tracts. Mediation analyses indicated white matter integrity did not account for reproductive-cognitive associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Reproductive history, particularly pregnancy number, is associated with cognitive performance and white matter microstructure in post-menopausal Latina women. These findings underscore the importance of considering reproductive factors in AD risk assessment and highlight the need for longitudinal studies to clarify mechanisms driving these associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"732-746"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13005918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145633917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}